ANP 2 test 3 fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance

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NaHCO3 + H2O

NaOH + H2CO3

Na2HPO4 + H2O

NaOH + NaH2PO4

the hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels

aldosterone

a condition that results from water intoxication

hyponatremia

low ECF Na+

hyponatremia

the condition in which sodium levels are too low is referred to as _____

hyponatremia

all of the following would cause edema EXCEPT

hypotension

which condition would cause a drop in pH?

hypoventilation

the only organ of the body that can remove excess fixed acids is the _____

kidney

Most water is excreted via the __________.

kidneys

the largest percentage of body water is located in what compartment?

intracellular fluid

ADH acts on the ____________ to ___________ water excretion.

kidneys; disease

diuresis peaks _____ after drinking water.

one hour

Any arterial pH between __________ is considered physiological acidosis.

7.0 and 7.35

Normal arterial blood pH is

7.4

most abundant negative electrolyte in extracellular fluid

CL-

major extracellular anion

Cl-

NaH2PO4 + NaCl

HCL + Na2HPO4

H2CO3 + NaCl

HCl + NaHCO3

most abundant negative electrolyte in intracellular fluid

HPO4-

major intracellular anion

HPO42-

major intracellular cation

K+

most abundant positive electrolyte in intracellular fluid

K+

least abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid

Mg2+

major extracellular cation

Na+

most abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid

Na+

the only exerting significant osmotic pressure in the ECF is ______

Na+

renal acid base control mechanism are coupled to _____

Na+ transport

A major stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone is __________.

a rise in plasma osmolality

which of the following tissues is the least hydrated?

adipose tissue

Estrogens are chemically similar to __________ and are therefore associated with water retention.

aldosterone

which of the following individuals would have the most body water?

an infant

strong acid (HCL) buffered by weak base (NaHPO4)

bicarbonate buffer system

referred to as the alkaline reserve

bicarbonate ions

when water output exceeds intake over a period of time

dehydration

an atypical fluid accumulation in the interstitial space, leading to tissue swelling

edema

parathyroid hormone

enhances release of calcium from bone

true or false: Most of the hydrogen ions in the body come from acidic substances in the foods we ingest.

false

true or false: parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases Ca2+ deposition in the bones.

false

true or false: the most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is potassium.

false

true or false: Most fluid in the body is in the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment.

false

One way the kidneys maintain HCO3- balance is by __________.

generating new HCO3-

which of the following is NOT an electrolyte?

glucose

Acidosis results in increasing levels of what ion?

hydrogen

an excess amount of potassium in the ECF

hyperkalemia

vitamin D deficiency can be a cause

hypocalcemia

all of the following factors would stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center EXCEPT

hypotonic extracellular fluid

when the EFC osmolality starts to drop as a result of overhydration

hypotonic hydration

which of the following is associated with swelling of cells?

hypotonic hydration

infants are more likely to experience problems regulating acid base balance because of several factors, including ______

inefficiency of infant kidneys

Water lost through expired air is referred to as __________.

insensible water loss

Edema is accumulation of fluid in the ____________.

interstitial space

Currently, many states perform capital punishment (execution) using potassium chloride injection. Why would this kind of an injection cause death?

it would cause hyperkalemia, which can lead to cardiac arrhythmias, depression, and arrest.

severe diarrhea; renal disease; untreated diabetes mellitus; starvation; excess alcohol ingestion

metabolic acidosis

vomiting; selected diuretics; ingestion of excessive amount of sodium bicarbonate; constipation; excess aldosterone

metabolic alkalosis

Pica occurs when there is a deficiency of _________ in the body.

minerals such as iron

strong acid (HCL) buffered by weak base (Na2HPO)

phosphate buffer system

uses Na2HPO4 as a weak base

phosphate buffer system

_____ circulates throughout the body and links the internal and external environments.

plasma

all of the following would occur if there was an increase in plasma osmolality EXCEPT _____

production of large amounts of urine

which of the following would increase sodium excretion?

progesterone

strong acids (HCL) buffered by amine groups (-NH2 group)

protein buffer system

the most common buffer system in cells

protein buffer system

the most important buffer system in the intracellular fluid compartment (ICF) is the _____

protein buffer system

any condition that impairs gas exchange or lung ventilation; rapid shallow breathing; narcotic or barbiturate overdose or injury to brain stem

respiratory acidoses

someone who is suffering would develop _____

respiratory acidosis

hyperventilation can lead to ______

respiratory alkalosis

hyperventilation; brain tumor or injury

respiratory alkalosis

Electrolyte balance in the body usually refers to the balance of __________.

salts

the most prevalent electrolyte in the extracellular fluid is ______

sodium

the most important factor that influences K+ secretion is ______

the concentration of K+ in the EFC

which of the following has the LEAST influence over the pH of blood plasma?

the phosphate buffer system

which of the following puts infants at increased risk for dehydration?

their inefficient kidneys

when the concentration of Na+ in the ECF decreases ______

there is an increase in the level of aldosterone

the major source of water loss from the body is _____

urine

which statement about acids is true?

weak acids only dissociate partially in solution


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