Anthropology 240
Approximately when did the Anthropocene begin?
100 years ago
On average, how much more do men weigh than women?
15 percent
In what year did all U.S. military positions, including combat, become open to women?
2015
Migration has affected the Chen descent group's ability to maintain kinship connections. How many Chen villagers have left China since the 1980s?
70 percent of the village
About what percentage of emotional information is communicated through kinesics and paralanguage?
90
________ anthropology is based on secondhand accounts of missionaries and merchants.
Armchair
Which of the following reasons can partially explain the conflict between the Rohingya and the Bamar in Myanmar?
Colonial rule strengthened ethnic identities and forced different ethnicities to form a single nation-state.
________ shapes what people think is natural, normal, and possible and guides and limits our sexual desires and imaginations.
Culture
According to Melanie Medeiros, what happened to marriage patterns in Brogodo, Brazil, as the tourism industry created more economic opportunities for women?
Divorce rates increased.
What does recent archaeological evidence suggest about hierarchy, violence, and aggression?
Each emerged relatively recently in human history.
The concept of culture has been central to anthropology only since the 1870s, when ________crafted its first formal definition.
Edward Burnett Taylor
Gobind does not like his job in New Delhi, so he enters a master's degree program in the United States. After graduating, he is hired by a company in New York City. These educational and employment opportunities can be characterized as
Factors that pull Gobind to the US
Which of the following is true of the relationship between globalization and the field of anthropology?
Globalization led to the development of the field of anthropology
Which of the following statements are true?
Humans learn culture throughout their lives
How did Margaret Mead's work contribute to a greater understanding of human sexuality?
It challenged the assumption that U.S. attitudes toward sexuality were universal traits fixed in human nature
According to Max Weber, what is the fundamental characteristic of the modern state?
It establishes a monopoly on the legitimate use of force within a territory.
When did the cultural practice of the "one drop of blood" rule end in the United States?
It has not ended in practice.
What function does reciprocity serve?
It helps build social ties and prestige.
An anthropologist publishes a book about their fieldwork in Morocco. The anthropologist interviewed many people in the field and publishes much of those raw interviews as part of the text in each chapter. Why is this a polyvocal approach?
It includes many voices from the people interviewed
What is one reason why, in 2015, the government of the Dominican Republic began registering the estimated 500,000 (mostly Haitian) undocumented residents and deporting those without citizenship?
It was a rejection of Haitians, African ancestry, and blackness more generally
_____ was an early anthropologist who sought to organize vast quantities of data about the diversity of world cultures that were being accumulated through colonial and missionary enterprises of the nineteenth century.
Lewis Henry Morgan
Which of the following statements about mental maps of reality is false?
Mental maps of reality consist of ideas or rules about how people should behave in particular situations or toward certain other people.
Micronesia is an archipelago of islands in the South Pacific that is drastically affected by the weather patterns in the region. With regularity, storms destroy their homes and droughts threaten their crops, yet Micronesians continue to adjust to their difficult environment. Which of the following is a way in which Micronesian culture has adapted to help people survive in their fluctuating climate?
Micronesians place a high importance on reciprocity and duty.
________female college students will experience some form of sexual assault.
One in 5
Which of the following statements about human migration is true?
Only 3 percent of the world's population moves beyond national borders.
The ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence is
Power
How did the American Anthropological Association's "do no harm" mandate come into existence?
Questions about the ethical and moral behavior of anthropologists toward the end of the twentieth century led to changes in attitude about their roles and responsibilities with respect to informants.
What does Reverend Dr. K Karpen's proclamations regarding immigration policy reflect about the role of religion in human culture?
Religion is often heavily intertwined with a culture's social and political discussions.
In spite of a new health center program that made free condoms available to students anonymously, the rates of sexually transmitted infections did not go down at Hampshire University. A confidential study revealed that students were informed about safe sex and that they reported using condoms for sex. Assuming the students are telling the truth, what is a possible explanation for the continued rate of infection?
Students' conception of what "having sex" means is different from that of the health center employees.
What is one of the changes that occurs with the transition to intensive agriculture?
Surpluses generated through peasant labor are transferred to a small elite.
An anthropologist conducts ethnographic research on the lives of undocumented immigrant families. How might the anthropologist justify publishing intimate and potentially incriminating details about the subjects?
The researcher must have obtained informed consent and ensured the anonymity of the subjects.
Why did Alex Orlando Lora and Audiel Guillermo Mejía leave Honduras?
Their agricultural jobs no longer paid to buy food.
Why are cross-cultural studies important for our understanding of sex and gender?
They demonstrate that biology alone cannot predict the roles men and women play in a given culture.
How do systems of class affect an individual's life chances?
They reduce the chance for upward mobility.
What happened after Captain Kristen Griest and First Lieutenant Shaye Haver became the first women to complete the U.S. Army's elite Ranger School at Fort Benning, Georgia, in 2015?
They were still not eligible to join the elite 75th Ranger Regiment.
Identify the correct statement about language in the United States.
Thirty-two states have English-only laws.
Which of the following is a scenario that most accurately represents sociologist Émile Durkheim's explanation of how religion combats anomie?
Through worship and reading sacred texts, a congregation is reminded of their duty to help others in their community.
What is a defining characteristic of a ranked society?
Wealth is not stratified but prestige and status are.
The construction of a hydroelectric dam is an example of
a development policy that displaces people.
Although globalization has produced increased flows of money, information, and goods, barriers to the flow of people are difficult to overcome. What is one of the principal barriers that migrants must overcome?
a high degree of regulation and immigration inspectors at borders
What is American Sign Language (ASL) an example of
a language
"Carry That Weight" refers to
a visual arts project and an anti-rape movement inspired by it
The Hopi language has verb tenses that differ from those of English. Benjamin Whorf's linguistic research among the Hopi people suggested that they have
a worldview in which the past and the present represent lived reality and the future is hypothetical.
A primary difference between the early census process and the census of 2010 was the
ability to self-select a racial category.
In 2008, a little more than 50 percent of live births in the United States were male and the rest were designated as female. Recent medical studies suggest that of all live births, many individuals do not fit neatly into either biological category. What is the current estimate of the percentage of such births?
about 2 percent
Because racial categorization in Brazil is not exclusively a function of skin color, Brazilians can change their racial identity through a change in
affluence
Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard's approach to anthropology has been criticized for being:
ahistorical
In South Africa, the Bafokeng were able to eventually get much of their land back from the white settlers who had taken it through the formation of the Royal Bafokeng Nation, Inc. This effort has subsequently flourished. This a good example of
an ethno-corporation.
Some Native American groups strategically expand into an "ethno-corporation," choosing to see their ethnicity as
an opportunity
The upheaval brought about by the Industrial Revolution led to profound changes in the nature of production and labor as well as the displacement of people as they sought out ways to make a living in the face of these changes. French sociologist Émile Durkheim observed this upheaval and called it
anomie.
Carlos Murphy is from an Iris- Mexican family. He rides with pride on the Sons of Erin float in the St. Patrick's Day parade and then drinks horchata with his Mexican relatives the next day. In these two different ethnic activities, Carlos is
applying situational negotiation of identity
Marriage is often seen as a way to build an alliance and create new relationships between different groups. Sometimes this outcome is coincidental, but in many cases it is accomplished intentionally through what kind of marriage?
arranged
As immigrant arrivals to the United States peaked in the mid-1900s, newcomers dispersed into cities and towns, often attempting to "blend in." This was done in order to embrace their new lives, but it was also a way of trying to stay safe from prejudice and hatred. What term describes this process of "blending in"?
assimilation
In order to engage in cultural relativism as a research strategy, anthropologists must:
attempt to understand a group's beliefs and practices within their own cultural context.
Last week, your roommate washed your dirty mug along with his dishes. Yesterday, he left you exactly one dirty glass of his to wash along with a passive-aggressive note explaining why this was fair. This is an example of
balanced reciprocity.
In the community of Hatun Pacha, agriculturalists exchange their crops for sheep herders' meat and yogurt at the Sunday market. This is called
bartering.
The values of today's consumer culture differ from those of the old Protestant ethic. Which of the following is an example of a consumer culture value?
being middle-class
Groups like the Research and Conservation Foundation prioritize
biodiversity.
Most descent groups in the United States are based on consanguinity. What is the basis of this relationship?
blood
Nawal studied medicine at her university in Egypt. Although she can work as a doctor in Egypt, she is enticed by the high wages and opportunities offered in other countries. What term refers to the phenomenon of many skilled professionals like Nawal leaving their country of origin?
brain drain
A society's ideas about what is moral, appropriate, and natural with respect to sexuality
can be used to create unequal access to society's power, privileges, and resources.
Amy spent the $20 she received for her birthday on supplies to make lemonade, which she persuaded her younger brother to sell in front of the house, netting a profit of $5. The original $20 is an example of
capital
According to Max Weber, the values of self-denial and self-discipline provided the ethic necessary for
capitalism to flourish.
Drought, extreme poverty, extinctions, and pollution of air and water are
caused by the spread of global capitalism and consumerism.
According to Immanuel Wallerstein's world systems analysis, ________ is/are a defining characteristic of the periphery.
cheap labor
Of all the systems of stratification and power in a society, which of the following is often considered the most difficult to see clearly and to discuss openly?
class
Anthropologist Holly Barker studies and works with people in the Marshall Islands, an island nation in the Pacific Ocean. What does she say is the biggest challenge facing the next generation of Marshallese?
climate change
Rising sea levels and water temperature are caused by
climate change
If you started at the equator and walked northward, you would notice a general trend of skin color getting lighter. This is an example of what concept?
cline
While there are nearly 200 nation-states today, less than one-third of these existed as such forty years ago. Which of the following is a key event of the last century that led to the establishment of many of today's nation-states?
collapse of Soviet Union
The author writes that the roots of cultural anthropology and ethnographic fieldwork lie in:
colonial encounters
Annette Weiner
conducted a restudy of the Trobriand Islands
An anthropologist who has conducted fieldwork on Mormon fundamentalists and their marriage patterns now wants to compare those patterns to those in the Muslim tradition. What would this require?
conducting ethnological analysis
Emma Sulkowicz's story of being sexually assaulted on her college campus raises awareness about the growing debate on how ________ is defined on college campuses.
consent
Micronesia's traditional political system of ________, who are dispersed across many islands, allows them to readily recover from catastrophic storms and droughts.
consolidated patrilineal clans
Culture is a shared experience that is:
constantly contested, negotiated, and changing.
From the late 1800s until the 1960s, anthropological studies of politics and power focused on
contemporary hunter-gatherer groups, pastoralists, and horticulturalists.
Archaeological evidence suggests that human evolutionary success relied on
cooperation and sharing.
ethnographic fieldwork is the primary research strategy of which field?
cultural anthropology
The knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society are part of
cultural capital.
What do we call the process through which a sense of gender becomes normative and seems natural to us?
cultural construction of gender
Spanish conquistadors and missionaries were struck by the Aztecs' use of human sacrifice and cannibalism in some of their religious ceremonies. One anthropologist argued that these rituals of human sacrifice and cannibalism developed because there were not enough protein sources in the Valley of Mexico, and therefore protein from humans (who were almost always consumed by the elites) filled the void. This explanation is an example of what theory of religion.?
cultural materialism
An anthropologist's suspension of judgment while attempting to understand a group's beliefs and practices within their own cultural context is termed:
cultural relativism
Franz Boas (1858-1942) is credited with developing which of the following anthropological perspectives
cultural relativism
Although culture takes many forms worldwide, we can recognize shared characteristics of culture as a concept. Which of the following statements is true of culture?
culture is a system
___________ is the sense of disorientation caused by the overwhelmingly new and unfamiliar people and experiences encountered during fieldwork.
culture shock
Many residents of Goiás, Brazil, have migrated to Marietta, Georgia. Students in Goiás study English, watch Hollywood films, and show off gifts sent by family in Marietta. Most have a clear vision of living with relatives in Marietta and sending remittances home when they grow up. This culture of migration reflects a dynamic called
cumulative causation.
What ended the prosperity in Flint, Michigan, following the Industrial Revolution?
deindustrialization and flexible accumulation
Helen Fisher argues that the feelings of attachment that ensure the reproduction of the human species
depend on neurochemicals that evolved to guide us through three phrases of falling in love
One way in which humans construct kinship groups is by tracking genealogy. What are these kinds of groups called?
descent
What kind of researchers work to record languages that are disappearing by finding the last speakers and making recordings and dictionaries to preserve the languages for the future?
descriptive linguists
Hurricane Katrina had a catastrophic effect on New Orleans
despite the city's wealth, preparedness, and the effectiveness of its response.
A long history of violence, repression, and war in the tiny nation of Eritrea has resulted in a large out-migration of the citizenry. As a means of "striking back," many of these migrants have banded together to maintain close emotional ties to their homeland. These groups of people living outside their homelands but maintaining strong emotional and material ties to it are referred to as
diaspora
A look at human sexuality over time and across cultures reveals
diversity in how, where, when and with whom people have sex
In addition to humans, which other mammals engage in sexual activity for fun rather than exclusively for procreation?
dolphins and bonobos
Many international travelers visit Costa Rica for its volcanos, beaches, and biodiversity reserves, some of which are listed as UNESCO World Heritage sites, as well as its environmentally sustainable practices. These tourists are
ecotourists.
In many stratified societies across the world, ________ is considered the key to upward mobility.
education
What strategy did hunter-gatherer communities develop to enhance cooperation, generosity, and the sharing of resources?
egalitarianism
Margaret Mead's fieldwork in Samoa was controversial in part because she examined sexual freedom, and considered sexual behavior to be rooted in
enculturation
Which of the following is defined as the process of learning culture?
enculturation
Traditionally, in order to be Jewish, a person must have a Jewish mother, follow the Jewish religion, and abide by kosher food limitations. Although they are not ironclad, these customs set "traditional" Jewish people apart from others. What concept does this serve to illustrate?
ethnic boundary markers
As part of a territorial conflict in Bosnia, ethnic Croats expelled, imprisoned, or killed the Muslim people with whom they had lived peacefully for more than 500 years. What concept does this illustrate?
ethnic cleansing
The lucrative coffee and chocolate industry in Côte d'Ivoire fueled
ethnic violence and civil war.
In late nineteenth-century debates on American immigration, many scholars and government officials privileged immigrants from northern Europe over those from southern Europe, such as Italians and Greeks, because the officials felt these southern people were a separate and inferior biological race with primitive ways. This is an example of
ethnocentrism
In late-nineteenth-century debates on immigration in the United States, many scholars and government officials privileged northern European immigrants over southern Europeans, such as Italians and Greeks, whom they saw as a separate and inferior biological race with primitive ways. This is an example
ethnocentrism
In the Miner article "Body Rituals of the Nacerima", Miner is showing us which concept when we find ourselves judging the Nacerima for the unusual and backwards cultural practices compared to our own.
ethnocentrism
Which of the following is defined as the belief that one's own culture or way of life is normal, natural, or even superior to other cultures?
ethnocentrism
Making the strange seem more familiar is an overarching goal of:
ethnographic fieldwork
cultural anthropologists analyze and compare data on different cultures using the method known
ethnology
Margaret Mead:
examined sexuality in Samoa.
which of the following might an anthropologist consider to be kind of "imagined community"
facebook groups
Your new smart phone was manufactured in Shenzhen, China, where there are laxer environmental and labor laws than in the United States, and its software was outsourced to telecommuters in Hyderabad, India, where wages for programmers are lower. These strategies, which use transportation and communications technologies to maximize profits, are known as
flexible accumulation
Gloria Wekker's work in Suriname has led her to suggest that the imposition of our "Western folk knowledge" places limits on how we understand sexuality. What does she urge students of sexuality to do instead?
focus attention on behavioral variations in the context of local realities
Which primary adaptive strategy includes hunting, fishing, and gathering plants for food?
foraging
Which of these provides archaeological evidence for the origins of human language?
fossilized brain casts of Neandertals that show the anatomical features for speech
people are biological creature as well as rational human beings. In order to gain a complete understanding of any aspect of human behavior, the field of anthropology adopts what strategy
four-field aproach
Your parents have never charged you for groceries and labor for all the meals you consumed at home at their expense. This is an example of
generalized reciprocity.
The greatest honor in Micronesian culture is associated with
generosity.
what comprises all of the inherited genetic factors that provide the framework for an organism's physical form
genotype
What term describes the rules about how to use phonemes, morphemes, and syntax that are followed by speakers of a language?
grammar
The self-perceptions, sensibilities, and tastes developed over a lifetime that shape one's conceptions of the world and where one fits in it is called
habitus.
Babylon, Mesopotamia, and the "cradle of civilization" are all terms of historical importance that we implicitly link to the nation of Iraq. Although this creates the sense that Iraq is an ancient nation-state, Iraq
has only existed since World War 1
In response to theological shifts, scientific advances, and social movements, our cultural norms with respect to sexuality
have been in flux for several generations
Even anthropologists who focus on biological explanations of human sexuality recognize that attraction and desire
have both biological and cultural components.
Entrepreneurial immigrants
have existed for thousands of years.
The ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force is called
hegemony.
What are some of the forms of social capital that migrants may acquire?
helpful social and kinship networks
In India, the devotees of the Hindu goddess Bahuchara Mata, who are identified as "neither man nor woman" are called
hijiras
William Rathje's garbage study to analyze the behavior of residents of Tucson, Arizona, is an example of what field of anthropology?
historic archaeology
who studies how language changes over time
historic linguists
Franz Boas (1858-1942) rejected unilineal cultural evolution, instead suggesting that different cultures arise as the result of very different causes and will vary widely. What do we call his approach?
historical particularism
In the study of immigration, anthropologists look at physical differences between populations, how the groups involved conceive of themselves and others, what they say about those other groups, and how these groups related to others in the past. This is an example of what aspect of anthropology?
holism
What is the correct term for anthropology's commitment to studying the entire picture of human life, including culture, biology, history, and language?
holism
The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea are famous for their cultivation of yams on small plots, which not only serve as foodstuff but are important in determining social status. They are
horticulturalists.
what might an anthropologist who is interested in kinesics study
how body language varies across cultures
Kianni Arroyo's story brings up key questions about
how we understand the concept of family and determine who is related to whom.
Adolf Hitler mobilized both propaganda and laws to affirm an "Aryan" identity and to identify those who were not Aryan as substandard and dangerous. Hitler was an example of a(n)
identity entrepreneur
Which of the following is considered a type of magic that involves performances that reproduce the desired result?
imitative magic
Nepali workers building roads in India, Filipinos working as maids in Saudi Arabia, and Turkish workers repairing the streets in Germany are examples of which global dynamic?
increasing migration
a person who believes that Italians are somehow inferior and therefore refuses to give an Italian person a job is demonstrating what kind of racist behavior
individual racism
Carrying capacity refers to the number of people who can be supported by the resources of the surrounding region. Which of the following adaptive strategies has a high carrying capacity?
industrial agriculture
Anthropology developed during an intense period of globalization in the nineteenth century. What was one of the major characteristics of that period that drove this development?
innovations in transportation technology
Patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems are referred to as
institutional racism
Culture is a system of knowledge, beliefs, patterns of behavior, artifacts and:
institutions
Despite the initial racist attitudes directed toward Irish, Jewish, and Italian immigrants, these groups eventually "became white" through
intermarriage and upward mobility.
what term refers to the analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification
intersectionality
About 1.7 percent of all babies born between 1955 and 2000 had a combination of male and female genitalia, gonads, and/or chromosomes, leading many scholars to believe that sex can occur on a continuum. These babies are referred to as
intersex
Martinique's Carnival
is a time when people perform sexuality and gender transgression.
The "Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer" story assumes that greater male competitiveness and aggression is imprinted in human DNA. It interprets the idea of sexual dimorphism in a way that
justifies social differences
We sometimes "signal" interest in someone without the use of words, which is part of how we establish a relationship with another person. Which concept would an anthropologist use to describe our behavior?
kinesics
The system of meaning and power created to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities is
kinship.
what is considered the most distinctive feature of being human?
language
Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942) advocated that ethnographers develop which skill during their fieldwork?
local language
According to Athapaskan and Tlingit oral history, the glaciers and ice fields covering the mountains
make moral judgements and punish transgressions.
Between World War II and the 1980s, anthropology shifted its focus from sexuality to
marriage, kinship, and family
Cesar wears power suits. He has a firm handshake and interrupts others frequently. On a date, he always pays and even goes as far as to order for the woman. Although he was assigned female at birth, he is performing stereotypes associated with
masculinity.
What do prehistoric archaeologists use to reconstruct human behavior?
material remains
Kinship is the most effective strategy that humans have developed to form stable, reliable, separate, and deeply connected groups that can last over time and through generations. What comprises the system of kinship?
meaning and power
According to Karl Marx, the bourgeoisie consisted of a capitalist class of individuals who owned what part of society?
means of production
A hispanic taxi cab driver in New York is often complimented by hi rider as ""speaking English well" despite the fact that the taxi cab driver was born in America and only speak english. The taxi cab driver is experiencing
microaggressions
Globalization places stress on many different aspects of our lives, including kinship systems. What result of globalization often affects kinship?
migration
Prefixes such as "pre-," "post-," and "non-" are examples of
morphemes
In a matrilineal descent group, continued membership in the same family group is passed down through which member?
mother
Many immigrant groups—Arab, Czech, French, Irish, Italian, Greek, Jewish, and others—have contributed to what has been known as a "melting pot" in America. What term do anthropologists prefer today to better reflect the role of ethnicity in the United States?
multiculturalism
Ethnographic research designed to consider the interactions of all species living on the planet and see the world from a more than human perspective is called
multispecies ethnography.
According to Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, new immigrants in greater Los Angeles are primarily employed as factory workers and as
nannies and housekeepers.
Swedish people share a common language, culture, and ideals; therefore, Sweden—the country they live in—illustrates which concept?
nation-state
Adolf Hitler rose to power on the basis of a claim to "Aryan supremacy." The Nazi rise to dominance, however, happened largely because the Nazis leveraged and made full use of
nationalism
How many languages are currently spoken in the world?
nearly 7,000
The pickpocket who stole your phone during your vacation engaged in an act of
negative reciprocity.
Ideas or rules about how people should behave in particular situations or toward certain other people are considered:
norms
The kinship unit of mother, father, and children is called a
nuclear family
In the 1930s, Audrey Richards conducted ground-breaking ethnographic research on what issue among Bemba women and children?
nutrition
Anthropologists seek to counter ethnocentrism by:
objectively, accurately, and sensitively representing the diversity of human life and culture.
At the time of E. E. Evans-Pritchard's study, Nuer sons
obtained brides from other patrilineal descent groups
When companies move their production facilities around the world to take advantage of cheaper labor and lower taxes, what is this called by anthropologists?
offshoring
Every year, Americans gather on July Fourth to celebrate Independence Day in honor of July 4, 1776, when the original American colonies declared independence from England. What particular component of ethnicity is embodied in this celebration?
origin myth
Humans learn culture from people and cultural institutions that surround them:
over their entire lives
what filed traces the history of human evolution by reconstructing the human fossil record
paleoanthropology
A linguist who is studying how a group of people use noises such as laughing and crying to convey emotional information is studying what?
paralanguage
Cultural anthropologists often spend a great deal of time in the communities in which they conduct research, asking questions as people work, celebrate, dance, or play games. What is the term used for this process?
participant observation
________ is the cornerstone of the research conducted by contemporary cultural anthropologists
participant observation
Worldwide, what is the most prevalent strategy in use today to track kin group membership
patrilineality
Nancy Scheper-Hughes' research among mothers in Alto do Cruzeiro, Brazil, allowed her to identify ________ of culture
patterns
The author suggests that anthropology is unique among other disciplines such as economics or history because our perspective begins with:
people
In Bangladesh, over a thousand youths marched more than a hundred miles to protest the construction of coal-fired power plants. What does this demonstrate?
people taking political action to resist climate change
Cultures around the world have different attitudes toward those who do not fit into cultural gender norms. Which statement applies Native American attitudes about gender?
people who do not fit into cultural gender norms have special privileges
Bangladesh, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Thailand provide cheap labor for export-processing facilities, which are owned by transnational corporations. They are
periphery countries.
Anthropologists have observed that the tribal leaders build and maintain power through
personal achievements.
We can understand the observable differences in body ratios—height versus width—that anthropologists have documented as a matter of ________, or the way genes are expressed in an organism's physical form.
phenotype
What term do anthropologists use to refer to the smallest units of sounds that can make a critical difference in meaning within a language but do not have any meaning on their own?
phonemes
what type of anthropologist studies people from a biological perspective as well as how humans have evolved over time
physical anthropologist
The Grateful Dead toured the country until the death of Jerry Garcia, the band's founder. They attracted a huge and devoted fan base, many of whom traveled long distances to see the band perform and partake of the hallucinogens commonly found at the concerts. What kind of religious practice might an anthropologist call such activity?
pilgrimage
What would a transnational immigrant do once established in their new country?
plan Skype dates with the family back home to tell them about their new friends
The origin, construction, and organization of states are frequently the focus of which branch of anthropology?
political anthropology
Which of the following types of marriage specifically involves the marital union of one woman to two or more men?
polyandry
Which of the following types of marriage specifically involves the marital union of one man to two or more women?
polygyny
Culture is more than a set of ideas or patterns of behavior shared by a group of people. It also includes general mechanisms created by people to promote and maintain their core values. The 2015 U.S. Supreme Court ruling on same-sex marriage reflects the influence of which of these types of mechanisms?
powerful institutions
What did Karl Marx call the group of people who lacked land and tools and sold their labor?
proletariat
The Gimi had hoped that foreign nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) would
provide social services such as schools, health services, and transportation.
Margaret Mead's talent for blending fieldwork with dynamic writing about gender roles provided her with the authority and opportunity to become an important ________ anthropologist.
public
You decide to move to Tokyo, Japan, because you were offered the opportunity to make a fantastic salary as an English teacher. This opportunity is an example of a
pull.
What is the name for the system of classification, with no biological basis, that uses certain physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups?
race
A set of popular ideas about race that allows the discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seem reasonable, rational and normal is referred to as
racial ideology
What do we call the process of categorizing, differentiating, and attributing a particular racial character to a person or group of people?
racialization
When Max Weber envisioned an evolution of rationalization in religion, he suggested that a ________ might be the final stage.
rational religion based on legal codes of conduct
Societies such as the Amish have successfully forged an egalitarian society within the United States. To what aspect of human interaction can we attribute this success?
reciprocity
A chief in a ranked society performs an act of gift giving that shares accumulated wealth while also enhancing his prestige. What do anthropologists call this process?
redistribution
As a child, you may have received a small "allowance"—a small amount of money on a regular occasion to use as you wished—from a parent who supported the family with a job. What would an anthropologist call this?
redistribution
Karl Marx argued that ________ played a key role in keeping the working poor from engaging in revolutionary social change that he believed was necessary to improve their situation.
religion
The text discusses a tiny courtyard in India where a Muslim healer named Amma meets dozens of patients daily. Amma's healing room crosses seemingly rigid gender boundaries, since she is a female healer in a position of spiritual leadership. What other seemingly rigid boundaries does Amma's healing room cross?
religious boundaries, since followers of many religions come to see her
Where do most remaining foragers live?
remote areas such as rain forests, arctic tundra, and deserts
Gentrification
results from government policies and practices that make poor neighborhoods vulnerable.
An anthropologist studying football in the United States might find that taboos, sacred objects, and ________ are in almost constant use.
ritual
Émile Durkheim argued that ________ was key to allowing a society to regenerate its sense of social solidarity.
ritual
Franz Boas' attempts to document Native American cultures that were devastated by the westward expansion of settlers are called:
salvage ethnography
The observable physical and biological differences between the male and female human reproduction systems are called
sex
The visible, phenotypical expression between male-sexed and female-sexed individuals is called
sexual dimorphism.
In the Bohannon article "Shakespeare in the Bush", Bohannon finds herself in an awkward situation as she retells a famous Shakespeare tail because --
she finds that the story has different meaning to this community because it has different cultural practices.
When the U.S. government used taxpayer money to bail out failing Wall Street financial firms, the pattern of redistribution
shifted wealth downward.
How long has Spanish been spoken in parts of what is now known as the United States?
since what is now the South and Southwest were colonized by Spain over 500 years ago
the study of how people use language in its culutral context is known as
sociolinguistics
A group of people who come to share certain norms of language use through living and communicationg together is called a
speech community
Paige West's research in Papua New Guinea
studies attempts at community-based conservation.
Migrants often send economic resources back to their countries of origin. What role do these resources play?
supporting families and stimulating economic growth in local (origin) communities
Spatial comfort zones, such as standing too close to a member of another culture, are examples of which of the following
symbolic actions
Anthropologist Clifford Geertz suggests that religion is essentially a system of ideas surrounded by powerful
symbols
Many animals, such as dolphins and great apes, communicate with each other through gestures and sounds. Human language uses sounds, gestures, and
symbols
Which of the following is one of the four elements that an anthropologist considers in attempting to understand the complex workings of a culture?
symbols
Your yogurt label states that it contains "healthy probiotic bacteria." Even if you don't know what that is, the fact that you know it should not be written "bacterias healthies biotic-pros" reflects your understanding of English
syntax
In Dubai, an immigrant's children and grandchildren who were born in Dubai are considered
temporary guests.
The sleepy Russian town of Belushya Guba declared a state of emergency when it was overrun by polar bears. This species had never ventured into their town until climate change melted the sea ice, which comprised much of the bears' primary hunting and migration routes. The plight of the bears and the town exemplifies the changes characteristic of
the Anthropocene.
The gendered behaviors encouraged in sports, such as rewarding boys for competitiveness and encouraging girls to play "nicely," reflect what aspect of a larger cultural framework?
the construction and maintenance of gender roles in a society
Anthropologists are primarily interested in which aspect of religion?
the everyday religious practice of people in their local communities
Industrial agriculture is increasing
the human ecological footprint.
archaeology is the study of cultures in
the human past
Some people envision sex workers walking on the street while trying to solicit strangers for money in exchange for sex. The account of the hostess bars in Japan offers a different portrait of sex workers. What are these hostesses selling that makes them part of the sex industry and, thus, sex workers?
the idea of sex
what term does language continuum refer to?
the idea that variation in language appears gradually over distance between places
In Panama, the water for the newly constructed water system supporting the canal was replenished by
the rain forest.
What was one consequence of the emergence of warriors to defend surpluses of food from marauders?
the rise of the state
Recently, scientific researchers have been delving into how culture and human behavior are affected by our DNA. One field that studies genes is the field of epigenetics. What does the field of epigenetics study?
the ways in which gene expression is influenced by a person's environment
On what does Emily Martin's analysis of the "fairy tale" of the egg and the sperm presented in U.S. textbooks primarily focus?
the ways in which scientific language naturalizes ideas about differences in male and female behavior
Robert Gordon's ethnography of the Namibian hunter-gatherers challenges many stereotyped beliefs about foraging societies and notes their ethnic and linguistic diversity. What is one of the surprising elements that Gordon's work reveals?
their involvement with copper mining and trade
On what basis do people often make sense of the world, reach decisions, and organize their lives?
their religious beliefs
The Bafokeng people of South Africa formed the corporation known as Royal Bafokeng Nation, Inc., because
they wanted to recover land taken by white settlers.
anthropology looks at the complete diversity of humans across space and time, and this reflects the fields commitment to:
thoroughness
The spatialization of the state is produced
through everyday bureaucratic acts of governance.
Humans learn culture from the people and cultural institutions that surround them. When does this learning occur?
throughout their entire lives
Why did students at Swarthmore College occupy a university administration building during spring 2016?
to push for divestment from fossil fuels of the school's endowment funds
What concept, inspired by the work of Charles Darwin, proposes that the diversity of human cultures represent different stages of development, from simple to complex?
unilineal cultural evolution
Professional immigrants are
university-trained professionals who seek better professional opportunities abroad.
Which of the following is defined as fundamental ideas about what is important, what makes a good life, and what is true, right, and beautiful?
values
Normative gender roles are constructed and enforced through family attitudes, peer pressure, and institutions of education, religion, the media, and the state. They are also policed through gender
violence
The residents of the South Pacific island called Ocean Island You Answered
were forcibly relocated.
Both historic archaeologists and prehistoric archaeologists study the past through the analysis of artifacts. What do historic archeologists have access to that prehistoric archaeologists do not?
written records
what do historic archeologists have access to that sets them apart from other anthropologists?
written records