Anthro Exam 3

White Privilege

"Walking through the world differently" Through these assests whites have become the beneficiaries of cultural norms, values, mental maps of reality, and institutions.

Assimilation

"the melting pot" Everybody adds something, but when too much is added it turns into a similar mush, specificity is lost. Ethnic diversity is lost. -assimilation; the process through which minorities accept the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and cease to exist as separate groups.

1) market exchange

-Barter; the exchange of goods and services for one another, most contempory economic transactions are based on an exchange medium, or some form of money.

Boy Inseminating Rituals in Papua New Guinea

-Gil Herdt's work among the Sambia in New Guinea. -The Sambia believe that adult men need to supply boys with semen to ensure their development into manhood. This ritual creates masculinity, made young men into warriors, and prepared them for marriage to women.

Egalitarian Societies

-Hunting and gathering -A group based on the sharing of resources to ensure success with a relative absense of heirachy and violence. -RECIPROCITY; the exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status, meant to create and reinforce social ties.

Slavery

-Hypodescent; one drop rule, if you have any African blood in you, you are black and a slave.

"Culture of Poverty"; Poverty as Pathology

-Oscar Lewis -that poverty is the individuals fault

Machismo and Sexuality in Nicaragua

-Roger Lancaster -Machismo; a strong, sometimes exaggerated performance of masculinity. Must be constantly performed to retain one's social status. -Guys recieving is homosexual (called Cochon aka queer), guy giving (called the machista=penetrator) is heterosexual and still considered a manly man (hombre hombres) under machismo. This is because it is the machista's role to achieve sexual conquest whenever possible with whoever is available. Machismo privileges the aggressive and assertive MACHISTA penetrator over the passive receptive penetrated COCHON.

Yugolavia

-Tone Bringa -The three religions of people lived in peace for 500 years. Gradually, local muslims were forced to identify less with their local community and more with the religious beliefs of other Bosnian muslims. Catholic Croat people destroyed every muslim home and all of them had fled, been killed, or placed in concentration camps. ~Ethnic Cleansing; efforts by representatives of one ethnic or religious group to remove or destroy another group in a particular geographic area.

Alfred Kinsey

-a sexologist -his studies revealed a continuum of sexual behavior -The Kinsey Scale; plotted exclusively heterosexual behavoior at one end of the spectrum, exclusively homosexual behavior on the other end of the spectrum, along with various points inbetween. -Found that sexuality is diverse, flexible, and fluid.

Genocide in Rwanda against Tutsi

-genocide; the deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic or religious group. There was a genocide involving two main groups the Hutu and the Tutsi. Hutu were the majority and primarily farmers, the Tutsi were cattle owners and made up 15-20% of the population. They both share a common language, common religious afflictions, intermarriage is common, children of mixed inherited their fathers DNA. The Tutsi, though the minority, was ranked above the Hutu, and in 1959 the Hutu took power and a civil war broke out resulting in the shooting of the Hutu president which = a genocide against Tutsi.

Three Main Patterns of Exchange

1) Market Exchange 2) Reciprocity 3) Redistribution

Caste

A closed system of stratification, it organizes members of a culture into heirachically ranked groups with unequal access to the rewards of society. Class is largely an achieved status, caste is an ascribed status. ~Class=achieved status, can move up or down ~Caste=ascribed status, can't move

Neocolonialsim

A continued pattern of unequal economic relations despite the formal end of colonial political and military control.

Dependency Theory

A critique of the modernization theory that argued that, despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations of the modern world economic system had not changed.

Whiteness

A culturally constructed concept originating in 1691 Virginia designed to establish clear boundaries of who is white and who is not, a process central to the formation of US racial stratification.

3) redistribution

A form of exchange in which goods are collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern. Requires the collected goods to flow through a central location (a chief, a central govt) where it can be sorted, counted, and redistributed. Ex=potlatch. If you recieve a paycheck for a job, your taxes are apart of this.

Global City

A former industrial center that has reinvented itself as a command center for global production.

Transgender

A gender identity or performance that does not fit with cultural norms related to ones assigned sex at birth. The concept of exhibiting gender traits from both ends of the masculine/feminine spectrum, regardless of the sex of the individual.

Ranked Societies

A group in which wealth is not stratified but prestige and status are. -REDISTRIBUTION; a form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern. this act ensures the chiefs prestige while also preserving the well being of all group members. because of this chiefs usually do not accumulate great wealth. chiefs rank and status are reinforced through reciprocity and generocity

Professional Immigrant

A highly trained individual who moves to fill an economic niche in a middle class profession often marked by shortages in the receiving country.

Refugee

A person who has been forced to move beyond his or her national borders because of persecution, armed conflict, or natural disasters.

Internally Displaced Person

A person who has been forced to move within his or her country of origin because of persecution, armed conflict, or natural disasters.

First Generation Immigrant

A person who left his or her home country as an adult.

Labor Immigrant

A person who moves in search of a low skill and low wage job, often filling an economic niche that native born workers will not fill.

Entrepreneurial Immigrant

A person who moves to a new location to conduct trade and establish a business.

Guest Worker Program

A policy that allows labor immigrants to enter a country temporarily to work.

Eugenics

A psuedoscience approach attempting to scientifically prove the existence of separate human races to improve the populations genetic composition by favoring some races over others.

Potlach

A redistribution ceremony practiced among the Kwakiutl of the Pacific Northwest. The chief establishes his prestige and status by holding an elaborate feast and gift giving ceremony.

Nation State

A relatively new development. A political entity, located within a geographic territory with enforced borders, where the population shares a sense of culture, ancestry, and destiny as a people. Nation+Territory+Government

Gender Ideology

A set of cultural ideas, usually stereotypical, about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification. Examples of gender ideologys; "boys will be boys" "that's just a girl thing" "man the hunter, woman the gatherer"

Band

A small kinship based group of foragers who hunt and gather for a living over a particular territory. Politically, bands are highly decentralized and have minimal stratification of wealth and power.

Origin Myths

A story told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a sense of common identity.

Hometown Association

A supportive organization, created for mutual support by immigrants from the same hometown or region, they encourage migration, sponsor immigration, and help to resettle newcomers in the recieving country.

Class

A system of power based on wealth (inheritance) and income (job) and status that creates an unequal distribution of societies resources. -systems of social class create and maintain patterns of inequality. THE FOUR THEORIES OF CLASS BELOW.

Nation

A term once used to describe a group of people who shared a place of origin; now used interchangably with nationstate.

The Harlem Birth Right Project

AF AM babies dying in NY

Cummulative Causation

An accumulation of factors that create a culture in which migration comes to be expected.

Chiefdom

An autonomous political unit composed of a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief.

State

An autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend its territory. Have existed for 1000s of years.

Neoliberalism

An economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth, with a severely restricted role for government. Focus on promoting free trade, eliminating trade barriers, and reducing taxes. -opposite is Keynesian Economics

Intersexual

An individual who is born with a combination of male and female genitalia, gonads, and/or chromosomes. -Biologist Anne Fausto Sterling described the middle ground between male and female. Used to be known as "hermaphrodite". She identifies three major groups of intersexuals 1) balance of female and male sexual characteristics, ex one teste one ovarie 2) femalia genitalia but testes instead of ovaries 3) male genitalia but ovaries instead of testes

Gender Stratification

An unequal distribution of power and access to a groups resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges based on gender. -Stratification based on gender is not fixed or natural, rather it emerges as a result of decisions to arrange access to power, privilege, and resources in particular ways.

Jonathan Katz

Argues that heterosexuality as it is practiced and understood in contemporary US culture is a fairly recent invention.

Social Capital

Assets and skills such as language, education, and social networks that can be mobilized in lieu of or as complementary to financial capital.

Food Foragers

Before the domestication of plants and animals we were all food foragers. Humans who subsist by hunting, fishing, and gathering plants to eat. Mobility was key, small egalitarian groups followed animals and seasonal fruits.

Machismo in Mexico

By Matthew Gutmann. Conceptions of machismo feature stereotypes of self centered, sexist, tough guys. When applied to working class mexican men, these streotypes also include insinuations of violence, drug use, infidelity, and gambling. Gutmann reveals the OPPOSITE; ultimately, he discovered such complex male identities that he found it impossible to use any simple formula to describe a typical mexican.

Dai Minority Park in China

Dai are a minority group, controlled by the Han the majority group. Most of the people who come to the park are middle class Han. This gives the Dai jobs but ultimately Han get the revenue because of the business.

Michel Foucal

Described sexuality as an especially dense transfer point for relations of power. AKA sexuality is also an arena in which appropiate behavior is defined, relations of power are worked out, and inequality and stratification are created, enforced, and contested.

Emily Martin

Discusses what she calls the furry tail of the egg and sperm. Found that the sperm was frequently described as the more active of the two in biology textbooks.

Triangle Trade

Emerged in the 1500s among Europe, Africa, and the Americas involved an extensive exchange of goods, people, wealth, food, diseases, and ideas that transformed the economic, political, and social life on both sides of the Atlantic. -sugar; plantations in the Caribbean and South America that Europeans set up. -slaves; african slave trade developed to provide enough labor for sugar and cotton. -furs; European trappers established trading relationships with Native Americans, European demand for fur drove the European expansion deeper into the North American continent.

"Mati Work" in Suriname

Gloria Wekker. Explored the lives of black, working class Creole women in the port city of Paramaribo Suriname. She challenged the dominant thinking about sexual identity in Western movements. -Her study focused on the mati, women who form intimate, spiritual, emotional, and sexual relationships with other women. 3/4 of the working class black women there engage in "mati work". Mati's engage in sexual relationships with both women and men. They regard sexuality as flexible behavior rather than a fixed identity. -"both/and" rather than Western's "either/or"

Margaret Mead

Her work in the islands of the western Pacific challenged the assumption that US attitudes about women, their gender roles, and expressions of sexuality were universal traits fixed in human nature.

The Role of Hijras in Hindu Ritual

Hijras; religious followers of the Hindu Mother Goddess, Bahuchara Mata, who is often depicted and described as transgender. Most hijras are born as men, though some may be intersexed. Hijras become an alternative sex and gender. Culturally they are viewed as neither man nor woman, though they tend to adopt many characteristics of the womans role. They dress/walk/talk like women and may have sex with men. Hijras often face extreme discrimination in employement, housing, health, and education. Hijras are revered as auspicious and powerful ritual figures, they perform at weddings and birth celebrations. They bless the child and family and entertain.

Benedict Anderson "Imagined Communities"

I won't ever meet all Americans, but I consider to be "American" with them. -imagined communities; the invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlies identification with a particular ethnic group or nation whose members likely will never meet.

Return Migration

Immigrants who, having settled in a new recieving country, reverse course and return home.

Max Weber: Prestige and Life Chances

In analyzing structures of stratification, Weber added power and prestige. Weber saw classes as groups of people for whom similar sets of factors determine their life chances. -PRESTIGE; the reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of their membership in certain groups. Prestige can effect life chances bc it affects the way individuals are treated in social situations, access to influential social networks, and their access to people of wealth and power. -LIFE CHANCES; The opportunities that individuals have to improve their quality of life and realize/achieve their life goals. They are determined by access not only to financial resources but also to social resources like education, healthcare, food, and clothing.

Core Countries

Industrialized former colonial states that dominate the world economic system. Control the most lucrative economic processes, including the financial services sectors.

Industrialism Agriculture

Intensive farming practices involving mechanization and mass production. Industrial agriculture requires extremely high energy input to support machinery, irrigation, pesticides, fertilizer, and transportation costs.

Immanuel Wallerstein

Introduced a modern world systems analysis. Characterized the nations within the world economic system as occupying core, semiperiphery, and periphery positions. Suggests that peripheral areas often exist within core countries as pockets of poverty amid generally high standards of living.

2) reciprocity

Involves an exchange of goods and services among people of relatively equal status. Such exchanges, including gift giving, create and reinforce social ties between givers and receivers, fulfill social obligations, and often raise the prestige of the gift giver. THREE TYPES -Generalized Reciprocity; encompasses exchanges in which the value of what is exchanged is not carefully calculated and the timing or amount of repayment is not predetermined. Common among close kin or close friends, serving as an expression of personal connection while reinforcing family and social networks. Ex=borrowing a pen or offering food. -Balanced Reciprocity; occurs between people who are more distantly related. The giver expects the gift to be accepted and then to recieve something in return. The goal of these exchanges is to build and maintain social relationships. ex=birthday presents. -Negative Reciprocity; a pattern of exchange in which the parties seek to receive more than they give, reaping a material advantage through the exchange. Ex= wall street investment mangagers.

Global Economy

Key characteristics are mobility and connection.

Brain Drain

Migration of highly skilled professionals from developing/periphery countries to developed/core countries.

Leah Mullings: Intersectionality among "Race," Gender, and Class

Mullings asserts that class in the US and many other areas can't be studied in isolation, that they must be considered together as an interlocking system of power. -INSTERSECTIONALITY; provides a framework for analyzing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification.

Semiperiphery Countries

Nations ranking in between core and periphery countries, with some attributes of the core countries but with less of a central role in the global economy.

Ethnicity

One of the most powerful identities that humans develop. A SENSE of historical, cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are IMAGINED to be distinct from those outside the group. Ethnicity is like expanded kinship, it is an objective sense of belongings. Ethnicity is entirely cultural, where kinship can be blood or cultural. Ethnicity is perceived, felt, and imagined rather than clearly documentable. -Ethnic boundary markers; clothing styles, food, ways of speaking. They are not set in stone, no group is identical in membership, not everyone may do all of the things. Ethnic identity is flexible and negotiated. --People feel like they belong to an ethnic group if they share 1) an origin myth 2)common values aka ethnic boundary markers which is a practice or belief such as food, clothing, language used to signify who is in a group and who is not. -ethnogenesis; new ethnic groups coming into existence.

Tribe

Originally viewed as a culturally distinct, multiband population that imagined itself as one people descended from a common ancestor; Currently used to descrube an indigenous group with its own set of loyalties and leaders living to some extent outside the control of a centralized authoritative state.

Gender Display

Our performance of gender roles in accordance with what's expected of us by social convention. There are three ways we use our body to perform gender besides walking 1) sitting differently 2) greeting friends 3) how we eat. -Gender Performance; the way gender identity is expressed through action. We say gender is performed bc people regularly make choices about how they will express their gender identity, for whom, and in what context.

Ferry Al-Salam 98

Passengers were mainly poor or working class young people returning home to Egypt after stints as temporary guest workers in Saudi Arabia's constructions, agriculture, restaurant, and domestic service sectors.

Cline

Physical anthropologists say this, because of the huge gene flow, human variation changes gradually over geographic space in a continuum, not by abrupt shifts or clearly marked groups. The human gene pool continues to be highly integrated.

Modernization Theories

Post-World War 2 economic theories that predicted that with the end of colonialism, less developed countries would follow the same trajectory toward modernization as the industrialized countries.

Development

Post-World War 2 strategy of wealthy nations to spur global economic growth, alleviate poverty, and raise living standards through strategic investment in national economies of former colonies.

Multiculturalism

Preferred over assimilation. Refers to the process through which new immigrants and their children encultrate into the dominant national culture and yet retain an ethnic culture. Where both identities may be held at the same time.

Sherri Ortner

Proposed the existence of a pervasive, symbolic association of women with nature and men with culture (which was more highly valued). Argued that the biological functions of reproduction, breast feeding, and child rearing associated women with nature and placed them at a consistent disadvantage in negotiating relationships of power.

Race

Race is a myth. Race is not determined by a persons genotype. The concept of "race" emerged alongside European colonialism. Race is a concept which signifies and symbolizes social conflicts and intersects to different types of human bodies. There is no biological element, race participates in structures of power. The concept of race serves white supremacy. Anthropologists view race as a framework of categories created to divide the human population and find no scientific basis for classifications of race. Race is a flawed system of classification, with no biological basis, that uses certain physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups and then attribute them to unique combinations of physical ability, mental capacity, personal traits, cultural patters, and capacity for civilization. Race is a deeply influential system of thinking that affects people and institutions. ~"reverse racism"; there is no such thing, we all have biases, that does not mean we are all racist, the term ignores colonialism and stuff. -Racial categories are human constructs and are not found in nature.

Racism

Racism is a complex system of power that draws on the culturally constructed categories of race to rank people as superior or inferior and to differentially allocate access to power, privilege, resources, and opportunity. Individual thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create unequal access to power, resources, and opportunities based on imagined differences among groups. THREE TYPES OF RACISM -Individual Racism; person predjudiced beliefs and discriminatory actions based on race. -Institutional Racism; aka structural racism, patterns by which racial inequeality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, ans systems. -Racial Ideology; a set of popular ideas about race that allows discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seem reasonable, rational, and normal.

Time-Space Compression

Rapid transportation and instantaneous communication enable some migrants to travel more cheaply and quickly.

Yehudi Cohen

Refers to an economy as a set of adaptive strategies that humans have used to provide food, water, and shelter to a group of people through the production, distribution, and consumption of food stuffs and other goods. Suggests Five Primary strategies of adaptation 1) food foraging 2) pastoralism 3) horticulture 4) agriculture 5) industrialism

Agriculture

Requires an intensive investment in farming and well orchestrated land use strategies. Irrigation, fertilizer, draft animals, and machinery. Through agriculture, humans produce enough food on permanently cultivated land to satisfy the immediate needs of the community and to create a surplus that can be sold or traded. -Anthropologists consider peasants to be small scale rural farmers whose agricultural surpluses are transferred upward to support the dominant elites and others who do not farm but whose goods and services are considered essential.

Remittance

Resources transferred from migrants working abroad to individuals, families, and institutions in their country of origin.

Annette Weiner

Revisited Bronislaw Malinkowski's research of Papua New Guinea. She found his research was incomplete, found that women were significant in the economic life.

Marcel Mauss

Said reciprocal exchanges are fundamental in building relationships for humans.

Judith Butler

Said that there is no gender identity behind the expression of gender, that identity is performatively constituted by the very expressions said to be the results. AKA bc we perform gender, we don't always have to perform it the exact same way.

Michelle Rosaldo

Saw the gender roles of men and women across cultures as being split between public and private spheres. Women were confined to the private/domestic sphere. Men dominated the public sphere, aka politics, economic exchange, relgious ritual.

Racial Ideology

Set of ideas about race and behavior that make racial discrimination seem reasonable and acceptable. -institutional/structural racism; -intersectionality

CJ Pascoe's Ethnography "Dude you're a Fag"

She found that calling someone a fag was not about whether someone was gay, it was directed at guys who danced like girls, cared about their clothing, seemed too emotional. The 'fag' discourse became a powerful tool for enforcing the boundaries of masculinity and a disciplinary mechanism for making sure boys are boys through fear of abuse. -Gender Violence; forms of violence shaped by the gender identities of the people involved. -Domestic Violence; physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former partner/spouse. -Structural Gender Violence; gendered societal patterns of unequal access to wealth, power, and basic resources such as food, shelter, and health care that differently affect woman in particular.

Pastoralism

Strategy for food production that involves the domestication of animals. Usually involves herders moving livestock seasonally between high and low altitude grazing areas (aka transhumance) while other community members remain at home. -Best known group who EE Evans Pritchard studied is the Nuer of Sudan.

Pierre Bourdieu: Education and Social Reproduction

Studied the French educational system to understand the relationship among class, culture, and power. -SOCIAL MOBILITY; the movement of one's class position, up or down, in stratified societies. -SOCIAL REPRODUCTION; what Bourdieu actually found in the schools, the phenomenon whereby social and class relations of prestige or lack of prestige are passed from one generation to the next. Two key factors 1)HABITUS; term to describe the self perceptions and beliefs that develop as part of one's social identity and shape one's conceptions of the world and where one fits in. It is taught and learned at an early age and is culturally reinforced through family, education, and the media. It is not fixed or predetermined, but very deeply encultrated. it emerges among a class of people as a set of common perceptions that shape expectations and aspirations and guide the individual in assessing their life chances and the potential for social mobility. Life decisions(ex going to college) are made on the basis of the families habitus. 2)CULTURAL CAPITOL; the knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to scarce/valuable resources in society. Ex) family wealth can create cultural capitol for children.

Hosbawm and Ranger "Invented Tradition"

Suggest that nations are invented. Nations are not ancient configurations but instead are recent constructions with invented traditions. Practices that appear to be very old but are actually relatively new. Ex) Thanksgiving did not become a national holiday until 1863 thanks to Lincoln but we like to think it was created in 1621 with the pilgrims.

Nativism

Tendency to favor a longtime resident rather than a new immigrant.

Industrial Revolution

The 18th and 19th century shift from agriculture and artisanal skill craft to machine based manufacturing. New industries relied heavily on the raw materials, cheap labor, and open markets of the colonies.

White Supremacy

The belief that whites are biologically different and superior to people of other races and the development of institutions aimed at protecting the domination of whites over other people.

Microaggressions

The brief and everyday slights, insults, indignities, and denigrating messages sent to people of color by well-intentioned white people who are unaware of the hidden messages being communicating.

Second Generation Immigrant

The child of immigrants who is born and raised in the new host country.

1.5 Generation Immigrant

The child of immigrants who is born in the family's home country but at a young age moves with his or her parents to a new host country.

Sexuality

The complex range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors that are related to erotic physical contact, intimacy, and pleasure. (reproduction is not mentioned). The cultural arena within which people debate ideas of what kinds of physical desires and behaviors are morally right, appropriate, and natural; and use those ideas to create unequal access to status, power, privileges, and resources. Three views 1)Evolutionist; human sexuality is an extension of animal sexuality. 2) Biological; our hormones make us do it. 3) Cultural Constructivist; its all about people, events, and the cultural environment. Culture both guides and limits our sexual imaginations.

Horticulture

The cultivation of plants for subsistence through a nonintensive use of land and labor. They use simple tools such as sticks and hoes. -Slash and Burn Agriculture; aka swidden farming, used to clear land for cultivation, kill insects, and produce nutrient rich ash for fertilizer.

Nationalism

The desire of an ethnic community to create and/or maintain a nationstate.

Fordism

The dominant model of industrial production for much of the twentieth century, based on a social compact between labor, capital, and government.

Gender

The expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to those sexes. How the physical differences are interpreted through culture. Gender is taught, learned, and enforced. Gender is a potent cultural system through which we organize our collective lives on the constructed categories of what it means to be a man or a woman. -Anthropologists see gender as a continuum of behaviors that range between masculine and feminine.

Bridges and Barriers

The factors that enable or inhibit migration. Migration often requires learning a new language and adapting to a new culture. It means leaving family, friends, and religious communities. And it can be expensive, requiring upfront expenditures for passports, visas, and transportation.

Pushes and Pulls

The forces that spur migration from the country of origin and draw immigrants to a particular new destination country. -pushes; poverty, famine, natural disasters, war, ethnic conflict, genocide, disease, political/religious oppression. -refugees; those who are forced to migrate. -pulls; job opportunities, higher wages, educational opportunites, health care, investment.

Commodity Chain

The hands an item (commodity) passes through between producer and consumer--used to be primarily local, globalization has extended their span across territories and culture.

Flexible Accumulation

The increasingly flexible strategies that corporations use to accumulate profits in an era of globalization, enabled by innovative communication and transportation techniques. -offshoring; relocating factories anywhere in the world that provides optimal production, infrastructure, labor, marketing, and political conditions. -outsourcing; hiring low wage laborers in periphery countries to perform jobs previously done in core countries.

Genotype

The inherited genetic factors that provide the framework for an organisms physical form.

Periphery Countries

The least developed and least powerful nations. Often exploited by the core countries as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets for the economic activities of the core.

Chain Migration

The movement of people facilitated by the support of networks of family and friends who have already immigrated.

Internal Migration

The movement of people within their own national borders.

Carrying Capacity

The number of people who can be supported by the resources of the surrounding region.

Sex

The observable physical differences between male and female, especially biological expressions related to human reproduction. Three general factors are considered in determining biological sex; genitalia, gonads (testes and ovaries which produce diff hormones), and chromosome patterns (women have two X and men have an X and a Y)

Sexual Dimorphism

The phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species. Comes from the context of sex. Secondary sexual characteristics; breast size, hair distribution, pitch of voice.

Colonialism

The practice by which a nation-state extends political, economic, and military power beyond its own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries/regions.

Colonialism

The practice by which a nationstate extends political, economic, and military power beyond its own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries/regions.

Transnationalism

The practice of maintaining active participation in social, economic, religious, and political spheres across national borders.

Kinship

The system that determines who is related to whom in a given society. The system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities.

Underdevelopment

The term used to suggest that poor countries are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system.

Wealth

The total value of what someone owns, minus any debt. Even more unevenly distributed than income.

Biopower

The use of power to regulate body, like someone being born intersex and being physically changed to one sex. The disciplining of the body through control of biological sex characteristics to meet a cultural need for clear distinctions between the sexes. -via Michel Foucault

Phenotype

The way genes are expressed in an organisms physical form as a result of genotype interaction with environmental factors (nutrition, disease, stress). It is impossible to predict the genotype based on the phenotype.

Racialization

To categorize, differentiate, and attribute a particular racial character to a person or group of people.

Poverty as a Structural Economic Problem

Trace poverty roots to dysfunctional aspects of the economic system, placing the failure on the government. -Eleanor Burke Leacock; said attributes that are given to individuals in poverty are actually just characteristics of poverty itself, not the individual. -Goode and Makovsky; challenge the culture of poverty argument by questioning its focus on poor communities as isolated spheres, they go too unnoticed. They trace the roots to the impact of gloval economic processes on the nations economy, particulary flexible accumulation-->jobs are being shipped overseas.

Income

What people earn from work, plus dividends and interest on investments, and rents and royalties.

Gender Stereotypes

Widely held and powerful preconceived notion about the attributes of differences between, and proper roles for men and women in a culture.

Karl Marx; Bourgeoisie and Proletariat

Wrote against a background of economic change and social upheaval in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution. Jobs were going from agriculture to factories -BOURGEOISIE; aka the capital class, they own the means of production, which are the factories, machines, tools, raw materials, land and financial capital needed to make things. -PROLETARIAT; aka the working class, lacked land to grow their own food, they own only their labor, they sell their work to capitalists for wages. -LOGIC OF CAPITALISM; spend less to make more capital.

Economy

a cultural adaption to the environment that enables a group of humans to use the available resources to satisfy their needs and to thrive