ANOTHER arab-Israeli conflict review
camp david content
(1) a process for Palestinian self-government in the West Bank and Gaza, (2) a framework for the conclusion of a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, and (3) a similar framework for peace treaties between Israel and its other neighbours. The prime minister and the Israeli Knesset agreed that a transitional self-governing Palestinian authority was to be elected to replace Israeli political and military forces in the occupied territories. Israel agreed to withdraw from Sinai, and Egypt promised to establish normal diplomatic relations between the two countries and open the Suez Canal to Israeli ships.
1982: The Lebanon War relating to Israel and Palestine
After black september, the PLO came from Jordan, to Syria, to Lebanon. Lebanon did not participate in the 1956, 1967, 1973 wars. PLO fighters moved to Lebanon on top of 200,000 refugees. Israel invaded Lebanon in 1982 to fight the PLO because there were more PLO attacks from Lebanon after the 1967 war. Palestinians had to increase presence in Shia areas in the South, Israel would retaliate there making shia resent Palestinians. Israel entered Lebanon in 1982 after assassination of PM in London. Their rationale for war was that attacks continued, they evacuated Sinai, and there was the Iran-Iraq war. Also, Israel wanted to bring Bashir as president because he was more likely to sign a peace agreement with Israel. Ariel Sharon, the defense minister, initially wanted to stay in the South but eventually reached the outskirts of Beirut. During the siege of Beirut, Israeli bombardment of city, thousands of casualties but the PLO evacuated. Bashir became the president but he was assassinated shortly after. In Sabra and Shatila camp many avenged the death of Bashir, disputed number of casualties 460-3500. The US returned the peacekeeping in Lebanon and sent the marines. The marines were attacked by Hezbollah and there were many casualties. The effects of the war were the expulsion of PLO, creating a safe zone BUT Hezbollah formed, economic cost, lost Bashir, humanitarian toll from Sabra and Shatila. Over 500 Israeli troops died in Lebanon. Begin resigned in 1983, Shamir succeeded him. Arafat and Assad were on bad terms because Assad was responsible for expelling him to Tunis. The Lebanese civil war ended in 1989 with the Taif agreement which was brokered by Saudi Arabia. *less than six weeks after Israel's complete withdrawal from the Sinai, increased tensions between Israelis and Palestinians resulted in the Israeli bombing of Beirut and southern Lebanon, where the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) had a number of strongholds. The following day Israel invaded Lebanon, and by June 14 its land forces reached as far as the outskirts of Beirut, which was encircled, but the Israeli government agreed to halt its advance and begin negotiations with the PLO. After much delay and massive Israeli shelling of west Beirut, the PLO evacuated the city under the supervision of a multinational force. Eventually, Israeli troops withdrew from west Beirut, and the Israeli army had withdrawn entirely from Lebanon by June 1985.*
The Iranian revolution (1979)
Although the Shah was openly critical of Israel, he continued Iran's quiet cooperation with Israel based on shared interests. Such cooperation did not end even after the Iranian revolution. Iran continued to see Israel as a valuable counterweight to Baathist Iraq whereas Israeli leaders hoped that Iran would serve as a counterweight not only to Iraq but to the wider Arab world. The Periphery Doctrine: The Enemies of My Enemy Are My Friends. Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion developed the periphery doctrine in the 1950s; it was based on the premise that Israel would have to establish close relations with the region's non-Arab countries to protect itself from hostile Arab neighbors. Non-Arab countries such as Israel, Iran, Turkey, and Ethiopia shared a common fear of Nasser's Pan-Arabism and Soviet influence, facilitating the emergence of the periphery alliance. Both Israel and Iran reaped benefits from the periphery doctrine. Iran informally recognized Israel, Israel's and Iran's intelligence organizations, joined forces in aiding the Kurds in their struggle against the Iraqi central government. Iran believed that a relationship with Israel would help him gain approval of the Kennedy Administration. Israel welcomed relations with Iran more openly after the 1956 Suez war. Iran and Israel also viewed Iraq as a common threat, providing another rationale for cooperation. Israel and Iran both supported the Iraqi Kurds. Israeli-Iranian Cooperation After the 1979 Revolution: The revolutionaries saw the Shah's overthrow not as a final goal in itself but as a first step toward "liberating" the wider Middle East from U.S. domination. Persian Gulf States viewed a revolutionary Iran as a threat and aided Hussein in fighting Iran. The Islamic Republic realized the value in having Israel as an ally because they were in conflict with Iraq. Israel helped Iran avoid total isolation while it benefitted from desperately needed Israeli (and U.S.) weapons. Israel itself had a vested interest in Iraq's defeat, as it viewed Saddam Hussein as a central threat to its security. Begin violated US policy that stated no aid could be sent to Iran until US citizens were released from Tehran. In return, Iran allowed Jews to leave Iran for Israel for the US. Iran contra affair: Senior administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, which was the subject of an arms embargo. The official justification for the arms shipments was that they were part of an operation to free seven American hostages being held in Lebanon by Hezbollah. The plan was for Israel to ship weapons to Iran, for the United States to resupply Israel, and for Israel to pay the United States. Despite Iran's behavior, Israel benefited from the arms deals, both economically and geopolitically. Israel hoped to win the favor of "moderates" in the Iranian regime who would potentially take power. Iran's revolution and Israels' treaty with Egypt made cooperation less necessary. The doctrine no longer served as a defining feature of Israeli strategy. It weakened as Israel improved relations with Arab countries after the Oslo peace process. Military and Economic Cooperation During the Shah's Rule --The Iranian-Israeli alliance resulted in extensive economic and energy cooperation but they had to conceal their tracks --The Arab oil boycott of 1973, meant to punish the United States and Europe for their support of Israel, also boosted the Shah. Iran had not joined the boycott and therefore stood as its major beneficiary --Cooperation between Israel and Iran diminished by the 1990s --By the following decade, the Israeli-Iranian rivalry became well established and visible. The wars in Afghanistan and Iraq led to the defeat of longstanding Iranian adversaries (the Taliban and Saddam Hussein), resulting in widespread regional perceptions of growing Iranian regional influence As Israel fought wars with Iranian allies (Hizballah in 2006 and Hamas in 2008), Iran's role in offering military support and training further elevated the Iranian threat in Israeli strategic analyses. Iran's pursuit of nuclear weapons further solidified their rivalry.
Why did the Arabs agree to an armistice after the 1948 war?
Arabs were in disarray because there were no concrete goals. It was a small number of people from each Arab country. Zionists had 30,000 armed men and women. Arabs had 40,000 troops but there were logistical and organizational differences, distance, no unified command, internal divisions. In contrast, Israel had unified command. In addition, Egypt did not have any war experience. Since Jordan was the most reluctant to entering the war, they were the first ones to agree to a ceasefire. Next, Egypt signed an armistice agreement with Israel. Lebanon and Syria followed.
Hamas charter
Blame the absence of religion in the success of Israel Believes in Jihad, critiques peaceful negotiations
The Holocaust and partition
Britain wanted to end the violence and maintain dominance in the Middle East. Palestinians wanted an Arab state and to stop immigration. Palestinian Jews wanted a Jewish state through partition on both sides of Jordan river After the Holocaust, Anglo-American committees of inquiry tasked to look into the Jewish refugee problem. They recommended in May 1946 that 100k Jews be immediately admitted to Palestine; no agreement on future of area Increase in terrorism in Palestine. Britain reexamined partition and suggested Arab province of Transjordan and Lebanon (Arab State) and independent Jewish State. However, in 1947, Britain goes to the UN without recommending a solution. The US and Soviets both supported a partition. UNSCOP was tasked to investigate the situation, they recommend solutions but there were no Arab or Jewish leaders involved. Abdullah now king of Jordan has always sought to control Arab Palestine; he met Secretary of Jewish Agency and Golda Meir. She agreed to his annexation of Arab Palestine Arab states wanted to fight Jews. Abdullah under pressure agreed. January 1948: Arab liberation army formed, trained in Syria. Went into Palestine, by March took Jerusalem. April balance swung: Soviets armed Haganah took Haifa and Jaffa, Eastern Jerusalem remained with Arabs. Evacuation of Arabs from their villages and terrorism ensued.
who did and didn't agree to participate in the Camp David accords
By the end of Carter's first year in office, he had already met with Anwar El Sadat of Egypt, King Hussein of Jordan, Hafez al-Assad of Syria, and Yitzhak Rabin of Israel. Despite the fact that he supported Sadat's peace initiative, King Hussein refused to take part in the peace talks; Begin offered Jordan little to gain and Hussein also feared he would isolate Jordan from the Arab world and provoke Syria and the PLO if he engaged in the peace talks as well. Assad, who had no particular interest in negotiating peace with Israel,[8] also refused to come to the United States and only agreed to meet with Carter in Geneva.
Jimmy Carter
Carter committed himself to working toward a comprehensive Middle East peace settlement based on UN Resolution 242 (November 1967), which called for the withdrawal of Israel from the occupied territories, Arab recognition of and peace with Israel (stipulations that the Arab states had refused to agree to), and a just settlement to the problem of Palestinian refugees displaced by the establishment of Israel and the 1967 war.
Post WW2
Due to the Holocaust, there was a large number of Jewish refugees. A large number of them went to the United States but due to zionism, a lot of them wanted to immigrate to Palestine and declare it as the Jewish state. However, due to the second White Paper and the British Mandate, immigration was halted. Also, due to Arab nationalism, there was a lot of resistance to allow Jewish people to immigrate. Anglo-American groups supported 100k Jews to immigrate to Palestine. This caused many conflicts and riots between Jews and Arabs. As a result, Britain recommended the creation of a committee to research the causes of the conflict and to create a possible solution. The committee was called UNSCOP and their recommendation was to end the British mandate, partition the land into 2 states, and internationalize Jerusalem. The mandate ended in May 1948 and Ben Gurion Declared the state of Israel. Palestine protested a 2 state solution and the next day the Arab states (Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt, Syria, and Iraq) declared war on Israel.
Suez Canal Crisis (1956 war)
French then British became biggest shareholders 1888: European countries agreement for free passage 1922: British had control over Canal On October 29, 1956, Israeli armed forces pushed into Egypt toward the Suez Canal after Nasser nationalized the canal that same year to pay for the Aswan Dam, initiating the Suez Crisis. Egypt nationalized the canal because they had been pressuring Britain to remove their presence in the region for years and they were also feuding with Israel. France, which objected to Nasser's support of rebels in its colony of Algeria as well as the seizure of the canal, and Israel, which had engaged in sporadic battles with Egypt along their shared border, joined Great Britain in a tripartite invasion that began on October 29, 1956, when Israeli armed forces attacked the Sinai Peninsula. Two days later, British and French paratroopers and marines began to occupy strategic positions in the canal zone. Egypt had support from the Soviets who were in conflict with Britain; the Soviets threatened nuclear power. The Israelis soon were joined by French and British forces, which nearly brought the Soviet Union into the conflict, and damaged their relationships with the United States. In the end, the British, French and Israeli governments withdrew their troops in late 1956 and early 1957. Eisenhower was upset at Israel and Britain for not informing them of the conflict and they threatened sanctions against Israel had they not withdrawn. Following Israel's withdrawal in March 1957, Egypt reopened the canal to commercial shipping. The Suez Crisis made clear that the old colonial powers, Great Britain and France, had been by the United States and Soviet Union as the new world powers. Motives for France, Britain, and Israel British alarmed by nationalization, Nasser ambitions destabilizing role France: Nasser fueling Algeria rebellion; French sympathy for Israel Israel: arms imbalance, border raids, economic troubles, US support greatly helped Israel.
How is Gush Emunim successful?
Grassroots: The activism and enthusiasm of the settler movement and their national religious supporters is unequaled amongst all other political movements in Israel, on both the left and right of the political spectrum. Institutionalization: Large networks of institutions within the public sector Their extremism: the assassination of Yitchak Rabin and the attempt to bomb Al-Aqsa. There is also "price tag" killings; this is when an illegal settlement is taken down so they kill a Palestinian as punishment.
Hamas
Hamas was founded as the underground wing of the Muslim Brethren movement in the Gaza Strip at the beginning of the Palestinian uprising (the Intifada) in December 1987. Hamas formulated its ideology in rivalry with the secular national Palestinian forces within the PLO, and in order to refute Zionist-Israeli claims to the land. At the heart of Hamas' ideology is the emphasis on the 'Islamic essence' of the Palestinian cause {Islamiyat al-qadiyya al-Filastiniyya) and Palestinian-Israeli conflict. Hamas regards the struggle against Israel and the Jews as part of a broader religious war waged between the Islamic and Western civilizations. Thus Hamas depicted the 1991 Gulf War as a war of the 'crusaders [Western] coalition' against Islam in order to complete what Zionism had been unable to do. According to them, Jews were instruments of the West. Hamas depicts the Palestinians as a 'living people, creative with unrivalled honour and generosity', it portrays the Jews in almost demonic terms explaining that one of its major aims is to inform the whole world of the true nature of the Jews and their 'corruption on earth. The Jews, according to these writings, opposed the Prophet This strong anti-Jewish stance distinguishes Hamas from the PLO organizations. The PLO is against zionists and they differentiate between Jews and zionists. They believe that they will destroy Al Aqsa and build their temple Hamas offers the Jews two options: If they surrender peacefully, and become a 'protected minority' in the Palestinian Islamic state. If they refuse, the only course is holy war until final victory. The first phase in the long-term jihad, according to Hamas, has been the Palestinian uprising (Intifada) against Israel Hamas insisted on adhering to its basic position of rejecting the Oslo Accords, even though it implicitly gave them de facto recognition. More importantly, it refused to give up the principle of jihad. At the most, Hamas was willing to accept a temporary cease fire from the territories controlled by the PNA, in return for assurances that Israel would not pursue its activists within those territories It was established in 1987 in Gaza, cofounder Sheikh Yassin after first intifada with political and military wings. They believe that liberating Palestine not about land and soil, it is about faith and belief. New Islamization phase after zionism and Palestinian nationalism. Reasons: decline of Pan Arabism, loss during wars, lots of refugees, no peace
Arab involvement in WW2
In Palestine, following Arab revolt, Britain was focusing on 1939 white paper, which called for Palestinian Arab state + halt in Jewish immigration. However, this was issued before Hitler embarked on final solution (1941-1945). As a result, Britain resisted admitting jews 1946-1948 The jews reacted by organizing more zionist guerrilla tactics against the British. Arabs felt betrayed because of the Balfour declaration and Jewish immigration. Husseini supported Germany. They aligned with Hitler because they saw the Jews as a threat to the Palestinian state. He also wanted to stop Britain because they knew that they were not going to follow up on their original promise of Arab independence.The Nazis embraced a policy to exterminate the Jews in Europe and if they were successful, in Middle East
Effects of the 1948 war
Israel increased size by 20% Trans-Jordan annexed Judea and Samaria, Abdullah announced Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan; Egypt retained Gaza Strip Armistice remained borders until 1967 war Israel built institutions, built an army and Parliament to legitimize themselves while Palestine lagged behind. --After 1948, they believed that there would be no Palestine.
1967 War: 6 day war
Israel's decisive victory included the capture of the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, Old City of Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights; the status of these territories subsequently became a major point of contention in the Arab-Israeli conflict. on May 14, 1967, Nasser mobilized Egyptian forces in the Sinai; on May 18 he formally requested the removal of the UNEF stationed there; and on May 22 he closed the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping, thus instituting an effective blockade of the port city of Elat in southern Israel. On May 30, King Ḥussein of Jordan arrived in Cairo to sign a mutual defense pact with Egypt, placing Jordanian forces under Egyptian command; shortly thereafter, Iraq too joined the alliance. Israel staged a sudden preemptive air assault that destroyed more than 90 percent Egypt's air force on the tarmac. A similar air assault incapacitated the Syrian air force. Without cover from the air, the Egyptian army was left vulnerable to attack. Within three days the Israelis had achieved an overwhelming victory on the ground, capturing the Gaza Strip and all of the Sinai Peninsula up to the east bank of the Suez Canal. Jordanian forces began shelling West Jerusalem—disregarding Israel's warning to King Ḥussein to keep Jordan out of the fight—only to face a crushing Israeli counterattack. On June 7 Israeli forces drove Jordanian forces out of East Jerusalem and most of the West Bank. The UN Security Council called for a cease-fire on June 7 that was immediately accepted by Israel and Jordan. Egypt accepted the following day. Syria held out, however, and continued to shell villages in northern Israel. On June 9 Israel launched an assault on the fortified Golan Heights, capturing it from Syrian forces after a day of heavy fighting. Syria accepted the cease-fire on June 10.
Proclamation of Israel and 1948 war
Jewish refugees fled to Israel but the Arabs feared becoming a minority so they got the British to limit jewish immigration.The UN committee considered the partition of Palestine into a Jewish and Arab state. Palestinians believed that the partitioning of Palestine was unfair. However, ⅔ of the UN supported the resolution for partitioning Israel. They were granting the Jews a homeland. The Arabs attacked Jews as a response which started the 50 years war. A Haganah brigade was formed to take Jerusalem. Deir Yassin was a town that had a massacre that took place on April 9, 1948, when around 120 fighters from the Zionist paramilitary groups Irgun and Lehi killed hundreds of Palestinian Arabs in Deir Yassin, a village of roughly 600 people near Jerusalem Arab radio stations created false reports that Jews killed children and raped women. They said this so Arab armies would protect them from Jews. However, as soon as they said that, Palestinians fled out of fear. Over the next few months, over half of the Arab population left and they were never allowed back. Ben Gurion tried to convince the US to recognize Israel as a Jewish state. President Truman surprised everyone by recognizing Israel. Secretary of state Marshall wanted to maintain good relations with the Arabs and was completely against it. Marshall accused Truman of trying to secure the Jewish vote. Ben Gurion was prepared to end the British Mandate, with or without international support. He proclaimed a Jewish state in Israel and the US recognized it at the UN. Even the Soviet Union was recognized a few hours after their declaration. The day after their declaration, the armies of Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon invaded. However, the biggest army was Egypt but they have never been tested and had no experience. It was certain that their armies were going to easily defeat them. Egypt came from the South, Jordan came through the West Bank, Syria came through Nazareth, while the Lebanese attacked from the North. Early in the war, they had a lot of victories. They destroyed Israeli villages and expelled/killed Israelis. The Egyption army was halted 20 miles outside of Tel Aviv. After 3 weeks, they brought the Arabs to a stand still. The Israelis had very little weapons but they received some from Czechoslovakia. Once they received their weapons, the dynamic of the war changed and there was a ceasefire agreement. Ben Gurion and his Labor Party won the first Israeli election. To the Arabs, the victory of Israel meant the extinction of the Palestinians.
Hamas and PLO charter
Rivalry and deep distrust One religious, one semi-secular Competed in Gaza: Hamas employed charity They fought the Intifada together but broke apart after Oslo Hamas wanted elections and won in 2006 in Gaza Hamas regionally in Gaza Present in Syria, Lebanon Camps in Qata Under blockade since 2007 Unemployment at least 44% 53% under poverty line
Anwar Sadat
Sadat wanted the Israeli-occupied Sinai returned to Egypt, as well as peace for his people and a stronger relationship with the United States. Sādāt initiated direct contacts with Israel and made a dramatic visit to Jerusalem, where he spoke to the Israeli Knesset . However, a reciprocal visit by Begin was unsuccessful. the U.S. first lady, then suggested to her husband that he invite Sādāt and Begin to Camp David, where the relative privacy and seclusion might provide a setting for a breakthrough.
Types of Islam
Sunni vs Shia --Sunni is most popular. Iran, Lebanon, Oman, and Yemen are mostly Shia. --Both believe in the quran but Shia believe they can evolve it. --Sunnis are people of the book. They are more strict. --Saudi Arabia is the predominently Muslim country. They produced --Wahhabism, which is a conservative doctrine that addresses many ideas and religious laws. Political Islam: --Saudi Arabia- moving away from it --Iran- still carrying it
Sadat visit to Israel
Ten days after his speech, Sadat arrived for the groundbreaking three-day visit, which launched the first peace process between Israel and an Arab state. As would be the case with later Israeli-Arab peace initiatives, Washington was taken by surprise; the White House and State Department were particularly concerned that Sadat was merely reaching out to reacquire Sinai as quickly as possible, putting aside the Palestinian problem. The gesture stemmed from an eagerness to enlist the help of the NATO countries in improving the ailing Egyptian economy, a belief that Egypt should begin to focus more on its own interests than on the interests of the Arab world, and a hope that an agreement with Israel would catalyze similar agreements between Israel and her other Arab neighbors and help solve the Palestinian problem. Prime Minister Begin's response to Sadat's initiative, though not what Sadat or Carter had hoped, demonstrated a willingness to engage the Egyptian leader.
Camp David process
The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on 17 September 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David. The two framework agreements were signed at the White House, and were witnessed by President Jimmy Carter. The second of these frameworks led directly to the 1979 Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty. Due to the agreement, Sadat and Begin received the shared 1978 Nobel Peace Prize. The first framework, which dealt with the Palestinian territories, was written without participation of the Palestinians and was condemned by the United Nations. The Camp David Accords were the result of 14 months of diplomatic efforts by Egypt, Israel, and the United States that began after Jimmy Carter became President. The efforts initially focused on a comprehensive resolution of disputes between Israel and the Arab countries, gradually evolving into a search for a bilateral agreement between Israel and Egypt. While Begin, who took office in May 1977, officially favored the reconvening of the conference, perhaps even more vocally than Rabin, and even accepted the Palestinian presence, in actuality the Israelis and the Egyptians were secretly formulating a framework for bilateral talks. Even earlier, Begin had not been opposed to returning the Sinai, but a major future obstacle was his firm refusal to consider relinquishing control over the West Bank. An agreement was reached on the final day, however, when, at the last minute, Begin agreed to allow the Knesset to decide the fate of the settlements Israelis had established on the Sinai Peninsula (which Sādāt had required dismantled and Begin had sworn not to abandon). President Sadat's signing of the Camp David Accords on 17 September 1978 and his shared 1978 Nobel Peace Prize with Israeli Prime Minister Begin led to his assassination on 6 October 1981 by members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad during the annual victory parade. Most Arab countries, rather than following Egypt's lead, ostracized Egypt and expelled it from the Arab League. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), professing to speak for the Palestinian people, also rejected the accords.
The Intifada: 1987-1993
The Intifada which literally translates to "shaking off" was the Palestinian uprising against the Israeli occupation. Due to an entire generation living through the occupation, and doubts of the PLO successfully establishing a Palestinian state, young Palestinians started a movement of civil disobedience by protesting and throwing rocks. The catalyst of this movement was an Israeli vehicle colliding with Palestinians and causing 4 deaths. The Israeli response to the Intifada was incredibly harsh; live ammunition, arrests, forced curfews, and closings of schools and universities. The international response was critical of Israel and sympathetic to Palestinians. The PLO was not involved but later sought involvement and took credit for the uprising.
The British Mandate
The Mandate system was instituted by the League of Nations in the early 20th century to administer non-self-governing territories. These territories included Palestine and Transjordan, both of which had been conceded by the Ottoman Empire following World War I. In Palestine, the British originally promised the Arabs the land if they revolted against the Ottoman empire during WWI, however, following the publication of the November 1917 Balfour Declaration, which promised a national home for the Jews in Palestine, and the subsequent leaking of the secret 1916 Sykes-Picot Agreement in which Britain and France proposed to split and occupy parts of the territory, the Arab leaders considered the agreements made in the McMahon-Hussein Correspondence had been violated. The British Mandate authorities granted the Jewish and Arab communities the right to run their internal affairs, called the yishuv. They lived on farms, created communities and established a Hebrew education. Due to the Arab revolt, the First White Paper of 1922 and the Second White Paper of 1930, limited and later halted the immigration of Jews. The British controlled Palestine for almost three decades, overseeing protests, riots and revolts between the Jewish and Palestinian Arab communities. After World War 2, The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was passed on 29 November 1947. This created separate Jewish and Arab states operating under economic union with Jerusalem transferred to UN trusteeship. On the last day of the Mandate, the creation of the State of Israel was proclaimed and the 1948 Arab-Israeli War began.
The Ottoman years and the birth of zionism
The Ottoman empire had control of many countries in the Middle East. Due to Turkish nationalism, the Sultan was overthrown. As a result, Arab nationalism in the region also spread. It was originally Arab Christians leading the Arab nationalism and they were the ones against Jewish immigration. Meanwhile, in Europe, the Jews were facing pograms and discrimination, especially in Russia and Poland. As a result, many Jews felt that the only solution was to have a state of their own where the Jews would be the majority of the population. This new Jewish nationalism, is referred to as zionism. It was a secular movement that focused more on the cultural aspects of Judaism, rather than the religious ones. There were many prominent leaders in the Zionist movement but after the Dreyfus Affair, Theodore Herzl became one of the most famous leader. At first, he had no financial backing, no political support, nor support from religious Jews because they did not think that it was permitted by Jewish law to return to Israel.
UNSCOP
The United Nations Special Committee on Palestine was created on 15 May 1947, in response to a United Kingdom government request that the General Assembly "make recommendations, concerning the future government of Palestine". The General Assembly adopted the recommendation to set up the UNSCOP to investigate the cause of the conflict in Palestine, and, if possible, devise a solution. UNSCOP was made up of representatives of 11 nations, none of which were Arab or Jewish. They recommended a partition, the end of the British mandate, and an internationalization of Jerusalem. The British decided to end the mandate in May 1948 and the US supported the UNSCOP report. UNGA voted in favor of the UNSCOP report but the Muslim countries rejected it and Britain abstained.
The Lebanon Civil War (1975-1990)
The maronites, the Catholics had more power. The borders were drawn by France. They did this in order to ensure that there was a Catholic majority. Lebanese National Movement vs Maronites Lebanese army fragmented 1976: Syrian army intervenes to curb PLO October 1976: Arab league negotiated ceasefire, authorized arab force Assad played both sides- PLO and Christians Israel in contact with Germayel, 4 Labanese militias formed by the Lebanese front PLO rockets and attacks increased during Kissinger shuttle diplomacy Israel responded with heavy raids Operation Litany: Begin wanted to destroy PLO infrastructure and attack in Haifa Ended up creating a nine mile security zone in the South with SLA UNIFIL troops went to Lebanon
1973 War: Yom Kippur war
The sporadic fighting that followed the Six-Day War again developed into full-scale war in 1973. On October 6, the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur (thus "Yom Kippur War"), Israel was attacked by Egypt across the Suez Canal and by Syria on the Golan Heights. The Arab armies showed greater aggressiveness and fighting ability than in the previous wars, and the Israeli forces suffered heavy casualties. The Israeli army, however, reversed early losses and pushed its way into Syrian territory and encircled the Egyptian Third Army by crossing the Suez Canal and establishing forces on its west bank. Israel and Egypt signed a cease-fire agreement in November and peace agreements on January 18, 1974. The accords provided for Israeli withdrawal into the Sinai west of the Mitla and Gidi passes, while Egypt was to reduce the size of its forces on the east bank of the canal. A UN peacekeeping force was established between the two armies. This agreement was supplemented by another, signed on September 4, 1975. On May 31, 1974, Israel and Syria signed a cease-fire agreement that also covered separation of their forces by a UN buffer zone and exchange of prisoners of war. On March 26, 1979, Israel and Egypt signed a peace treaty formally ending the state of war that had existed between the two countries for 30 years. Under the terms of the Camp David Accords, as the treaty was called, Israel returned the entire Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, and, in return, Egypt recognized Israel's right to exist. The two countries subsequently established normal diplomatic relations.
Religious claims to Israel
When zionism first became popular, it was a political movement. Many religious Jews believed that it was against Jewish law to return to Israel, especially without the temple. However, zionism has now become a nationalist and religious movement but there is division between secular zionists and religious zionist in regards to their goals for Israel. Due to these divisions, Israel has no constitution or set of laws due to the inability to reach consensus between religious and secular jews. Since the 1950s it became a struggle between Israel and Pan-Arab nationalism. Arab nationalism failed so this is the new way to motivate political thinking to change dynamics in Arab states and liberate Palestine. Many of the Gulf countries are scared of them. The Islamization of the conflict, on the other hand, portrays it as a battle between two rival religions, Islam and Judaism, or between two opposing absolutes. The Islamic sanctity of Palestine is based on several pillars. The most important of which is God's choice of al-Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem as the place for the ascension of the Prophet Muhammad to heaven and as the first direction of prayer for the Muslims. Waqf: Palestine does not belong to Palestinians but rather all muslims
Start of Arab Nationalism
Young Turk Revolution 1909: Rise of Turkish nationalism, overthrew Sultan Abdulhamid Ottoman Empire entered WWI and ultimately declined. Arab representatives in Palestine called for a crackdown on Jewish immigration. Ba'athism is an Arab nationalist ideology that promotes the development and creation of a unified Arab state through the leadership of a vanguard party over a progressive revolutionary government. SSNP: Syrian socialist nationalist party. It is an anticolonial and national liberation organization modeled on European fascist movements in order to oppose French colonialism. Nassarism: Nassar was anti-Israel and Labor unions to nationalize the Egyption infrastructure. It is largely a secular ideology that emphasizes Nasser as one of the true leaders of the Arab world. A lot of Anti-semitism is seen on the literature by the Arab nationalist fathers. This ideology has created the rejection of the state of Israel. This is what provided the false hope that the Arab countries would come to the aid of Palestine.
The PLO
a political movement uniting Palestinian Arabs in an effort to create an independent state of Palestine.
Yasser Arafat
leader of the PLO
Gush Emunim
movement advocating for greater Israel in the Golan Heights, Gaza Strip, Judea and Samaria by a massive civilian presence in these territories. Established in 1974, some months after the end of the Yom Kippur War. It officially ended in the 80s but the ideology still motivates right wing support for settlements. Shimon Peres first supported settlements, then Begin, then the Likud party. It never became an official movement with leadership, there were just activists who carried on the Greater Land of Israel message. Settlers moved to these territories in order to establish their presence and pioneer zionism. If the government were to withdraw from these settlements, they would view it as the failure of zionism. They view themselves as carrying on Herzl's vision. Territorial withdrawal and settlement evacuation is in direct contradiction to the law of the Torah, which takes precedence over any form of human decision making process. They use religion in their politics and rabbis are heavily involved in policies. This causes issues with secular right wing groups. The settler movement appeals to the broader Israeli public by arguing that the notion of "land for peace" is based on false notions of peace they argue that the Palestinians do not really want peace. Territorial compromise and withdrawal will only bring further demands on the part of the Palestinians. It is the securitization and defense discourses which appeal to much larger groups amongst society at large. They have given up land, like Gaza, but it has only created more conflicts. One of the major factors underlying the Gush Emunim-settler movement activities, has been the issue of democracy vis-à-vis the religious beliefs of the settlers themselves. The Laws of the Torah occupy greater prominence than the laws of democracy and, as such, are to be preferred in taking decisions. In contradiction to that, they also argue that a right wing elected leader cannot disengage from settlements because it violates their own manifesto. They build a big protest movement to oppose the peace process: Begin's evacuation of Sinai, Sheron's disengagement, signing of the Oslo accords.
Black September
the breakaway militant faction of the Palestinian organization Fatah. The group was founded in 1971 to seek retribution on Jordan's military and to assassinate Jordan's King Hussein after they forcefully confronted the PLO during an attempt to seize power from the monarch in September 1970. The name Black September was chosen to commemorate that violent clash, during which thousands of Palestinians were either killed or expelled and the PLO was driven out of Jordan. Before its official dissolution in 1974, the faction also participated in attacks against Israeli and Western targets worldwide, notably the massacre of members of Israel's Olympic team at the 1972 Summer Games in Munich. Eleven Israelis and a West German policeman were killed in the attack at the 1972 Olympic Summer Games in Munich. In response, Israel ordered its national intelligence agency, the Mossad, to kill senior Black September and PLO operatives. The Mossad conducted several operations, including the 1973 killing of three Black September members in Beirut. In December 1974 Black September was dissolved by Fatah, possibly as a response to the pressure placed on Black September by the Mossad. Most of its membership was reassigned to other Palestinian groups. *was a Palestinian militant organization[1] founded in 1970. It was responsible for the assassination of the Jordanian Prime Minister Wasfi Tal, and the Munich massacre, in which eleven Israeli athletes and officials were kidnapped and killed, as well a West German policeman losing his life, during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, their most publicized event. These events led to the creation or specialization of permanent counter-terrorism forces in many European countries.* led by Fatah
