ANTH100 Final Exam Review

Culture is a system of ______ necessary for people to function as members of a particular social group.

-Beliefs and values -customs and traditions -language and symbols -behaviors -material goods

It's easy to understand how cultural ideas and innovations, from Christianity to farming techniques, impacted indigenous populations living throughout the Americas during European colonization. But how do cultural ideas and innovations impact more remote communities in the world today?

-Evolving technologies make it easier to stay connected-- from high speed internet to money trransfers -Religious missionaries and aid organizations work throughout the world -Leisure travel continues to become widely accessible

How do people learn values, beliefs, and ideas related to family, marriage, and kinship-- such as how a mother should raise their child, how old you should be when you get married, and how to treat an aging family member?

-Media -Acculturization -Globalization and migration

Most colonies gained their independence between the end of WWII (1945) and 1965. What played critical roles in the timing of this multinational independence movement? Choose all that apply.

-The emergence of the U.S. and soviet union as superpowers -Civil unrest -Changes to the structure of international economics

Why does understanding the rules and terminology for defining relationships matter to an anthropologist?

-These systems differ widely across cultures -these systems offer insights into how societies define and organize familial ties -these systems provide a way to understand how a specific community or society is organized

How would an anthropologist research enslavement in a particular culture?

-They would study how enslavement has been experienced by people, past and present. -They would study how enslavement developed, including what social systems or cultural beliefs contributed to its historical beginnings.

From a linguistic perspective different ways of speaking are linked to _____.

-social class -enthic background -levels of education -geographical locations -other aspects of people's identity

What is the significance of linguists, African and African American academics, and other experts creating the Oxford Dictionary of African American English (AAE) in the United States in the coming years?

All of the above

What is the Scientific and humanistic study of human beings?

Anthropology

What discipline foregrounds the experiences and perspectives of everyday people rather than elites?

Anthrpology

Example 1: Performing foreign and domestic policy analysis for governmental agencies. Example 2: Employed in trying to find effective ways to deliver aid to people in poor nations. Example 3: Work in museums or on public lands, uncovering our archeological heritage and both preserving it and making it available to the public. These are examples of:

Applied anthropology

Pierre Bourdieu, a prominent French sociologist, introduced the concept of "capital" to describe the various resources and assets individuals possess that can influence their social position and life chances. What are Bourdieu's four forms of capital?

Bourdieu's four forms of capital are economic, cultural, symbolic, and social

Why is code-switching thought of as more than just a linguistic adaptation? Why is this process so much more than a means of preserving cultural linguistic heritage or a pragmatic communication strategy?

Code-switching is not just a linguistic adaptation but a vital tool for ensuring safety, making informed decisions, and navigating complex or life-threatening situations. It underscores the importance of linguistic diversity and the need for effective communication strategies to bridge language barriers in critical contexts. For example, migrants and refugees may need to code-switch to communicate with border officials or humanitarian aid organizations. Effective communication can affect their safety and access to essential resources.

What is an example of how coloniality operates in academia today?

English-language of English-only requirements for graduation and publication, Ph.D. students who are either non-white, non-English speaking, or not U.S. citizens are being mentored to do fieldwork in their countries of origin or the region of their ethnic heritage, regardless of their own research interests

A parent from Los Angeles was visiting their teenage daughter who was studying abroad for the semester in Seville, Spain. They notice that people eat and are out of their homes a lot later than what they are use to back in LA. They complain to their daughter, "Why do these people in Seville eat so late and make so much noise until midnight? That's so uncivilized." This judgment is based on their own cultural perspective in deeming Spain's culture to be not only inferior to the United States, but not the "normal" way things "should" be done-- that is, eating earlier in the evening and returning home or being quiterer later in the evening. What is this scenario describing?

Enthocentrism

True or False: Colonialism does not shape culture

False

True or False: Linguistic prejudice stereotypes do not lead to social, economic, and educational disperities.

False

True or False: Quantitative, and not qualitative, researchers typically gather multiple forms of data, such as interviews, observations, documents, and audiovisual information rather than rely on a single data source. Further, they are the ones responsible for collecting the data used to answer their specific research questions rather than using a pre-existing database, repository, or resource.

False

What social factors influence an individual or group's position in society?

Gender, Race, Age, alma mater, proclivity towards and access to technology

"These flawed chronicles undermine Indigenous peoples' knowledge about their own histories on specific landscapes. They also continue the erasure and misrepresentation of American Indian pasts in public narratives" (Laluk and Aguilar 2023). What are these anthropologists talking about?

How harmful it has been for archeologists to deem certain sites as "abandoned" by indigenous people, a framing that disguises how Native culture has persevered.

Anthropological research in ______ shows pronounced differences in social class, caste, or religion have profound impacts on whether or not a marriage takes place.

India

What is dominant culture? In large societies, the term subculture is used to designate groups that share norms and values significantly different from those of the group that controls most of the wealth and power within the society, often called the dominant culture. These terms "do not refer to superior and inferior but rather to the idea that the dominant culture is more able to impose is understanding of the world on subcultures than the reverse" (Nanda and Warms 2022, 40).

It is the group that controls most of the wealth and power within a large society and who is able to impose its understanding of the world onto the rest of the population. For example, the Brazilian government in relation to the Yanomami.

Napoleon Chagnon portrays the Yanomami and their everyday violence as evidence of "a truly primitive cultural adaptation...before it was altered or destroyed by our culture" (1977). Further, "The Yanomamo are probably a typical example of what life is like in a state of nature" (2013). What anthropological concept is Chagnon using in these two quotes to explain the Yanomamo?

Noble savage

Which scientific method was not used to support the false theory that non-white people were genetically and biologically closer to apes, rather than human beings?

Phrenology, craniometry analysis of physical and behavioral traits

Anthropological research confirms that job loss entails not only economic decline but also decline in ____. individuals who lost their jobs lost their place in society and often their sense of honor and self-esteem.

Prestiege

Raul loves hip-hop music. He's growing up in a town that's near a large city and frequents goes to clubs that play the latest music. When he goes out in the city, sometimes people make fun of him once they hear his accent and find out where he's from. When he's home, he uses his phone to learn popular dances on social media, memorizes lyrics to his favorite music, and is saving money to order a pair of sneakers his favorite artist is releasing on their website next month. Based on what you have learned about Raul, which of the following is true?

Raul's culture, while smaller than the nearest city, does not simply it is free form outside influences.

As we see in the documentary, Life and Debt (2001), what made life more difficult for everyday Jamaicans?

Short-term developed agreements between Jamaica and international financing institutions like the World Bank and Internation Monetary Fund (IMF)

Applied Anthropology

The application of anthropological theories, methods, and practices to the analysis

Gerald is researching labor rights in urban factories in India. They are reflecting about how their role in the study and their identity and experiences hold potential for shaping their interpretations of what's happening in their fieldwork. They're concerned how their ethnicity is not shared with the population they are studying. One night over WhatsApp, their mentor tells Gerald their identity actually shapes the direction of the study and the meaning they ascribe to their data-- and that's ok! What is Gerald's mentor describing?

The concept of reflexivity, a key component to all qualitative research in anthropology.

Generally speaking, anthropologists define inequality in terms of how power, wealth, and status are socially constructed. They often examine the myriad of structural constraints (e.g. laws) and historical evidence (e.g. colonialism) that limit economic and social equality. Anthropologists are also interested in the spectrum of self-determination that people experiencing inequality possess. What is self-determination?

The process by which a person controls their own life.

cultural anthropology

The study of human society and culture; describes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences.

Anthropologists study social stratification of individuals and groups because many trades, including a billion dollar industry for human hair, rely on the exploitation of vulnerable communities to produce supply. Such labor is kept invisible and this erasure has enabled a deeply unequal economic and social system.

True

Ideas about family, kinship, and marriage represent collectively agreed upon "rules" and "definitions" that are prescribed to one's cultural context. For example, in the United States-- the qualities one should be looking for in a partner, the role of women and girls in a family, and why happiness stems from social bonds. Cultural anthropologists care about these social constructions because they are clues to what people believe is valuable and acceptable behavior and beliefs.

True

True or False: According to anthropologists, love and marriage are not the same thing. Passionate love is a feeling and marriage is a social contract. But over time and around the world, the two have been intertwined in fascinating ways-not always with romance coming first.

True

True or False: Cultural anthropologists tell a complex story of interrelated factors that helps the public to understand the most pressing issues of our time-- like environmental degradation, immigration, racism, gender discrimination, and violence.

True

True or False: Culture isn't simply in reference to a specific ethnicity or heritage. A relatively isolated indigenous tribe, like the Inuit living in northern Canada, "has culture" the same as a teenager from Salisbury, Maryland who is a heritage English speaker, drives a truck, works at Acme, and hangs out in Ocean City on the weekends with their friends. Correct answer:

True

True or False: Only through valuing other knowledge-making systems can scholars and the general public begin to have a more holistic understanding of the past.

True

True or False: Politeness norms and strategies can vary significantly from one culture to another. What is considered polite or impolite speech in one culture may differ from another due to unique cultural concepts and values.

True

True or False: Spain, England, France, Portugal, and the Netherlands were once colonial empires.

True

True or False: Statisticians, economists, anthropologists, sociologists, social reformers, geneticists, public health officials and members of the general public supported eugenics through a variety of academic and popular literature-- within the United States and abroad.

True

True or False: Urban areas often provide better-funded schools and access to higher education institutions, more job prospects, higher wages, and better career advancement opportunities compared to rural areas. Therefore, individuals living in economically vibrant regions may have a better chance of upward mobility.

True

True or False: During the 1800s and into the 1900s, many biological anthropologists worked to categorize humans by using science to rationalize the unjust treatment of non-white individuals and groups.

True

True or false: From a scientific point of view, no way of speaking, no one language, or one's ability to communicate is better or worse than any other.

True

True or false: Neocolonialism represents another example of culture change-- one marked by the shift from settler colonialism to foreign economic intervention.

True

What is culturally considered to be "proper" language is almost always the linguistic style of more powerful and wealthy groups in a given society. This phenomenon can be observed in many societies, and one example of this is the distinction between Standard American English (SAE) and various regional dialects or non-standard varieties of English in the United States. SAE is the form of English typically used in formal education, the media, government, and other institutional settings. Anthropologists posit that it important to recognize and challenge these biases to promote linguistic diversity and social equity.

True

does language change?

Yes; the sounds, words, and structures of language all are subject to change. For example, comparative linguists study the ways language changes and can describe the historical relationships among different languages.

fieldwork

a broad term that includes research conducted in various settings

ethnography

a comprehensive research approach that is focused on the in-depth study of a specific culture

One of anthropology's most important lessons is that racism is the result of cultural definitions not biological or genetic differences. Contemporary scholars and scientists believe that race is primarily _____ rather than a biological one. Variation in traits like intelligence or ability is the result of a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and cultural factors. Using the guise of scientific authority, in enduring the stain of white supremacy.

a social construct

participant observation

a specific method that is marked by living with a community for a long period of time, sharing the same language, and when possible, completing everyday tasks and working with or alongside of research participants

Cultural relativism

attempting to understand cultures within their contexts

Anthropology offers hope to humanity because it shows us that ________ is not destiny. We have culture because our brains and bodies have evolved to create it, learn it, and be dependent on it.

biology

Journalist Charisse Jones and psychologist Kumea Shorter-Gooden find in their research that Black women in the U.S. "shift white at the office, in the classroom, when addressing the community board during a public forum; and they shift 'Black' at church, during book club meetings, [and] among family and friends" (2003, ibid). What is this process called?

code switching

Journalist Charisse Jones and psychologist Kumea Shorter-Gooden find in their research that Black women in the U.S. "shift white at the office, in the classroom, when addressing the community board during a public forum; and they shift 'Black' at church, during book club meetings, [and] among family and friends" (Nanda and Warms 2022, 91). What concept is this example describing?

code switching

Anthropologists have been described as agents of ___ in supporting the systemic oppression of Indiginous peoples. For example, considering indigenous practices, beliefs, and systems of knowledge as inferior of primitive.

coloniality

Franz Boas's research and experiences among the Inuit community in northern Canada convinced him that evolutionary anthropology was intellectually flawed because it treated other people (and other societies) as inferior and morally defective in comparison to Europeans. American anthropology, beginning with Boas at Columbia University, created the idea of __________, which was in direct response to what he thought of as ethnocentrism in much of anthropological theory and research coming from Europe at the time.

cultural relativism

________ is a process of challenging Eurocentric perspectives, questioning power structures, and advocating for the restoration of dignity and agency to formerly colonized peoples.

decoloniality

According to anthropologists and other social scientists, which of the following does not explain economic inequality?

differences in willingness to work hard

Neocolonialism represents a continuation of the economic, political, and cultural dominance that characterized traditional colonialism but without the _____ occupation and administration associated with colonial empires

direct

Anthropologists are interested in understanding power, influence, and social roles because____.

each social construction reveals what a particular culture values.

In the film, "Framing the Other," we see Nell seemingly loose control of herself by how she's communicating with the children in the village. She is assuming the children she's now surrounded by should be thanking her for her generosity-- a gift of a single balloon. She repeatedly demands, using a condescending tone and stance, "thank you" towards each child as they she lures them with the balloon, dangling it in front of their faces until they say what she wants them to say. This moment reveals ____________________ in action-- Nell demanding a "thank you," a custom that is familiar to her culture, coupled with the idea that a balloon would be an appropriate "gift." Through this interaction, we can also theorize that Nell does not respect the Mursi women, girls, and boys she meets. Moreover, the violent history of colonialism poisons this interaction-- how would Nell act if the Mursi children were white

ethnocentrism

_______believed that intelligence and social behaviors were inherited. They argued that individuals with higher intelligence should be encouraged to reproduce, while those with lower intelligence should be discouraged or prevented from having children. Similarly, they believed complex diseases and disorders were solely the outcome of genetic inheritance (e.g. schizophrenia).

eugenicists

The basic philosophy of ______ is the promise of a "bold new world filled only with beautiful, intelligent, productive people." How is this achieved? By controlling reproduction and developing policies and practices that keep "undesirable" humans from living among "us" or reproducing. Eugenic legislation and policies can range, for instance, from sterilizing certain groups to promoting laws that support more desirable people's survival.

eugenics

True or False: Anthropology teaches us that culture does not change.

false

True or False: Critics of neocolonialism may argue that such relationships and bring economic development and investment to less developed regions.

false

Bronislaw Malinowski began what we know today as anthropological _________ which refers to living with members of another culture, learning their way of life, and attempting to understand their world for a significant amount of time.

fieldwork

Marriage and families are generally central to understanding____ and sexuality along with processes of reproduction and child-rearing. Anthropologists study how different societies approach these processes, which can reveal important insights into cultural values, norms, and practices.

gender

Social stratification is defined as a social ____ that results from the relatively permanent and unequal access to goods and services in a particular society.

hierarchy

The world as we see it is the result of ________ processes that have moved wealth and power from one area to another.

historical

Amartya is doing fieldwork in rural Appalachia. After two years, they are now analyzing their data (e.g. their fieldnotes, interviews, local history, photographs, etc.). Their data reveals that food is connected to a gendered division of labor among certain communities and not others. Their data also reveals that people's daily lives are arranged socially, according to traditions important to this area of the world, along with routines revolving around food. Amartya's analysis will likely focus on creating connections between concepts from food and gender studies, including discussion about socioeconomic status, class, and race. What is Amartya's research indicative of?

holism

Europeans _____ colonialism by calling it a

justified, civilizing mission

Research findings made by academics of race science were used to _______ discriminatory practices such as slavery, colonization, segregation, and unequal treatment based on perceived racial differences between people labeled as white or non-white.

justify

Anthropologists research and document ____ systems, which are the rules and terminology for defining family relationships.

kinship

Human communication includes _____ and _____ communication

language and nonverbal

code-switching

moving seamlessly between two different forms of a language or between two languages.

The term __________ represents the inverse of what many believe to be "modern" or "civilized" culture. For example, the concept of wealth does not exist among the Yanomamo. Living off the land and free from state control is seen as superior to tolling away in an office with all the associated stressors of "modern" life. These populations were seen by scientists, including many anthropologists, as fertile places to study, collect, and analyze ways of life that may have been similar to "early man." Non-indigenous, mainly white scientists were thought of as saviors because they believed their findings were needed to protect such communities from harm and corruption.

noble savage

Around the world, the rising popularity of _____ can help people vet potential mates for important qualities appearance to wealth, education, personality, and hobbies before meeting up. this is an example of how premarital behaviors and ideas about family, relationships, and marriage have changed over tome.

online dating

____ is the social construction most important to social scientists, including anthropologists, when trying to explain a culture's racial hierarchy.

power

The legalized control of interracial marriage, cohabitation, and reproduction-- as recent in the U.S. until 1967-- exemplifies how ideas about _____ develop into structural inequality.

race

When an anthropologist acknowledges how their identity and physical presence impacts the way their data is collected and analyzed is called __________.

reflexivity

Different cultures have different norms regarding political speeches: who can participate as speaker and audience, the appropriate topics and cultural themes for such a speech, where such speeches can take place, and so forth. Using this scenario, which type of scientist would be the best to research political speeches?

sociolinguist

Researchers in this field investigate how language is shaped by and shapes society, identity, and culture in the U.S.-- and beyond.

sociolinguistics

This subfield of anthropology is interested in studying how language is used to create and reinforce a sense of belonging and identity within a particular social or cultural group, as well as how it can act as a barrier for those who are not part of that group. They investigate the linguistic and cultural factors that contribute to these differences in language use and comprehension and they work to untangle the complex relationship between social class,

sociolinguistics

Any effort to classify human populations into racial categories is inherently arbitrary and ______ rather than scientific and________.

subjective, objective

Race was never just a matter of categories. It was a matter of creating hierarchies. Race was about a racist _____ of supremacy in which one group dominated the other. It is not about how you look, it is about how people assign meaning to how you look. And that is learned behavior.

system

Anthropological research confirms that people who are unhoused are seen by society as "deviant or disabled" (Lyon-Callo 2004). This understanding undercuts attempts to see homelessness as a result of ____________ such as increasing unemployment, declining relative wages, and the exploitation of workers.

systemic inequalities

Reflexivity

the fact of someone being able to examine their own feelings, reactions, and motives and how these influence their views on other cultures

Ethnocentrism

the notion that one's own culture is superior to any other

Ethnography

the scientific description of the customs of individual peoples and cultures.

Biological Anthropology

the study of human biological variation in time and space

Linguistics

the study of internal workings of language

Archaeology

the study of past cultures through analysis of their material remains.

Sociolinguistics

the study of the relationship between languages and culture

Undocumented immigrants LGBTQIA+ community Veterans The Amish ...what do these groups have in common?

they are examples of subcultures that exist in the US today.

While conducting ethnographic fieldwork, a full account of a scene in question is necessary-- a party, a festival, a ceremony, a farmer's market, a concert. Why? So a reader of the published ethnography can get a full and contextually specific picture of the intent behind observed behavior(s). In order to do so, the anthropologist records not only the details of the social interactions taking place, but also the emotions and other senses they observe. They then assign motivations and intentions of these observed social interactions. In anthropology, this is called using

thick description

True or False: For anthropologists, what is right or natural for human beings is not easily determined and attempts to understand human nature and theories of human behavior cannot be based simply on our own cultural assumptions.

true

True or False: The immensely popular Bollywood films and love songs are beginning to blend the long-standing arranged-marriage discourse with love-centered discourses. This reflects how ideas about family, marriage, and relationships change over time.

true

Race science used ____ like a person's skin color, hair texture, posture and height supposedly reflected deeper differences between the races in intelligence and morality. A human classification system emerged, which essentially was a racial hierarchy with white people at the top. When the science of genetics began in the early 1900s, such genetics looked for racial markers to validate this hierarchy, and ultimately, moral and intellectual superiority.

visible traits

a_____is most commonly a self-published, small circulation, and non-commercial publication of original or appropriated texts and images. Their content may be written, drawn, printed, collaged, or any other form of combining words and imagery. It's structure may be narrative, journalistic, comic-like, or completely abstract. They are a little hard to define—but that's what makes them great: they're a glorious mash-up of art, letters, story and emotion; just like the brains, hands and hearts of those who produce them. Their small, simple format belies their unique ability to speak creatively and loudly for even the softest voices.

zine