Anatomy I Final Exam
false
inhibitory post synaptic potentials would depolarize the post-synaptic membrane
astrocytes
regulate extracellular brain fluid in the CNS
true
T or F: the paranasal sinuses help to decrease skull weight
A solution that is isotonic and contains only large molecules, such as protein.
A dialysis membrane is selectively permeable, and all substance smaller than proteins are able to pass through it. If you wanted to use a dialysis machine to remove only urea from blood, what could you use for the dialysis fluid?
compound fracture
A fracture in which the bone breaks through the skin
reticular formation
The sleep/wake cycle is influenced by the
withdrawal
A reflex that protects limbs by removing them from painful stimuli is the ______ reflex.
the neuron is hyperpolarized
A series of local potentials causes the membrane potential to move to -80 mV, predict the result
Endochondral growth in long bones occurs at the epiphyseal plate
A true statement about bone growth
serves as a storage site for fat, which can be used for energy
Adipose tissue in the hypodermis
sebaceous glands
An example of an apocrine gland is
on the surface of the bone
Appositional growth deposits a new layer of bone
it is possible to determine what level of the spinal cord may have been damaged
Because stretch reflexes can be traced back along certain spinal nerve routes,
Endocytosis
Botox temporarily removes wrinkles by preventing electrical signal to travel from a neuron to skeletal muscle by entering a cell via
Golgi apparatus
Cell organelle that is most important in secretory epithelial cells
Receptor proteins
Communication between cells occurs when chemical messengers from one cell bind to _______ on another cell.
trochlear
Cranial nerve IV is known as
gray matter consists of cell bodies and dendrites whereas white matter consists mostly of myelinated axons
Differentiate gray and white matter
Desmosomes
Epithelial tissue that can stretch or is subjected to stress would have many
simple cuboidal
Epithelium that is primarily secretory in function would most likely be
1. Cartilage model is formed 2. Chondrocytes hypertrophy 3. Cartilage matrix is calcified and chondrocytes die 4. Blood vessels from the periosteum invade calcified cartilage brining in osteoblasts and osteoclasts. 5. Osteoblasts deposit bone on the surface of the calcified cartilage called the primary ossification center.
Events of endochondral ossification
the K+ leak channel
For a typical animal cell, the membrane potential is determined by the equilibrium distribution of k+ ions across the cell membrane. Free movement of k+ across the membrane occurs through:
schwann cells
Forms myelin sheath in PNS
nodes of Ranvier
Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called
osteon
a basic unit of compact bone
Compact bone
Has large calcium storage; composes most of the human skeleton; is cylindrical in shape; is the tough outer later of most bones
Cancellous bone
Has minimal calcium storage; is porous and holds veins and arteries; is found more in short bones; the functional unit is trabeculae
hypertonic to the cell
If a 0.9% NaCl (saline) solution is isotonic to a cell, then a solution of 3.5% NaCl would be
stimulus= change in temp control center= hypothalamus effector= cutaneous arteries epinephrine pathway= efferent pathway negative feedback
If blood temp falls too low, specialized neurons in the hypothalamus of the brain sense the change and release epinephrine that is sent to the cutaneous arteries to constrict them. Warm blood is then retained deeper in the body and less heat is lost from the surface.
simple squamous epithelium
If one of the functions of the capillaries is to supply body cells with oxygen and nutrients, you would expect the capillary walls to consist of
movement
If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, the regions innervated by that spinal nerve would experience complete loss of
H+ will increase
In the reversible reaction, CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3- , a decrease in respiration rate will increase the concentration of CO2 in the blood. What will this do to the amount of H+ in the blood?
Microvilli
Increase the surface area of the cell
fall
Initiating the withdrawal reflex in both legs at the same time would cause one to
areolar tissue
Lacy proteins with fluid-filled spaces, a very loose packing of cells and ECM. Substance on which basement membrane often rests.
pseudounipolar
Neurons in the skin that are responsible for detecting pain are
Factor of 4
Normal blood pH is 7.4. If someone has a blood pH of 6.8 by what factor does this differ from normal?
critical because enzymes work best within narrow ranges of pH
Normal pH for blood is 7.35-7.45; Maintenance of the pH in this range is
lipid-soluble substances
One type of experimental contraceptive device is a skin patch that contains a chemical absorbed through the skin. Which of the following substances might be the type of chemical involved?
sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector
Parts of a reflex arc
Vitamin C
Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of what vitamin.
Local/graded potential
Small change in the resting membrane potential confined to a small area in the cell body
Dense irregular collagenous tissue
Specific type of tissue found in the dermis of the skin and outer coverings of organs, structure provides strength in many directions.
Dense regular collagenous tissue
Specific type of tissue that consists of collagen fibers, very strong, often binds muscle to bones or bones to bones
Dense irregular elastic tissue
Specific type of tissue that is found in areas requiring elasticity and strength in many directions, such as the aorta or blood vessels.
Hyaline cartilage
Specific type of tissue that is important for the growth of most bones
True
T or F: A cell is the smallest living unit of all life
False
T or F: A pH of 7 would be considered acidic and has fewer hydrogen ions than pH 2
False
T or F: Exocytosis would be considered a passive transport process as it is moving molecules down the concentration gradient
True
T or F: In facilitated diffusion particles are moving down a concentration gradient
false
T or F: The main function of the integumentary system is excretion of waste through the sweat glands
true
T or F: a function of the skeletal system is blood cell production
true
T or F: a gomphoses would be considered a synarthrotic joint
false
T or F: blood vessels will constrict to increase/maximize heat loss across the skins surface
false
T or F: bone is organic and inorganic and never changes after the epiphyseal plates have ossified
true
T or F: brown adipose tissue is found mostly in babies as it helps them regulate their body temp
true
T or F: calcitonin increases osteoblast activity in children
true
T or F: epithelial tissue has very little extracellular material
True
T or F: hyaline forms most of the skeleton before it is replaced by bone
false
T or F: melanocytes are found in the stratum corneum
false
T or F: merocrine glands lose cell fragments with their secretions; apocrine secretions contain no cellular materials
False
T or F: microvilli are appendages that will move materials across cell surface
true
T or F: pinocytosis is a specific type of endocytosis
True
T or F: potential energy is stored energy
true
T or F: rickets is caused by lack of vitamin D
false
T or F: the epidermis has blood vessels and nerves throughout
false
T or F: the first step in bone repair is callus ossification
false
T or F: the knee joint is more stable than the coxal joint
false
T or F: the main function of stratified epithelial tissue is diffusion of materials
false
T or F: the main tissue type of the reticular layer of the dermis is areolar connective tissue
VI
The abducens nerve is known as cranial nerve?
Development
The change an organism undergoes through time is called
Hydroxyapatite crystals
The compression (weight-bearing) strength of bone matrix is due to the presence of
Both processes are examples of dehydration synthesis
The equations below represent two biochemical processes, 1 and 2. 1. Glucose + Glucose = maltose and water 2. Amino acid + Amino acid = dipeptide and water Which statement is correct?
fibrous connective tissue
The flat bones of the skull develop from
the membrane is neither rigid nor static in structure
The fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane suggests that
The epiphyseal plate has not completely ossified
The growth plate will be gone after complete ossification
bundles of axons into fasicles
The perineurium
potassium; sodium
The sodium-potassium pump establishes concentration gradients of higher _______ inside the cell and higher __________ outside the cell.
false
The ventral root of the spinal cord carries efferent information
Stratum spinosum
This epidermal stratum has several layers of cells held together by desmosomes.
X
This nerve stimulates contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in the GI tract
Exocytosis
This process gets rid of waste
Dense regular elastic tissue
Tissue found in the nuchal ligament
Homopoietic tissue
Tissue that functions to produce blood cells
reticular tissue
Type of connective tissue that is a framework for lymphatic tissue.
plexus
Ventral rami of some spinal nerves join with each other to form a
true
Voltage gated Na+ channels are sensitive to changes in the extracellular concentration of Ca2+
growth hormone
What chemical stimulates interstitial cartilage and appositional bone growth?
Na+ ions and glucose are cotransported by the same carrier molecule; The Na+ K+ pump maintains a Na+ concentration gradient inside the cell; Energy comes from diffusion of Na+ down their concentration gradient; Glucose is moved against its concentration gradient into the cell
What events occur in secondary active transport of glucose?
Exposure of a bone to increased mechanical stress can lead to bone remodeling
What is true of bone remodeling and repair?
Muscular tissue
What tissue type is contractile?
H2CO3 because it forms other molecules with ions from aspirin which allows the blood pH to return to normal.
What would you give someone in the hospital if they were suffering from an aspirin overdose and why?
spatial summation occurs
When 2 action potentials arrive simultaneously at 2 different presynaptic terminals that synapse with the same postsynaptic neuron,
Voltage-gated channels
When a sperm cell comes into contact with an egg cell, there is a change in the electrical charge across the plasma membrane and various channel proteins close. These channels would be called
columnar cells of the upper respiratory tract
Which are ciliated cells?
Langerhans cells
Which cells of the epidermis are part of the immune system?
vestibulocochlear
Which cranial nerve is exclusively sensory (vestibulocochlear, hypoglossal, trochlear, facial or trigeminal)
an increase in K+ in the extracellular fluid
Which of the following events leads to depolarization?
cartilage- highly vascular matrix
Which of the following types of connective tissue is mismatched with its matrix?
interneuron
Which portion of a reflex arc is most likely to be located entirely within the central nervous system?
around the central canal of an osteon
You would look for concentric lamellae
basement membrane
a noncellular layer of material that holds epithelial tissue in place
false
a supramaximal stimulus will result in additional action potentials being fired
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
a type of epithelial tissue that appears to be stratified, but all cells contact basement membrane
endocrine
a type of gland in which there is no open contact with exterior; no ducts; and produces hormones
glial cells
a type of nervous tissue cell that provides support to those that send electrical signals
true
at resting membrane potential, potassium is concentrated inside the cell
ellipsoid joint
biaxial (wrist)
saddle joint
biaxial joint (thumb)
false
blocking voltage gated K+ channels would prevent depolarization
cilia
cellular appendages that move material across the surface of the cell
resting membrane potential
charge difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in an unstimulated state
into cell
direction in which potassium is moved by the Na+/K+ pump
Simple diffusion
does not require a transmembrane protein to transport molecules
false
every stimulus or electrical event always triggers an action potential
Oligodendrocytes
forms myelin sheath in CNS
calcitonin
hormone that decreases blood calcium levels
apocrine
identify a type of sweat gland that does not regulate temp and becomes active at puberty
subcutaneous
identify the connective tissue that is a sheet directly under the skin
dermis
identify the general layer of skin in which stretch marks and papillae occur which provides the structural strength for skin
osteoclast
identify the giant multi-nucleated cells that breakdown bone
isotonic
identify the ideal type of solution that can be injected directly into your veins without any adverse effects on RBCs
lipid
identify the macromolecule that is relatively insoluble in water
channel protein
identify the membrane protein that forms passageways through the plasma membrane, allowing specific ions or molecules to enter or exit the cell; may be gated or non-gated
visceral pericardium
identify the name of the serous membrane around the heart sac
basement membrane
identify the non-cellular supporting structure of the epidermis which must stay intact in order for the epidermis to remain healthy and keep growing new cells
canaliculi
identify the slender connections that connect one osteocyte to another
keratin
identify the specific protein in the outer epidermal skin cells that waterproofs the skin
osteogenic progenitor cells
identify the stem cells of osteoblasts and chondroblasts
stratum basale
identify the strata of the epidermis in which cell division occurs
hydrophilic
identify the term defined as water-loving or water-soluble
enzymes
identify the term for protein catalysts in the body
visceral
identify the term for the specific portion of a serous membrane that covers organs
histology
identify the term for the study of tissues
striata
identify the term for what occurs when skin is overstretched
vellus
identify the type of hair that is usually short, fine and unpigmented, found mostly in young children
parathyroid hormone
increases blood calcium levels
potassium
ion primarily responsible for determining resting membrane potential
action potential
larger change in resting membrane potential that spreads over entire surface of a cell
ependymal cells
line brain ventricles and secrete CSF
depolarization
membrane becomes more positive when Na+ diffuses into the cell
smooth muscle
movement of food through the digestive tract results from the action of this type of muscle tissue
Ball and socket joint
multiaxial joint (shoulder and hip)
31
number of pairs of spinal nerves
hypoglossal
one of the two cranial nerves involved in the gag reflex
smooth ER
organelle directly responsible for lipid synthesis
repolarization
return to resting membrane potential
microglia
specialized immune system cells of the CNS
threshold stimulus
term to identify when a graded potential is strong enough to initiate an action potential
passive ROM
term used to describe movement at joints that is being conducted by an outside force
medullary
the cavity in the diaphysis of long bones that produce marrow
false
the cerebellum helps in controlling heart rate
cartilage
the connective tissue in the skeletal system that is avascular and heals slowly
false
the conus medullaris anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx
positive feedback
the cyclic process that can continue to amplify your body's response to a stimulus, moving it farther away from a set point
out of cell
the direction in which potassium moves in repolarization of an AP
out of cell
the direction in which sodium is moved by the Na+/K+ pump
into cell
the direction in which sodium moves in depolarization of an AP
diencephalon
the division of the adult brain that contains the thalamus
calcium
the electrolyte that enters the neuron at the axon terminal and initiates release of the synaptic vesicle contents
true
the enteric nervous system can monitor and control digestive functions independently of the CNS
voltage
the general type of gated sodium and potassium channels opened during propagation of an action potential down a neuron
neurotransmitter
the general type of molecule found inside synaptic vesicles of presynaptic cells
calcitonin
the hormone that is related to calcium homeostasis that is secreted by the thyroid gland
palms and soles of feet
the location of thick skin
periosteum
the membrane that surrounds bone, providing blood and nerves
pia mater
the meningeal layer bound tightly to surface of the brain
false
the optic nerve is known as cranial nerve III and is responsible for eye muscle movement
medulla oblongata
the portion of the brainstem that is continuous with the spinal cord
flexion
the primary movement of the knee joint
secondary active transport
the process by which energy is provided by the movement of other molecules down their concentration gradient
midbrain
the smallest part of the brainstem that contains areas for visual reflexes including tracking of objects
subarachnoid space
the specific later of the meninges that is filled with CSF
frontal
the specific lobe of the cerebrum responsible for problem solving
ganglia
the term for a collection of neuron cell bodies located outside the central nervous system
cyanosis
the term for a decrease of oxygen in blood that causes a blueness of the skin
dermatome
the term for the sensory distribution of a spinal nerve along the skin
perforating
the type of canal that contains blood vessels and nerves that run horizontally and link osteons to each other in bone tissue
cardiac
the type of muscle that is striated and under involuntary control
false
the vestibulocochlear nerve is solely motor in function
control center
this determines the set point for a variable, receives signals from receptor about variable and controls the response of the effector
woven
type of bone that is organized in a random orientation and formed first in development or repair
transitional
type of epithelial tissue found in the urinary bladder
hinge joint
uniaxial (elbow and ankle)
pivot joint
uniaxial joint (atlantoaxial)
gliding joint
uniaxial joint (between vertebrae)
hypothalamus
which brain area serves as a major control center of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system?