ANATOMY FINAL2

The giant protein titin maintains the organization of the ________ assisting in muscle stretching. M line I band Z disc A band

A band

Which of the following is false or incorrect? A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal. An inhibitory postsynaptic potential occurs if the inhibitory effect is greater than the excitatory, causing hyperpolarization of the membrane. An excitatory postsynaptic potential occurs if the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect but less than threshold.

A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.

What is the major function of the intervertebral discs? prevent hyperextension of the spine string the vertebrae together prevent hyperextension absorb shock

ABSORB SHOCK

In the classification of joints, which of the following is true? All synovial joints are freely movable. In cartilaginous joints, a joint cavity is present. Synarthrotic joints are slightly movable. Immovable joints are called amphiarthroses.

All synovial joints are freely movable.

A dendritic or Langerhan cell is a specialized ________. melanocyte phagocytic cell squamous epithelial cell nerve cell

B. phagocytic cell

The cruciate ligaments of the knee ________. tend to run parallel to one another attach to each other in their midportions prevent hyperextension of the knee are also called collateral ligaments

C. prevent hyperextension

Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule? H2O CH4 NaOH NaCl

CH4

Which of the following is true about smooth muscle? Smooth muscle has well-developed T tubules at the site of invagination. Certain smooth muscle cells can actually divide to increase their numbers. Smooth muscle cannot stretch as much as skeletal muscle. Smooth muscle, in contrast to skeletal muscle, cannot synthesize or secrete any connective tissue elements.

Certain smooth muscle cells can actually divide to increase their numbers.

In an isotonic contraction, the muscle ________. never converts pyruvate to lactate changes in length and moves the "load" does not change in length but increases tension rapidly resynthesizes creatine phosphate and ATP

Changes in length and moves the "load."

Which statement about coma is true? Coma is a form of deep sleep. Coma is neurologically identical to syncope. During coma, brain oxygen consumption resembles that of a waking state. Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma.

Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma.

Light passes through the following structures in which order? cornea, vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor, cornea cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor aqueous humor, cornea, lens, vitreous humor

Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor.

The parietal pleura would represent a serous membrane ________. lining the abdominal cavity covering individual lungs covering the heart lining the thoracic cavity

D. lining the thoracic cavity

The parasympathetic tone ________. causes blood pressure to rise prevents unnecessary heart deceleration determines normal activity of the urinary tract accelerates activity of the digestive tract

Determines normal activity of the urinary tract

Closure of the epiphyseal plate stops all bone growth. True False

FALSE

Cranial nerves VII, IX, and X contain postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system. True False

FALSE

Skin surface markings that reflect points of tight dermal attachment to underlying tissues are called epidermal ridges. True False

FALSE

The ANS stimulates smooth muscles, skeletal muscles and glands, whereas the somatic nervous system innervates skeletal muscles only. True False

FALSE

The shallow socket of the shoulder joint restricts the movement of the humerus but does increase the stability of the joint. True False

FALSE

The wrist joint can exhibit adduction and eversion movements. True False

FALSE

Thyroid hormone production requires the presence of iodine and calcium. True False

FALSE

Direct gene activation involves a second-messenger system. True False

False

There are three layers of neurons in the retina. The axons of which of these neuron layers form the optic nerves? bipolar cells rod cells cone cells ganglion cells

Ganglion cells.

Bending your head back until it hurts is an example of ________. circumduction extension hyperextension flexion

Hyperextension

Farsightedness is more properly called ________. myopia hypopia presbyopia hyperopia

Hyperopia

Which of the following structures is probably not directly involved in memory? prefrontal cortex thalamus hippocampus medulla

MEDULLA

Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure? Meissner's corpuscles Pacinian corpuscles free nerve endings Krause's end bulbs

Meissner's corpuscles

The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________. unmyelinated nerve fibers only soma that have both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers myelinated nerve fibers only myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers

Myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers

Which of the following elements is necessary for proper conduction of nervous impulses? Na P Fe I

Na

Which of the following nerves does not arise from the brachial plexus? phrenic radial median ulnar

PHERNIC

Which of the following is (are) involved with motor activity (either initiation or coordination)? red nuclei gustatory cortex postcentral gyrus Wernicke's area

RED NUCLEI

Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure? secretin leptin gastrin renin

RENIN

A reflex that causes muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to muscle tension is called a ________. crossed-extensor reflex plantar reflex tendon reflex flexor reflex

TENDON REFLEX

A resting potential is caused by a difference in the concentration of certain ions inside and outside the cell. True False

TRUE

A stimulus traveling toward a synapse appears to open calcium ion channels at the presynaptic end, which in turn promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles to the axonal membrane. True False

TRUE

All of the bones of the skull, except the mandible, are united by sutures and are therefore immovable. True False

TRUE

Autonomic ganglia are motor ganglia only. True False

TRUE

Dermatomes are skin segments that relate to sensory innervation regions of the spinal nerves. True False

TRUE

Each daughter cell resulting from mitotic cell division has exactly as many chromosomes as the parent cell. True False

TRUE

In myelinated axons the voltage-regulated sodium channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier. True False

TRUE

In the anatomical position, the lateral forearm bone is the radius. True False

TRUE

The cerebellum and basal nuclei are involved in regulating motor activity, starting and stopping movements, and coordinating postural movements. True False

TRUE

The left cerebral hemisphere is usually dominant. True False

TRUE

The vertebral column is held in place primarily by the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments. True False

TRUE

How are thoracic vertebrae 11 and 12 different from the other vertebrae? The spinous processes are directed parallel with the centrum. The transverse processes do not have facets that articulate with the tubercles of the ribs. There are two foramina on vertebrae 11 and 12. The orientation of the articular processes is different from all the other thoracic vertebrae.

The transverse processes do not have facets that articulate with the tubercles of the ribs.

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function form a(n) ________. organism organ system organ tissue

Tissue

Cholesterol helps to stabilize the cell membrane while decreasing the mobility of the phospholipids. True False

True

Interstitial fluid represents one type of extracellular material. True False

True

Macrophages are found in areolar and lymphatic tissues. True False

True

Neurons in the CNS are organized into functional groups. True False

True

The extrinsic eye muscle motor units contain only 8 to 12 muscle cells and in some cases as few as 2 or 3 muscle cells. True False

True

The major head flexors are the sternocleidomastoid muscles, with the help of the muscles attached to the hyoid bone. True False

True

The outermost sheath of a hair follicle is the connective tissue root sheath. True False

True

The role of brown fat is to warm the body; whereas, the role of white fat is to store nutrients. True False

True

The apocrine sweat glands are fairly unimportant in thermoregulation. True False

True.

Visible light fits between ________. UV and infrared X rays and UV microwaves and radio waves infrared and microwaves

UV and infrared

The single most abundant chemical substance of the body, accounting for 60% to 80% of body weight, is ________. oxygen protein water hydrogen

WATER

Which of the following statements is false? When acids and bases are mixed, they react with each other to form water and a salt. The more hydrogen ions in a solution, the more acidic the solution. The pH of blood is slightly basic. When the hydrogen ion concentration decreases, the hydroxyl ion concentration also decreases.

When the hydrogen ion concentration decreases, the hydroxyl ion concentration also decreases.

Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle? gamma aminobutyric acid acetylcholine norepinephrine cholinesterase

acetylcholine

The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called ________. long-term memory Association automatic memory rehearsal

association

Which vertebra does not have a body? last cervical last lumbar atlas axis

c. atlas

The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superficial surface has structures called: dermal papillae. reticular papillae. hair follicles. ceruminous glands.

dermal papillae

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________. epiphysis diaphysis metaphysis articular cartilage

diaphysis.

Embryology concerns the structural changes that occur in an individual from conception through old age. True False

false

The basic difference between dense irregular and dense regular connective tissues is in the amount of elastic fibers and adipose cells present. True False

false

In a DNA molecule, the phosphate serves ________. to hold the molecular backbone together as a code as nucleotides to bind the sugars to their bases

hold the molecular backbone together

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? protein synthesis carbohydrate oxidation humoral stimulation catabolic inhibition

humoral stimulation

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________. lowering the threshold for an action potential to occur hyperpolarization opening of voltage-regulated channels a change in sodium ion permeability

hyperpolarization

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________. hepatic portal system general circulatory system feedback loop hypophyseal portal system

hypopheseal portal system

Paralysis of which of the following would make an individual unable to flex the thigh? biceps femoris iliopsoas and rectus femoris vastus medialis soleus

iliopsoas and rectus femoris

Which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nervous system? innervation of glands innervation of smooth muscle of the digestive tract innervation of skeletal muscle innervation of cardiac muscle

innervation of skeletal muscle

Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ________. calcification of the matrix of the zone underlying articular cartilage the secretion of bone matrix into the medullary cavity differentiation of osteoclasts into osteocytes interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates

interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates

ADH ________. promotes dehydration is inhibited by alcohol increases urine production is produced in the adenohypophysis

is inhibited by alcohol

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________. is the site of prolactin synthesis connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis is partly contained within the infundibulum

is partly contained within the infundibulum

Regeneration within the CNS ________. is promoted by growth inhibitors and glial scars is more successful than with the PNS typically allows axonal sprouting of 20 mm is prevented due to growth-inhibiting proteins of oligodendrocytes

is prevented due to growth-inhibiting proteins of oligodendrocytes

Extracapsular ligaments stabilizing the knee include ________. cruciate ligaments, which help secure the articulating bones together lateral and medial collateral ligaments preventing lateral or medial angular movements the oblique popliteal crossing the knee anteriorly the patellar ligament extending from femur to patella

lateral and medial collateral ligaments preventing lateral or medial angular movements

Ceruminous glands are ________. modified taste buds saliva glands found at the base of the tongue glands found in the lateral corners of your eye modified apocrine sweat glands

modified apocrine sweat glands

Passive membrane transport processes include ________. the use of transport proteins when moving substances from areas of low to high concentration consumption of ATP movement of a substance down its concentration gradient movement of water from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low concentration

movement of a substance down its concentration gradiant.

The oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells is ________. immunoglobin myoglobin hemoglobin ATP

myoglobin

Which of the follow types of neurons are replaced throughout adult life? retinal ganglion cells auditory outer and inner hair cells retinal bipolar cells olfactory receptor cells

olfactory receptor cells

In which body cavities are the lungs located? pleural, dorsal, and abdominal pericardial, ventral, and thoracic mediastinal, thoracic, and ventral pleural, ventral, and thoracic

pleural, ventral, and thoracic

Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________. possible activation of several different second-messenger systems hormone binding to intracellular receptors cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates

possible activation of several different second-messenger systems

Some hormones enter cells via ________. exocytosis receptor-mediated endocytosis pinocytosis primary active transport

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________. nucleotides calcium deactivating ions second messengers

second messengers

What are menisci? tendon sheaths small sacs containing synovial fluid semilunar cartilage pads cavities lined with cartilage

semilunar cartilage pads

One of the functional characteristics of life is excitability or responsiveness. This refers to ________. the necessity for all organisms to reproduce the nervous system causing all living things to sometimes experience anger sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them indigestible food residues stimulating the excretory system

sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them

A joint united by dense fibrocartilaginous tissue that usually permits a slight degree of movement is a ________. syndesmosis symphysis gomphosis suture

symphysis

Autonomic ganglia contain ________. an outer connective tissue capsule around the cell bodies of preganglionic motor neurons the cell bodies of motor neurons both somatic afferent and efferent neurons synapses between postganglionic fibers and their effectors

the cell bodies of motor neurons

The genetic information is coded in DNA by the ________. regular alteration of sugar and phosphate molecules arrangement of the histones sequence of the nucleotides three-dimensional structure of the double helix

the sequence of the nucleotides

An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________. visual association area lateral geniculate body primary visual area calcarine cortex

the visual association area

The vomer forms part of the nasal septum. True False

true

In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________. a stressor reaction sensitivity increase cellular affinity up-regulation

up-regulation

Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials? ligand-gated channel mechanically gated channel voltage-gated channel leakage channel

voltage gated channels