Anatomy I Final Exam

false

inhibitory post synaptic potentials would depolarize the post-synaptic membrane

astrocytes

regulate extracellular brain fluid in the CNS

true

T or F: the paranasal sinuses help to decrease skull weight

A solution that is isotonic and contains only large molecules, such as protein.

A dialysis membrane is selectively permeable, and all substance smaller than proteins are able to pass through it. If you wanted to use a dialysis machine to remove only urea from blood, what could you use for the dialysis fluid?

compound fracture

A fracture in which the bone breaks through the skin

reticular formation

The sleep/wake cycle is influenced by the

withdrawal

A reflex that protects limbs by removing them from painful stimuli is the ______ reflex.

the neuron is hyperpolarized

A series of local potentials causes the membrane potential to move to -80 mV, predict the result

Endochondral growth in long bones occurs at the epiphyseal plate

A true statement about bone growth

serves as a storage site for fat, which can be used for energy

Adipose tissue in the hypodermis

sebaceous glands

An example of an apocrine gland is

on the surface of the bone

Appositional growth deposits a new layer of bone

it is possible to determine what level of the spinal cord may have been damaged

Because stretch reflexes can be traced back along certain spinal nerve routes,

Endocytosis

Botox temporarily removes wrinkles by preventing electrical signal to travel from a neuron to skeletal muscle by entering a cell via

Golgi apparatus

Cell organelle that is most important in secretory epithelial cells

Receptor proteins

Communication between cells occurs when chemical messengers from one cell bind to _______ on another cell.

trochlear

Cranial nerve IV is known as

gray matter consists of cell bodies and dendrites whereas white matter consists mostly of myelinated axons

Differentiate gray and white matter

Desmosomes

Epithelial tissue that can stretch or is subjected to stress would have many

simple cuboidal

Epithelium that is primarily secretory in function would most likely be

1. Cartilage model is formed 2. Chondrocytes hypertrophy 3. Cartilage matrix is calcified and chondrocytes die 4. Blood vessels from the periosteum invade calcified cartilage brining in osteoblasts and osteoclasts. 5. Osteoblasts deposit bone on the surface of the calcified cartilage called the primary ossification center.

Events of endochondral ossification

the K+ leak channel

For a typical animal cell, the membrane potential is determined by the equilibrium distribution of k+ ions across the cell membrane. Free movement of k+ across the membrane occurs through:

schwann cells

Forms myelin sheath in PNS

nodes of Ranvier

Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called

osteon

a basic unit of compact bone

Compact bone

Has large calcium storage; composes most of the human skeleton; is cylindrical in shape; is the tough outer later of most bones

Cancellous bone

Has minimal calcium storage; is porous and holds veins and arteries; is found more in short bones; the functional unit is trabeculae

hypertonic to the cell

If a 0.9% NaCl (saline) solution is isotonic to a cell, then a solution of 3.5% NaCl would be

stimulus= change in temp control center= hypothalamus effector= cutaneous arteries epinephrine pathway= efferent pathway negative feedback

If blood temp falls too low, specialized neurons in the hypothalamus of the brain sense the change and release epinephrine that is sent to the cutaneous arteries to constrict them. Warm blood is then retained deeper in the body and less heat is lost from the surface.

simple squamous epithelium

If one of the functions of the capillaries is to supply body cells with oxygen and nutrients, you would expect the capillary walls to consist of

movement

If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, the regions innervated by that spinal nerve would experience complete loss of

H+ will increase

In the reversible reaction, CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3- , a decrease in respiration rate will increase the concentration of CO2 in the blood. What will this do to the amount of H+ in the blood?

Microvilli

Increase the surface area of the cell

fall

Initiating the withdrawal reflex in both legs at the same time would cause one to

areolar tissue

Lacy proteins with fluid-filled spaces, a very loose packing of cells and ECM. Substance on which basement membrane often rests.

pseudounipolar

Neurons in the skin that are responsible for detecting pain are

Factor of 4

Normal blood pH is 7.4. If someone has a blood pH of 6.8 by what factor does this differ from normal?

critical because enzymes work best within narrow ranges of pH

Normal pH for blood is 7.35-7.45; Maintenance of the pH in this range is

lipid-soluble substances

One type of experimental contraceptive device is a skin patch that contains a chemical absorbed through the skin. Which of the following substances might be the type of chemical involved?

sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector

Parts of a reflex arc

Vitamin C

Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of what vitamin.

Local/graded potential

Small change in the resting membrane potential confined to a small area in the cell body

Dense irregular collagenous tissue

Specific type of tissue found in the dermis of the skin and outer coverings of organs, structure provides strength in many directions.

Dense regular collagenous tissue

Specific type of tissue that consists of collagen fibers, very strong, often binds muscle to bones or bones to bones

Dense irregular elastic tissue

Specific type of tissue that is found in areas requiring elasticity and strength in many directions, such as the aorta or blood vessels.

Hyaline cartilage

Specific type of tissue that is important for the growth of most bones

True

T or F: A cell is the smallest living unit of all life

False

T or F: A pH of 7 would be considered acidic and has fewer hydrogen ions than pH 2

False

T or F: Exocytosis would be considered a passive transport process as it is moving molecules down the concentration gradient

True

T or F: In facilitated diffusion particles are moving down a concentration gradient

false

T or F: The main function of the integumentary system is excretion of waste through the sweat glands

true

T or F: a function of the skeletal system is blood cell production

true

T or F: a gomphoses would be considered a synarthrotic joint

false

T or F: blood vessels will constrict to increase/maximize heat loss across the skins surface

false

T or F: bone is organic and inorganic and never changes after the epiphyseal plates have ossified

true

T or F: brown adipose tissue is found mostly in babies as it helps them regulate their body temp

true

T or F: calcitonin increases osteoblast activity in children

true

T or F: epithelial tissue has very little extracellular material

True

T or F: hyaline forms most of the skeleton before it is replaced by bone

false

T or F: melanocytes are found in the stratum corneum

false

T or F: merocrine glands lose cell fragments with their secretions; apocrine secretions contain no cellular materials

False

T or F: microvilli are appendages that will move materials across cell surface

true

T or F: pinocytosis is a specific type of endocytosis

True

T or F: potential energy is stored energy

true

T or F: rickets is caused by lack of vitamin D

false

T or F: the epidermis has blood vessels and nerves throughout

false

T or F: the first step in bone repair is callus ossification

false

T or F: the knee joint is more stable than the coxal joint

false

T or F: the main function of stratified epithelial tissue is diffusion of materials

false

T or F: the main tissue type of the reticular layer of the dermis is areolar connective tissue

VI

The abducens nerve is known as cranial nerve?

Development

The change an organism undergoes through time is called

Hydroxyapatite crystals

The compression (weight-bearing) strength of bone matrix is due to the presence of

Both processes are examples of dehydration synthesis

The equations below represent two biochemical processes, 1 and 2. 1. Glucose + Glucose = maltose and water 2. Amino acid + Amino acid = dipeptide and water Which statement is correct?

fibrous connective tissue

The flat bones of the skull develop from

the membrane is neither rigid nor static in structure

The fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane suggests that

The epiphyseal plate has not completely ossified

The growth plate will be gone after complete ossification

bundles of axons into fasicles

The perineurium

potassium; sodium

The sodium-potassium pump establishes concentration gradients of higher _______ inside the cell and higher __________ outside the cell.

false

The ventral root of the spinal cord carries efferent information

Stratum spinosum

This epidermal stratum has several layers of cells held together by desmosomes.

X

This nerve stimulates contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in the GI tract

Exocytosis

This process gets rid of waste

Dense regular elastic tissue

Tissue found in the nuchal ligament

Homopoietic tissue

Tissue that functions to produce blood cells

reticular tissue

Type of connective tissue that is a framework for lymphatic tissue.

plexus

Ventral rami of some spinal nerves join with each other to form a

true

Voltage gated Na+ channels are sensitive to changes in the extracellular concentration of Ca2+

growth hormone

What chemical stimulates interstitial cartilage and appositional bone growth?

Na+ ions and glucose are cotransported by the same carrier molecule; The Na+ K+ pump maintains a Na+ concentration gradient inside the cell; Energy comes from diffusion of Na+ down their concentration gradient; Glucose is moved against its concentration gradient into the cell

What events occur in secondary active transport of glucose?

Exposure of a bone to increased mechanical stress can lead to bone remodeling

What is true of bone remodeling and repair?

Muscular tissue

What tissue type is contractile?

H2CO3 because it forms other molecules with ions from aspirin which allows the blood pH to return to normal.

What would you give someone in the hospital if they were suffering from an aspirin overdose and why?

spatial summation occurs

When 2 action potentials arrive simultaneously at 2 different presynaptic terminals that synapse with the same postsynaptic neuron,

Voltage-gated channels

When a sperm cell comes into contact with an egg cell, there is a change in the electrical charge across the plasma membrane and various channel proteins close. These channels would be called

columnar cells of the upper respiratory tract

Which are ciliated cells?

Langerhans cells

Which cells of the epidermis are part of the immune system?

vestibulocochlear

Which cranial nerve is exclusively sensory (vestibulocochlear, hypoglossal, trochlear, facial or trigeminal)

an increase in K+ in the extracellular fluid

Which of the following events leads to depolarization?

cartilage- highly vascular matrix

Which of the following types of connective tissue is mismatched with its matrix?

interneuron

Which portion of a reflex arc is most likely to be located entirely within the central nervous system?

around the central canal of an osteon

You would look for concentric lamellae

basement membrane

a noncellular layer of material that holds epithelial tissue in place

false

a supramaximal stimulus will result in additional action potentials being fired

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

a type of epithelial tissue that appears to be stratified, but all cells contact basement membrane

endocrine

a type of gland in which there is no open contact with exterior; no ducts; and produces hormones

glial cells

a type of nervous tissue cell that provides support to those that send electrical signals

true

at resting membrane potential, potassium is concentrated inside the cell

ellipsoid joint

biaxial (wrist)

saddle joint

biaxial joint (thumb)

false

blocking voltage gated K+ channels would prevent depolarization

cilia

cellular appendages that move material across the surface of the cell

resting membrane potential

charge difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in an unstimulated state

into cell

direction in which potassium is moved by the Na+/K+ pump

Simple diffusion

does not require a transmembrane protein to transport molecules

false

every stimulus or electrical event always triggers an action potential

Oligodendrocytes

forms myelin sheath in CNS

calcitonin

hormone that decreases blood calcium levels

apocrine

identify a type of sweat gland that does not regulate temp and becomes active at puberty

subcutaneous

identify the connective tissue that is a sheet directly under the skin

dermis

identify the general layer of skin in which stretch marks and papillae occur which provides the structural strength for skin

osteoclast

identify the giant multi-nucleated cells that breakdown bone

isotonic

identify the ideal type of solution that can be injected directly into your veins without any adverse effects on RBCs

lipid

identify the macromolecule that is relatively insoluble in water

channel protein

identify the membrane protein that forms passageways through the plasma membrane, allowing specific ions or molecules to enter or exit the cell; may be gated or non-gated

visceral pericardium

identify the name of the serous membrane around the heart sac

basement membrane

identify the non-cellular supporting structure of the epidermis which must stay intact in order for the epidermis to remain healthy and keep growing new cells

canaliculi

identify the slender connections that connect one osteocyte to another

keratin

identify the specific protein in the outer epidermal skin cells that waterproofs the skin

osteogenic progenitor cells

identify the stem cells of osteoblasts and chondroblasts

stratum basale

identify the strata of the epidermis in which cell division occurs

hydrophilic

identify the term defined as water-loving or water-soluble

enzymes

identify the term for protein catalysts in the body

visceral

identify the term for the specific portion of a serous membrane that covers organs

histology

identify the term for the study of tissues

striata

identify the term for what occurs when skin is overstretched

vellus

identify the type of hair that is usually short, fine and unpigmented, found mostly in young children

parathyroid hormone

increases blood calcium levels

potassium

ion primarily responsible for determining resting membrane potential

action potential

larger change in resting membrane potential that spreads over entire surface of a cell

ependymal cells

line brain ventricles and secrete CSF

depolarization

membrane becomes more positive when Na+ diffuses into the cell

smooth muscle

movement of food through the digestive tract results from the action of this type of muscle tissue

Ball and socket joint

multiaxial joint (shoulder and hip)

31

number of pairs of spinal nerves

hypoglossal

one of the two cranial nerves involved in the gag reflex

smooth ER

organelle directly responsible for lipid synthesis

repolarization

return to resting membrane potential

microglia

specialized immune system cells of the CNS

threshold stimulus

term to identify when a graded potential is strong enough to initiate an action potential

passive ROM

term used to describe movement at joints that is being conducted by an outside force

medullary

the cavity in the diaphysis of long bones that produce marrow

false

the cerebellum helps in controlling heart rate

cartilage

the connective tissue in the skeletal system that is avascular and heals slowly

false

the conus medullaris anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx

positive feedback

the cyclic process that can continue to amplify your body's response to a stimulus, moving it farther away from a set point

out of cell

the direction in which potassium moves in repolarization of an AP

out of cell

the direction in which sodium is moved by the Na+/K+ pump

into cell

the direction in which sodium moves in depolarization of an AP

diencephalon

the division of the adult brain that contains the thalamus

calcium

the electrolyte that enters the neuron at the axon terminal and initiates release of the synaptic vesicle contents

true

the enteric nervous system can monitor and control digestive functions independently of the CNS

voltage

the general type of gated sodium and potassium channels opened during propagation of an action potential down a neuron

neurotransmitter

the general type of molecule found inside synaptic vesicles of presynaptic cells

calcitonin

the hormone that is related to calcium homeostasis that is secreted by the thyroid gland

palms and soles of feet

the location of thick skin

periosteum

the membrane that surrounds bone, providing blood and nerves

pia mater

the meningeal layer bound tightly to surface of the brain

false

the optic nerve is known as cranial nerve III and is responsible for eye muscle movement

medulla oblongata

the portion of the brainstem that is continuous with the spinal cord

flexion

the primary movement of the knee joint

secondary active transport

the process by which energy is provided by the movement of other molecules down their concentration gradient

midbrain

the smallest part of the brainstem that contains areas for visual reflexes including tracking of objects

subarachnoid space

the specific later of the meninges that is filled with CSF

frontal

the specific lobe of the cerebrum responsible for problem solving

ganglia

the term for a collection of neuron cell bodies located outside the central nervous system

cyanosis

the term for a decrease of oxygen in blood that causes a blueness of the skin

dermatome

the term for the sensory distribution of a spinal nerve along the skin

perforating

the type of canal that contains blood vessels and nerves that run horizontally and link osteons to each other in bone tissue

cardiac

the type of muscle that is striated and under involuntary control

false

the vestibulocochlear nerve is solely motor in function

control center

this determines the set point for a variable, receives signals from receptor about variable and controls the response of the effector

woven

type of bone that is organized in a random orientation and formed first in development or repair

transitional

type of epithelial tissue found in the urinary bladder

hinge joint

uniaxial (elbow and ankle)

pivot joint

uniaxial joint (atlantoaxial)

gliding joint

uniaxial joint (between vertebrae)

hypothalamus

which brain area serves as a major control center of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system?