animal science test #3
animal welfare (philosophical definition)
-animals are entrusted to us (it is ok to use them but we have obligations to use, care for and treat them humanely)
The five freedoms for animals (bramble report, 1965)
-freedom from hunger & thirst -freedom from discomfort freedom from pain, injury, or disease -freedom to express normal behavior -freedom from fear and distress
foundations of modern biotech:
-organismic mendelian or old genetics -cellular: tissue or in vitro culture (the exchanging or modification of genetic information at the cellular or organelle level) -molecular:recombinant DNA or Gene-splicing ( the direct manipulation, modification, amplification and exchanging of DNA
Application of Biotechnology
-production of new and improved foods, industrials chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and livestocks -development of virus-resistant crop plants and livestock recombinant vaccines to prevent diseases such as adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA)
Biotech techniques
-restriction digestion -cloning -micro-array -polymerase chain reaction
when was structural DNA discovered?
1962
when was the birth of biotech.
1973
When did the Humane genome project begin?
1985 (the wanted to sequences humans dna)
bioinformatics: (used for the human genome project)
1990s-combines biology, computer science, information engineering, mathematics and statistics to analyze and interpret biological data
How much Americans own pets?
60% of American families own pants
Gestation Period (cats)
60-67 days
Spayed
A female castrated/unsexed before sexual maturity
Dog
A sexually mature male
venereal disease
A sexually transmitted infectious disease
What was one of the first cats?
African bush cat (Felis lybica)
What are the Feline Registries in the U.S.A.?
American Cat Fancier's Association American Cat Association Cat Fancier's Association, Inc. Cat Fancier's Federation Crown Cat Fancier's Federation, Inc. National Cat Fancier's Association, Inc. United Cat Federation
parasite
An organism that feeds on a living host
What are dogs ancestors?
Ancestors were Canis lupis (gray wolves)
How many dogs are obese
Approx. 25% obese dogs
Who did the Lab animal presentation?
Benjamin C. Datril Ph.D RLATG
What is a group of cats?
Bevy
How was the African bush cat (Felis lybica) brought to Europe?
Brought to Europe by Phoenician trading ships around 900 B.C.
What type of food does cats eat?
Cats are carnivores, not omnivores, but ARE very adaptable and can survive on an omnivorous diet.
What type of stomach does a cat have?
Cats are monogastric like humans (single stomach)
Phylum
Chordata
How many breeds are recognized by the AKC?
Currently 147 breeds recognized by AKC
Zoonoses
Diseases transmitted from animals to humans and from humans to animals
What type of food does dogs eat?
Dogs are carnivores, not omnivores, but ARE very adaptable and can survive on an omnivorous diet.
What types of stomachs does dogs have?
Dogs are monogastric like humans (single stomach)
who presented the animal welfare concepts and application presentation
Dr. Candace Croney and Dr.Sara Crawford
Who presented the intoduction to biotechnology presentation?
Dr.B
Who presented the companion animals terminology lecture?
Dr.Harold Higgins from birmingham
When were the earliest records of the domestication of dogs?
Earliest records of domestication were remains in Paleolithic caves dating ~ 12,000 B.C.
What did the African bush cat (Felis lybica) become a objects of deification for?
Egyptian cat-headed goddess (also known as Pasht, Ubastet, and Bubatis)
When was the American kennel club established?
Established in 1884
How many dog breeds are there?
Estimated to be over 400 breeds of dogs recognized world-wide
Puppy - Newborn
Female: Puppy bitch Male: Puppy dog
average daily gain (ADG)
Gain in some interval divided by days of interval -pre-weaning gain post weaning gain
What is a male cat castrated before sexual maturity?
Gib
How does cats have apart of the bubonic plague?
Killing of cats during Dark Ages contributed to surge of rodents and spread of bubonic plague
Who did the veterinary services presentation
Lauren Mayo and her dad Mark Mayo, DVM 1973-1976
What does the American Kennel club do?
Maintains stud book and breed registrations
Dr.Sara Crawford
National Pork Board
What is a female cat castrated before sexual maturity?
Neuter
What is the American kennel club?
Nonprofit organization for advancement of purebred dogs
transgenic organism
Organisms that contain functional recombinant DNA from a different organism
How many dogs are registered in the U.S annually
Over 1.5 million new dogs registered annually within the United States
gel electrophoresis
Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel
Dr. Candace Croney
Purdue University center of animal welfare science
familiaris
Species names for the domestic dog
How long has cats been bred?
Specific breeding of cats less than a century old
What are the dog categories?
Sporting dogs Hounds Working dogs Terriers Toy breeds Nonsporting dogs Herding dogs Miscellaneous group
What were the ancestors of dogs used for?
Territorial nature may have led to use as camp guards
conception rate
The number of the female pigs conceived over the number of bred female animals times 100
How did the Selection for desired traits has resulted in the development of various dog breeds
They became Hunters some work by sight, some by scent Retrievers Guard dogs Personal preferences for varying colors, sizes, body types, etc.
What is a sexually mature male cat?
Tom
Where did Mark Mayo attend school?
Tuskegee University and the University of Missouri
Estrus Synchronization
Using synthetic hormones to make a group of females come into heat at the same time.
Who presented the beef terminology lecture?
Wendell McElhenney
What were the African bush cat (Felis lybica) trained for?
Were trained to hunt with aristocrats and valued in control of rodents
What is a adult female cat
a Queen
breeding sounded exam
a complete and systematic evaluation of the reproductive potential of a given male
Pack
a group of dogs
Carrier
a heterozygous individual having one recessive allele and one dominant allele for a particular gene
Scrotal Circumference
a measure of testes size which is related to semen producing capacity and age at puberty of female relatives
How each does a female cow go into heat?
about every 21 days
Copulating (dogs)
act of breeding
Mating
act of breeding
Littering
act of parturition
Whelping (dogs)
act of parturition
Bitch
adult female dog
yearling
animals that are approximately one year old ( usually 12-24 months of age)
Where did Dr.Harold Higgins attend schools?
attended Tuskegee University for undergrad and grad school
What does most surplus cattle end up as?
beef
break down of biotech meaning:
bios=life technikos= skillfully made tool logos= study or essence
red vs black (beef)
black is dominate to horned
What does beef cattle refer to?
cattle that are maintained for beef production
Canine
collectively refers to the dogs
gene
contains information that an organism uses to produce a specific protein
What is the species name for the domestic cat?
domestica
poultry
domesticated fowl raised for meat or eggs
what is the genus name for domestic cats
felis
Cow
female cattle that have had one or more calves
Heifer
female cattle the have not had a calf
When was the first records of cats?
first records in Egypt in 4,000 BCE
layer
fowl bred and raised for egg production
Broiler
fowls bred and raised for meat
How does dogs get pancreatitis?
from eating table food
what are the basis of heredity?
genes
Canis
genus name for domestic dogs
what does the frame score tell you?
gives you an estimate of how much an animal will way when its slaughtered.
measures of natural living
group living, access to outdoor and natural surfaces, clean, dry, comfortable resting areas
springer
heifer or cow shows of advanced pregnancy
Prion diseases
hen normal prion protein, found on the surface of many cells, becomes abnormal and clump in the brain, causing brain damage ex.scrappy and mad cows disease
what was introduced in 1940?
hybrid corn
How can you tell if a calf is in heat?
if a cow allows another cow to mouth her and she gets rigid
key welfare issues for US animal agriculture
intensive confinement animal handling use of antibiotics
Protozoal infections
is an informal term for single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.
lab animal medicine
is the speciality of vet medicine which deals with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease in animals used as a subject in biomedical activities.
constraints of science
it cant tell us what is acceptable quality of life for animals
What is a newborn cat?
kitten
What can small lab animals be used as?
mainly pocket pets, others are used as farm, companion, or zoo animals
Classical Biotechnology
making wine, beer, cheese composting organic materials releasing parasitic wasps to control insects
stag
male castrated after sexual characteristics developed
Castrate
male castrated/unsexed before sexual maturity
Steer
male cattle that were castrated before any sex characteristics
cryptorchid
male cattle with undescended testes
Beef Classification
mammal
what does biotech give us the ability to do?
manipulate living organisms w/ todays precision -development of cell theory -elucidating cellular function -understanding the nature of the gene
Early uses of chickens
meat, religious purposes, scavenger hunts
Did Mark Mayo get accepted into Tuskegee's Vet school?
no
weaning rate
number of cows with calves divided by the total number of cows exposed times 100
What is the number one nutrition problem that does have
obesity ( 15% IBWT - overweight > 25% IBWT - obese)
viral
pertaining to a virus
Polled vs. Horned (beef)
polled is dominate
Study of poultry
poultry science or poultry biology
gestation
pregnancy (period from conception to birth of young) Gestation period = 9 weeks
typical grade in order from highest to lowest
prime, choice, and select
dressing percentage
ratio of hot carcass weight to live weight.
feline
refers to cats
open
refers to non-pregnant females
lab animal science
refers to the complex of knowledge and skills derived from many disciplines and speciality fields that relate to the use of animals In biomedical research, education, testing and demonstrations.
Biotechnology
refers to the use of living organisms for their components to provide useful products
marbling
refers to white flecks and streaks of fat within the lean sections of the muscle. measured at the 12th rib
Who is Benjamin C. Datril
research associate professor and assistant director of animal care, CMRC.
frame score
score based by measuring hip height. this score is related to the slaughter weights at a constant end point.
equine welfare issues
slaughter: how humane is slaughter, transport, euthanasia
embryo transfer
taking a fertilizing egg from a donor cow and transferring them to the recipient cows
When was the cloning of dolly the sheep?
the 1990s
Where did Mark Mayo work for a vet before undergrad?
the Virgin Islands
feed conversion
the amount of feed to achieve one unit of production.
three conceptions of animal welfare
the animal should: function well (good health, reproduces, normal growth) feel well (min. negative feelings max. pos feelings) be able to lead reasonably natural lives
what happened in 2007 with horses?
the closure of equine slaughter facilities
Define beef
the culinary name for meat cattle
freemartin
the female member of unlike twins in cattle which are typically infertile
the concepts of old biotech:
the idea of basic genetics 1860 "the mendelian genetics" in 1900 it was introduced to agriculture 1930s intro. to disease and insect resistant hybrid wheat varieties
animal welfase (OIE definition)
the means how an animal is coping with the condition in which it lives. healthy, comfortable, well nourished, safe, able to express innate behavior, and isn't suffering from unpleasant states of pain.
genes
the nuclear material of cells
estrous cycle
the period of time from one estrus to another
heat ( estrus)
the recurrent period of sexual receptiveness in females when they will stand for a bull to breed them
ribeye area
the size of the longissimus doors muscle at the 12th rib
How many species are there in beef?
the taurus ( inhumed) and indicus (humped)
What is the relationship between the weaning and conception rate?
the weaning rate should be less than or equal to the conception rate?
what is the purpose of the feed conversion?
to fairly compare animals, age and composition of gain (lean or fat) should be considered
why does people use Estrus Synchronization?
to result in calves having similar ages in the calf crop and lower labor requirements
Bull
uncastrated male cattle of any age
yearling weight
weight at one year old
birth weight
weight of the calf at birth
weaning weight
weight of the calf at weaning ( the sale weight)
what area of animal science is growing and is an alternate from being a vet?
working with lab animals
what should you think about when looking at measures of natural living
you need to think of: what elements of the animals living conditions are both natural and preferred what species typical behaviors can be accommodated
calves
young cattle less than one year old