anatomy joints review

circumduction

1. a move that can involve all of the angular movements 2. a continuous sequences of all other angular motions

a joint, or _______, is the place of contact between bones, between bone and _______, or between bones and teeth. bones are said to _______ with each other at a joint. the scientific study of joints is called ________

1. articulation 2. cartilage 3. articulate 4. arthrology

first class lever

1. atlanta-occipital joint of the neck 2. rocking of the foot on the tibia with raised toes 3. children playing on a seesaw

multiaxial

1. ball and socket 2. hip (coxal) joint

articular capsule: synovial membrane

1. composed of areolar connective tissue 2. lines the articular capsule 3. covers internal joint surfaces

articular capsule: fibrous layer

1. composed of dense connective tissue 2. stabilizes and strengthens the joint

articular cartilage

1. composed of hyaline cartilage 2. reduces friction between bones 3. absorbs compression

the _________ of the two articulating bones are bound by a broad ligamentous sheet called a(an) ____________ membrane

1. diaphyses 2. interosseous

functionally, all synovial joints are classified as ________, since all are ___________. each synovial joint is composed of a double-layers capsule called the ________. its outer layer is the _______, and the inner layer is a _______. all articulating bone surfaces in the synovial joint are covered by a thin layer of ________ cartilage called _______. only synovial joints house a _________, a space that permits separation of the articulating bones. lining the joint cavity is the _______, which secretes _______

1. diarthroses 2. freely mobile 3. articular capsule 4. fibrous layer 5. synovial membrane 6. hyaline 7. articular cartilage 8. joint cavity 9. synovial membrane 10. synovial fluid

the part of a lever from the fulcrum to the point of effort is called the _________, and the lever part from the fulcrum to the point of resistance is the _____________. in the body, a long bone acts as a(n) _____, a joint serves as the _______, and the ______ is generated by a muscle attached to the bone

1. effort arm 2. resistance arm 3. lever 4. fulcrum 5. effort

a symphysis has a pad of __________ between the articulating bones. this pad resists both compression and tension stresses and acts as a resilient _________. all symphyses are _________ thus they allow _________. examples of symphyses include the ________, which is located between the right and left pubic bones and the _________, where the bodies of adjacent vertebrae are both separated and united by intervertebral discs

1. fibrocartilage 2. shock absorber 3.amphiarthroses 4. slight mobility 5. pubic symphysis 6.. intervertebral joints

syndesmoses are _______ joints in which articulating bones are joined by long strands of ____________ connective tissue only

1. fibrous 2. dense regular

third class lever

1. flexion the elbow 2. bending at the knee

fibrous

1. gomphoses 2. sutures 3. syndesmoses

a _______ resembles a "peg in a socket." the only example of these types of joints in the human body are the articulations of the roots of individual teeth with the sockets of the _______ (lower jaw) and the _______. a tooth is held firmly in place by fibrous _______. this joint is functionally classified as a _______

1. gomphosis 2. mandible 3. maxillae 4. periodontal membranes 5. synarthrosis

uniaxial

1. hinge joint 2. plane joint 3. pivot joint 4. gliding joint

an articulation in which bones are joined by _______ is called a synchondrosis. functionally, all synchondroses are _______ and thus are classified as _______. the ________ in children form synchondroses that bind the epiphyses and diaphysis of long bones. when bones stop growing, _______ replaces the synchondrosis and it no longer exists. other examples of synchondroses are the _______ synchondrosis found between these bones of the skull and _______, the articulations between each bony rib and its respective costal cartilage

1. hyaline cartilage 2. immobile 3. synarthroses 4. epiphyseal plates 5. osseous tissue 6. sphenoid-occipital 7. costochondral joints

rotation is a pivoting motion in which a bone turns on its own _________ axis. rotational movement occurs at the _______ joint, which pivots when you rotate your head to gesture "no." some limb rotations are described as either away from the median plane or toward it. for example, ________ rotation turns the anterior surface of the femur or humerus laterally, while _________ rotation turns the anterior surface of the femur or humerus medially. the medial rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand is directed posteriorly or inferiorly is ________. the forearm rotates laterally so that the palm faces anteriorly or superiorly in _______. in the anatomic position, the forearm is ________.

1. longitudinal 2. atlantoxial 3. external 4. internal 5. pronation 6. supination 7. supinated

hyperextension

1. movement at the neck when you look at the ceiling 2. moving your wrist to a "cocked-back" position

flexion

1. movement at the neck when you look down 2. moving the forearm toward the arm at the elbow

the motion permitted at a joint rages from ________, such as where some skull bones interlock at a suture, to ________ like that seen at the shoulder, where the humerus articulates with the scapula. the ________ of each joint determines both its mobility and its stability. there is a(n)_________ relationship between mobility and stability in articulations. when the mobility of a joint increases, its stability _______. in contrast, if a joint is immobile, it has ________ stability

1. no movement 2. extensive movement 3. structure 4. inverse 5. decreases 6. maximum

synovial

1. plane 2. condylar 3. hinge 4. saddle 5. pivot 6. ball and socket

uniaxial

1. plane 2. pivot 3. intertarsal joints 4. hinge 5. proximal radioulnar joint 6. tibiofemoral

true

1. provides nutrients 2. acts as a shock absorber 3. removes waste 4. lubricates articular articular cartilage 5. formed from blood plasma 6. reduces friction

a lever is an elongated, rigid object that ________ around a fixed point called the _______. levers have the ability to alter or change the _______ of movement produced by a force, the ________ of an applied force, and the force _______. rotation occurs when a(n) _______ applied to one point on the lever exceeds a(n) _________ located at some other point

1. rotates 2. fulcrum 3. speed and distance 4. direction 5. strength 6. effort 7. resistance

biaxial

1. saddle 2. metacarpophalangeal joints 3. condylar 4. trapeziometacrapal joint

biaxial

1. saddle joint 2. condylar joint 3. ellipsoid joint

joint cavity

1. separates articulating bones 2. contains synovial fluid

synovial joints are classified by the ________ of their articulating surfaces and the types of _______ they allow. movement of a bone at a synovial joint is best described with respect to three intersecting _______ planes or axes: 1. a joint is said to be _______ if the bone moves in just one plane or axis 2. a joint is ________ if the bone moves in two planes or axes 3. a joint is __________ if the bone moves in multiple planes or axes

1. shapes 2. movement 3. perpendicular 4. uniaxial 5. biaxial 6. multiaxial

gliding a _______ movement in which two opposing surfaces _______ back and forth or side to side with respect to one another. in a gliding motion, the able between the bones _______, and _________ movement is possible in any direction. gliding motion typically occurs along ________ joints, such as between the _______ (wrist bones) or the _______ (ankle bones)

1. simple 2. slide 3. does not change 4. limited 5. plane 6. carpals 7. tarsals

second class lever

1. sitting a chair and raising the knee 2. flexing the calf muscles and rolling onto the balls of the feet

because syndesmoses allow ______ mobility, they are classified as ______________

1. slight 2. amphiarthroses

abduction

1. spreading your fingers apart 2. lifting the arm out to the side of your body in a coronal plane

false

1. stabilizes joint 2. strengthens joint 3. detects painful stimuli 4. provides mechanical support 5. composed mainly of water

sutures are ________ (immobile fibrous joints) that are found only between certain ________. sutures have distinct, interlocking, usually irregular edges that both _______ their strength and ________ the number of fractures at these articulations. in addition to joining bones, sutures permit the skull to grow as the brain increases in size during childhood. in an older adult, the _______ in the suture becomes _______. these fused sutures become _______

1. synarthroses 2. bones of the skull 3. increase 4. decrease 5. dense regular connective tissue 6. ossified 7. synostoses

bones are joined together with hyaline cartilage between the ends of the bones are __________ and those with fibrocartilage between them are _________

1. synchondroses 2. symphyses

cartilaginous

1. synchondroses 2. symphyses

bones that join together and are held in place with sheets of collagen between the bones are called ________, teeth held in sockets by a fibrous ligament are ________, and __________ are found between most of the bones of the skull

1. syndesmoses 2. gomphoses 3. sutures

synovial fluid is a viscous, oily substance that is composed of secretions from the __________ and a filtrate from __________. synovial fluid has three functions: 1. synovial fluid lubricates the _________ on the surface of articulating bones. 2. synovial fluid nourishes the articular cartilage's __________. the __________ volume of synovial fluid must be circulated continually to provide nutrients and remove wastes from these cells. 3. synovial fluid acts as a __________, distributing stresses and force evenly across the articular surfaces when the pressure in the joint suddenly __________

1. synovial membrane 2. blood plasma 3. articular cartilage 4. chondrocytes 5. small 6. shock absorber 7. increases

multiaxial

ball and socket joint

this membrane provides a __________ to the bones involved in the joint can move against one another

pivot point

an example of a syndesmosis can be found between the _____________

radius and ulna

the most complex joints are ________ and display varying amounts of mobility

synovial