ANP 2 test 3 fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance
NaHCO3 + H2O
NaOH + H2CO3
Na2HPO4 + H2O
NaOH + NaH2PO4
the hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels
aldosterone
a condition that results from water intoxication
hyponatremia
low ECF Na+
hyponatremia
the condition in which sodium levels are too low is referred to as _____
hyponatremia
all of the following would cause edema EXCEPT
hypotension
which condition would cause a drop in pH?
hypoventilation
the only organ of the body that can remove excess fixed acids is the _____
kidney
Most water is excreted via the __________.
kidneys
the largest percentage of body water is located in what compartment?
intracellular fluid
ADH acts on the ____________ to ___________ water excretion.
kidneys; disease
diuresis peaks _____ after drinking water.
one hour
Any arterial pH between __________ is considered physiological acidosis.
7.0 and 7.35
Normal arterial blood pH is
7.4
most abundant negative electrolyte in extracellular fluid
CL-
major extracellular anion
Cl-
NaH2PO4 + NaCl
HCL + Na2HPO4
H2CO3 + NaCl
HCl + NaHCO3
most abundant negative electrolyte in intracellular fluid
HPO4-
major intracellular anion
HPO42-
major intracellular cation
K+
most abundant positive electrolyte in intracellular fluid
K+
least abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid
Mg2+
major extracellular cation
Na+
most abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid
Na+
the only exerting significant osmotic pressure in the ECF is ______
Na+
renal acid base control mechanism are coupled to _____
Na+ transport
A major stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone is __________.
a rise in plasma osmolality
which of the following tissues is the least hydrated?
adipose tissue
Estrogens are chemically similar to __________ and are therefore associated with water retention.
aldosterone
which of the following individuals would have the most body water?
an infant
strong acid (HCL) buffered by weak base (NaHPO4)
bicarbonate buffer system
referred to as the alkaline reserve
bicarbonate ions
when water output exceeds intake over a period of time
dehydration
an atypical fluid accumulation in the interstitial space, leading to tissue swelling
edema
parathyroid hormone
enhances release of calcium from bone
true or false: Most of the hydrogen ions in the body come from acidic substances in the foods we ingest.
false
true or false: parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases Ca2+ deposition in the bones.
false
true or false: the most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is potassium.
false
true or false: Most fluid in the body is in the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment.
false
One way the kidneys maintain HCO3- balance is by __________.
generating new HCO3-
which of the following is NOT an electrolyte?
glucose
Acidosis results in increasing levels of what ion?
hydrogen
an excess amount of potassium in the ECF
hyperkalemia
vitamin D deficiency can be a cause
hypocalcemia
all of the following factors would stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center EXCEPT
hypotonic extracellular fluid
when the EFC osmolality starts to drop as a result of overhydration
hypotonic hydration
which of the following is associated with swelling of cells?
hypotonic hydration
infants are more likely to experience problems regulating acid base balance because of several factors, including ______
inefficiency of infant kidneys
Water lost through expired air is referred to as __________.
insensible water loss
Edema is accumulation of fluid in the ____________.
interstitial space
Currently, many states perform capital punishment (execution) using potassium chloride injection. Why would this kind of an injection cause death?
it would cause hyperkalemia, which can lead to cardiac arrhythmias, depression, and arrest.
severe diarrhea; renal disease; untreated diabetes mellitus; starvation; excess alcohol ingestion
metabolic acidosis
vomiting; selected diuretics; ingestion of excessive amount of sodium bicarbonate; constipation; excess aldosterone
metabolic alkalosis
Pica occurs when there is a deficiency of _________ in the body.
minerals such as iron
strong acid (HCL) buffered by weak base (Na2HPO)
phosphate buffer system
uses Na2HPO4 as a weak base
phosphate buffer system
_____ circulates throughout the body and links the internal and external environments.
plasma
all of the following would occur if there was an increase in plasma osmolality EXCEPT _____
production of large amounts of urine
which of the following would increase sodium excretion?
progesterone
strong acids (HCL) buffered by amine groups (-NH2 group)
protein buffer system
the most common buffer system in cells
protein buffer system
the most important buffer system in the intracellular fluid compartment (ICF) is the _____
protein buffer system
any condition that impairs gas exchange or lung ventilation; rapid shallow breathing; narcotic or barbiturate overdose or injury to brain stem
respiratory acidoses
someone who is suffering would develop _____
respiratory acidosis
hyperventilation can lead to ______
respiratory alkalosis
hyperventilation; brain tumor or injury
respiratory alkalosis
Electrolyte balance in the body usually refers to the balance of __________.
salts
the most prevalent electrolyte in the extracellular fluid is ______
sodium
the most important factor that influences K+ secretion is ______
the concentration of K+ in the EFC
which of the following has the LEAST influence over the pH of blood plasma?
the phosphate buffer system
which of the following puts infants at increased risk for dehydration?
their inefficient kidneys
when the concentration of Na+ in the ECF decreases ______
there is an increase in the level of aldosterone
the major source of water loss from the body is _____
urine
which statement about acids is true?
weak acids only dissociate partially in solution
