Anatomy Neuroscience Test
In a polarized neuron at rest
The inside of the neuron is more negatively charged than the outside
What occurs sequentially when the nerve impulse is transmitted from the synapse of one neuron to the postsynaptic neuron?
The synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis
Which statement about vesicles is accurate?
They empty neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
After repeated use of a drug, larger and larger doses are needed to produce the same effect. This describes:
Tolerance
True or False. People, places, and things related to a particular drug experience can, at a later time, trigger another drug experience
True
True or false. Expose to drugs during the teen years may affect the likelihood of someone becoming an addict in the future
True
Which of the following is NOT a function of neurons?
*All of these are neuron functions
Identify the correct sequence of steps in the generation of an action potential
3,1,2,4
Drug addiction can be defined as
A chronic, relapsing disease
Which of the following is NOT a neurotransmitter
ATP
When neurotransmitters cross a synapse and bind to receptors on a neuron _________
An action potential is either inhibited or initiated
Cocaine produce their effects by:
Blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters that have been released into a synapse
Threshold stimuli are those which are strong enough to
Cause a net flux of positively charged ions from outside to inside the cell
Amphetamines produce their effects by:
Causing neuron terminals to release dopamine
The intense desire to use drugs is called
Cravings
The branching structures that, together with the cell body, are sensitive to chemical, mechanical, or electrical stimulation are called
Dendrites
Opening of voltage gated sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in
Depolarization
From a simplified perspective, the most important element of the 'drug-reward-system' consists of neurons that release _________ into an area of the brain called the __________
Dopamine; nucleus accumbens
The use of illegal drugs or the inappropriate use of legal drugs to produce please, to alleviate stress, or to alter or avoid reality
Drug abuse
Which of the following best describes the connection between two typical neurons?
The axon of one neuron hovers very close to another neuron
Which of the following activities activates the reward pathway?
Eating sugar, engaging in sexual intercourse, eat fat, inhaling nicotine (all the above)
The ingredient in alcoholic beverages that affects the body is
Ethanol
True or False. If I have a family history of addiction, I will eventually become addicted to a substance because of genetics
False
True or False. Receptors that bind the neurotransmitter at the post-synaptic cell membrane are voltage gated
False
True or False. Scientists have identified the one gene responsible for addiction
False
All of the following are components of the reward system EXCEPT
Glucose
Action potentials are all-or-none. Which of the following summarizes this principle?
If a threshold stimulus is reached, the action potential will always be of the same strength
Which of the following methods of administration results in the highest concentration of a substance in the brain in the shortest amount of time?
Inhalation
The electrical impulse transmitted by a neuron is caused by the movement of
Ions
A neuron
Is the basic unit of the nervous system, operates by generating electrical signals, is a nerve cell and may communicate with other neurons via chemical signals
After a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on a dendrite, which of the following is most likely to happen to the neurotransmitter?
It will be released and will re-enter the neuron that it was released from or it will be broken down and eliminated in the synapse
The action potential of a neuron is best compared to
Liquid starting to spill over the rim of a cup when just enough force is applied
The role of the Na+/K+ pump in the nervous system is to
Maintain proper ionic concentration gradients across the neuron membrane
Which of the following are risk factors that can lead to drug abuse and addiction?
Mental illness, poor parent-child relations, academic problems (all the above)
A neuron generally has all of the following except
Microvilli
Which of the following are characteristics of drug addiction?
Molecular changes in the brain
During depolarization
Na+ moves into a neuron
Which of the following type of imagine technology can show brain activity by showing which areas are using more glucose relative to others?
PET
Which of the following performs such abstract intellectual function as predicting the future consequences of events or actions?
Prefrontal cortex
Neurotransmitters are released from vesicles at the
Presynaptic membrane
Neurons in the brain communicate with each other by
Releasing neurotransmitters
Dopamine is most directly involved in
Signaling pleasure
Drugs work in the brain because they have similar ______
Size and shape as natural brain chemicals
The area between the pre-synaptic nerve cell and the post-synaptic muscle cell is termed the
Synaptic cleft