Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology

What is ligament ?

"Ligament" most commonly refers to a band of dense regular connective tissue bundles made of collagenous fibers, with bundles protected by dense irregular connective tissue sheaths. Ligaments connect bones to other bones to form joints, while tendons connect bone to muscle.

Pituitary Glands

Called the master gland

What are the eleven types of Systems?

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Lymphatic, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Urinary, Reproductive, and Digestive.

What is tendon ?

Is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone. Tendons may also attach muscles to structures such as the eyeball. A tendon serves to move the bone or structure.

What is meningitis ?

Is inflammation of the meninges. The meninges is the collective name for the three membranes that envelope the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system), called the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater.

B-lynphocyte or B-cell

produced and mature in red bone marrow

Indication of therapy and benefits for the reproductive system.

Manual therapy can affect fertility and the reproductive cycle through its impact on the endocrine system, and relaxation and stress reduction can ease labor.

Indication of therapy and benefits for the urinary system.

Manual therapy techniques that have the most direct impact on the urinary system include reflex and zone therapies, as well as lymphatic techniques the improve fluid return.

Indication of therapy and benefits for the skeletal system.

Many structural effects of manual therapy are directed toward the connective tissues and movement receptors of the joints in the skeletal system. Bone landmarks provide therapists with important information on structural alignment and posturel adaptations.

Local Massage refers to?

Massage done directly on injured or diseased tissue.

Regional Massage refers to?

Massage done in the area not directly on injured or diseased tissue.

Indication of therapy and benefits for the endocrine system.

Most manual therapies affect some change in endocrine function that results in benefits such as stress reduc- tion, improved mental focus, and restorative sleep.

Indication of therapy and benefits for the muscular system.

Most structural effects of manual therapy are derived from changes that occur in skeletal muscles and connective tissues.

The Muscular System

Muscles have on single function - To contract. Skeletal muscle contraction apply tension to the skeleton to maintain an upright posture and create movement body parts. Since muscle contraction generate heat as a primary byproduct, heat generation is another important function of this system.

Parathyroid Glans

Secretes a hormone that increases blood calcium

Indication of therapy and benefits for the cardiovascular system.

Some of the primary systemic effects of manual therapy on the cardiovascular system include improved local blood flow and decreased blood pressure.

What are the aspects of Pathology?

Signs and symptoms, Assessment, Referral, Safe Practice (awareness), and Contraindications.

Organism

The body as a whole. An integrated structure made up go the various systems, organs, tissues, and cells.

What is Pathology?

The study of the causes and effects of diseases.

What is Anatomy?

The study of the structure of an organism.

What is dermis ?

The thick layer of living tissue below the epidermis that forms the true skin, containing blood capillaries, nerve endings, sweat glands, hair follicles, and other structures.

What is the main function of urinary system?

The urinary system, also known as the renal system, produces, stores and eliminates urine, the fluid waste excreted by the kidneys. The kidneys make urine by filtering wastes and extra water from blood. Urine travels from the kidneys through two thin tubes called ureters and fills the bladder.

Indication of therapy and benefits for the nervous system.

Virtually all benefits and systemic physiologic effects of touch and movement therapies are mediated in some way by the nervous system.

The Reproductive System

While male and female structures differ, the general purpose of the reproductive system is the same - to regulate and control the reproductive process. this system is more dependent on the endocrine system the any other body system since hormones regulate sexual maturity, reproductive cycles, pregnancy, and birth.

Thymus gland

A hormone that plays an essential role in the development and maturation of specialized immune T-cells

What is subcutaneous layer of the skin?

A layer of tissue lies immediately below the dermis of vertebrate skin. It is often referred to as subcutaneous tissue though this is a less precise and anatomically inaccurate term. The hypodermis consists primarily of loose connective tissue and lobules of fat.

System

A system is a group of interrelated and interdependent organs that work together to accomplish a specific function or set of functions.

The Nervous System

Acting as the body's communication and control center, the nervous system transmits information in the form of nerve impulses. Its complex functions can be summarized as communication, coordination, and control of all other body systems.

What is melanin ?

Also called pigment, melanin is a substance that gives the skin and hair its natural color. It also gives color to the iris of the eye, feathers, and scales.

Organ

An organized group of tissues working together to accomplish a specific set of tasks for the body. Ex: Heart.

What is Antibody ?

Antibodies are produced by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen.

What is Antigen ?

Antigens are large molecules, usually proteins, on the surface of cells, viruses, fungi, bacteria, and some non-living substances such as toxins, chemicals, and foreign particles.

Tissue

Any of the distinct types of material of witch animals or plants are made, consisting of specialized cells and their products.

What is Treatment?

Any specific procedure used for the cure or the amelioration of a disease or pathological condition. Medical, surgical, dental, or psychiatric management of a patient.

Cell

Atom and molecules. Smalest unit of life capable of existing on its own. Basic building, block of the body.

What are the general contraindications for massage?

Cardiovascular disease, nervous system disorders, skin disorders, signs of inflammation like : Redness, pain, swelling, heat, less of range of motion.

What are the levels of Organization?

Cells, tissues, organs, system, and organism.

Nervous System :

Communicates by means of electrical impulses and neurotransmitters , reacts quickly to stimuli, adapts relatively quickly, has relatively local, specific effects on target organs.

What is Manual Therapy?

Defined as any style, discipline, or method in which patterned and purposeful touch and/or movement is applied with therapeutic intent.

What is Diagnosis?

Determination of the nature of a disease, injury, or defect; naming the disease, disorder, or dysfunction.

Endocrine System :

Endocrine System : Communicates by means of hormones carried in blood, reacts more slowly to stimuli, adapt relatively slowly, has very general widespread effects on many organs of the body.

What are the types of tissue?

Epithelial, muscular, nervous, and connective.

Lymph nodes

Filters and traps foreign particles

General Massage refers to?

Full body massage.

What is the general classifications of disease?

Infections, Environmental, Hereditary, Nutritional, and Lifestyle.

What are the general contraindication for massage?

Inflammation ( redness, pain, swelling, heat, less R.O.M.), Cardiovascular disease, nervous system disorder, skin disorder.

What is the main function of immune system?

Is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body. One of the important cells involved are white blood cells, also called leukocytes, which come in two basic types that combine to seek out and destroy disease-causing organisms or substances

What is Connective tissue?

Is one of the four types of biological tissue that supports, connects or separates different types of tissues and organs in the body. It develops from the mesoderm. The other three types are epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue. ... (Not all authorities include blood or lymph as connective tissue.)

What is edema ?

Is swelling caused by fluid retention - excess fluid is trapped in the body's tissues. In the UK/Ireland/Australasia and some other countries, the word is spelled oedema. Swelling caused by edema commonly occurs in the hands, arms, ankles, legs and feet. It is usually linked to the venous or lymphatic systems.

What is the main function of endocrine system?

Is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things.

Thyroid gland

Is the largest endocrine gland in the body

What is Homeostasis?

Is the state of internal stability or balance in the body.

What are the different types of stem cells founded in the bone marrow ?

Leukocytes and lymphocytes

What is the main function of nervous system?

Neurons in the brain communicate via electrical impulses and neurotransmitters. The nervous system is a complex collection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons that transmit signals between different parts of the body. It is essentially the body's electrical wiring.

Pineal Gland

Produces melatonin

What is interstitial ?

Referring to the space between cells, containing interstitial fluid. Interstitial cell, any cell that lies between other cells. ... Interstitial fluid, a solution that bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals.

What is Cyanosis?

Refers to bluish discoloration of skin, nail beds and mucous membranes.

Indication of therapy and benefits for the lymphatic system.

Specialty manual therapy tech- niques such as Manual Lymph Drainage and Lymphatic Facilitation are used to boost fluid return. Benefits of manual therapy such as decreased stress, relaxation, and an enhanced sense of well-being often lead to improved immune responses.

Spleen

Stores lymphocytes and filters foreign particles. The spleen filters blood, not lymph.

Indication of therapy and benefits for the respiratory system.

Structural effects of manual therapy on the muscles of respiration can result in improved efficiency and ease of breathing.

What are the four factors that may affect homeostasis?

Systems not functioning properly, degeneration, deficiency, and stressors.

Indication of therapy and benefits for the integumentary system.

The color, texture, and temperature of the skin provide manual therapists with important information on the underlying tissues and systems, and serves as the therapeutic interface for all touch therapies.

What is epidermis ?

The epidermis is the outermost layer of our skin. Its main purpose is protection. The epidermis is made of four main layers, or strata: The stratum corneum is the thick, tough outer layer. It is made mostly of dead cells that slough off constantly.

What is the main function of reproductive system?

The female reproductive system has two functions: The first is to produce egg cells, and the second is to protect and nourish the offspring until birth. The male reproductive system has one function, and it is to produce and deposit sperm.

What is Adhesion?

The force of attraction between unlike molecules, or the attraction between the surfaces of contacting bodies. (cell biology) The binding of a cell to another cell, or a cell to a surface, via specific cell adhesion molecules.

What is the main function of integumentary system?

The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, glands, and nerves. Its main function is to act as a barrier to protect the body from the outside world. It also functions to retain body fluids, protect against disease, eliminate waste products, and regulate body temperature.

The cardiovascular system.

The primary function of the cardiovas- cular system is to pump blood throughout the body via a complex system of blood vessels. Blood carries oxygen and other nutrients to cells and tissues and transports wastes for excretion. Blood also plays an important role in immune responses and transports hormones secreted by the endocrine glands.

The Digestive System

The process of digestion involves breaking down food into usable nutrients, witch are then absorbed into the blood for transportation to the cells and tissues. the digestive system also eliminates solid waste.

Indication of therapy and benefits for the digestive system.

The relaxation and stress reduction effects of manual therapy may improve the efficiency of the digestive system. Reflex and zone therapies cane used to target specific organs and improve overall digestive function.

What is Physiology?

The science that deals with the function of the body and parts.

The Integumentary System

The skin forms the body's protective outer covering, making it a important part of the body defenses. Containing thousands of general sensory organ and also plays a key role in the regulation of body temperature.

The lymphatic system.

This system employs a variety of vital defense mechanisms that create resistance to disease and play a role in healing from injury or illness. It also returns proteins and fluids to the bloodstream, which is essential to maintaining proper fluid balance in the body.

The Urinary System

This system produces, stores, and eliminates urine, a process that helps the body regulate pH and electrolyte balances and plays a major role in regulating fluid volumes.

The Skeletal System

This system provides the structure and framework for the body. This framework protects vital organs, while individuals bones serve as levers used by skeletal muscles to move body parts. Bones are the site of blood cell production, and they store calcium and other important minerals.

The respiratory system

This system regulates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. When air from the external environment enters the lungs, carbon dioxide in the blood passes into the lungs and oxygen in the "new" air moves into the blood. Vocalization (speaking) is a secondary function of this system; the passage of air over the vocal cords results in the vibrations that create voice.

The endocrine system

This system works in conjunction with the nervous system in coordinating and controlling other body systems. It functions at a slower pace than the nervous system to initiate and regulate long-term physiologic processes such as growth and sexual development, and regulates sleep and repro- ductive cycles.

Malt ( mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue )

Tonsils , peyer patches, appendix

What are the endocrine glands?

hypothalamus, pituitary and pineal glands

T-lymphocyte or T-cell

initially produced in red bone marrow and migrate to the thymus for maturation

Hypothalamus glands

links the nervous and endocrine system, it regulates the pituitary gland.