Anthropology Final Study Guide
When studying a human cultural group, anthropologists tend to focus on
typical characteristics of that population
Freud and Malinowski believed that humans turned to religion and supernatural beliefs in order to deal with
uncertainty and anxiety
Lewis Henry Morgan proposed _______________ that ordered civilizations from "primitive" to "civilized".
unilinear evolution
A shaman is most likely to be a person in a society who
uses supernatural influence and relationships to heal illnesses
A person's class position is
usually measured in terms of income level
A person's class position is
usually measured in terms of income level.
Compared to Malinowski's research in the Trobriands, Weiner's restudy addressed
women's lives.
The Xhosa rite of passage involves
young men during the process of circumcision
According to the anthropological perspective, polytheistic relgions
A baseball player tapping the plate 5 times, because he thinks this will improve his fortunes at bat.
Examples of recognized third genders include (select all that apply)
A. Hijra E. Berdache
Marriage is nearly universal due to: [SELECT ALL THAT APPLY]
A. gendered division of labor. B. prolonged infant dependency. C. sexual competition. D. economics.
A "Big-Man's" position depends on which of the following? Select ALL that apply.
A. personal charisma B. accumulation of wealth and subsequent generosity C. ascribed status E. hard work
In Africa, youths who go through circumcision rituals together are said to constitute
Age sets
Large extended households are most prevalent in which mode of livelihood?
Agriculture
A big-man's position depends on B. his generosity. C. his personality. D. many supporters working on his behalf. E. having at least one wife.
All of the above
A case study of the Society of Muslim Women in Kazakhstan found that A. SMW's main approaches to dealing with wife abuse are counseling, shelter, and mediation. B. SMW members have no funding or professional training. C. SMW sees domestic violence as a problem that the Islamic faith should address. D. sheltering abused women fits with the Kazakhi custom of hospitality.
All of the above
A holistic approach will study A. Subsistence strategies B. Political and economic systems C. Belief systems and religion D. Kinship and marriage
All of the above
According to the film "India Untouched", the Untouchables A. are prohibited from drinking from the same vessels or sources as other castes B. eat in separate locations of other castes C. are often relegated to cleaning duties
All of the above
All systems based on inequality (such as" race," caste, etc.), regardless of their local specificities, share this feature: A. Those who have greater entitlements control those who have lesser entitlements. B. Underprivileged groups may rebel against the system. C. Members of dominant groups work to keep their position. D. People are relegated to particular levels of entitlement.
All of the above
An ethnography is A. the main way cultural anthropologists their findings about culture. B. a descriptive writing about a culture. C. an important aspect of anthropological research.
All of the above
In patriarchy A. there tends to be more gender stratification. B. a sharp public/private dichotomy exists. C. there may be more domestic violence. Incorrect D. the practices of dowry murder, female infanticide, and clitoridectomy exist
All of the above
In the case of Bom Jesus, Brazil children experience A. poverty. B. short life spans. C. "benign neglect". D. "delayed attachment"
All of the above
Language refers to A. speech. B. words. C. communication based on arbitrary symbols. D. written forms of communication.
All of the above
Linguistic anthropologists study A. how contemporary languages differ in terms of structure, grammar, and sound systems. B. nonverbal communication. C. how languages change over time. D. how languages are related.
All of the above
Neolocal residence for married couples is associated with A. a foraging mode of livelihood. B. Western industrialized society. C. bilineal kinship systems.
All of the above
Social control in small-scale societies is centered around A. maintenance of social relationships. B. norms. C. informal enforcement. D. the use of personalized mechanisms such as gossip or shunning.
All of the above
Structural suffering refers to health problems caused by A. poverty. B. war. C. famine. D. forced migration.
All of the above
What differences in custom and belief hampered Bohannan's telling of "Hamlet" to the Tiv? A. Differences in marriage customs B. Clothing and weapons are different C. A belief in witchcraft among the Tiv D. That the Tiv are very accomplished storytellers.
All of the above
In "Spite" the prophet-healer in the Ivory Coast draws from which of the following religious traditions? Christian, Muslim, Traditional African
All of the above.
Marriage is nearly universal due to: [SELECT ALL THAT APPLY] Correct A. gendered division of labor. Correct B. prolonged infant dependency. Correct C. sexual competition. Correct D. economics.
Answer Key: A, B, C, D
Forces of change in contemporary household arrangements are __________. [Select ALL that apply] Correct A. migration Correct B. female employement Correct C. Westernization or globalization. Correct D. poverty Correct E. economic change
Answer Key: A, B, C, D, E
The area within medical anthropology that seeks to make its knowledge useful to medical practitioners working in health care delivery is
Applied medical anthropolgy
Factors of marriage in Japan, according to Kristof include: [SELECT ALL THAT APPLY] All of the Above
B. shame acts to keep divorce rates low. C. 99% of children born are born to married couples. D. couples may not know each other well before marrying. E. "less" love is accepted making marriages more stable.
The Fulani rite of passage involved
C. young men and women and scarification.
What activity were Kanzi and Dr. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh doing in the video that demonstrated Kanzi's amazing ability to communicate with the researcher?
Cooking
The common origins, language, shared history, and selected cultural differences, such as difference in religion characterize a group of people as
Ethnicity
The process whereby new cultures are created in the aftermath of violent events such as depopulation, relocation, enslavement, and genocide is:
Ethnogenisis
Absolute cultural relativism is a view that promotes questioning and debate concerning cross-cultural practices.
False
According to Watters, classifying mental illness as a "brain disease" decreases the stigma.
False
Based on the lecture, love is a prerequisite for marriage cross-culturally.
False
Christian missionaries have historically found their encounters with indigenous religions to be peaceful, and converts willing and accepting.
False
Culture is best defined as the effects of biological heredity on human behavior.
False
Margaret Mead's work focused only on Samoa for her entire career.
False
Nancy Scheper-Hughes views the neglect of children by mothers in Brazil as unforgivable.
False
Sex and gender are the same concept.
False
The examples of bride kidnapping in Kyrgyzstan were actually always consensual "bride-nappings".
False
The issue of violence against women has long been accepted by development policy makers as being of high priority on their agenda.
False
What term refers to the tasks and activities that a culture assigns to the people of a particular biological sex?
Gender Roles
The poorest country in the Western Hemisphere is
Haiti
What is Duka's dilemma?
Her husband married a young second wife without her or his family's approval.
Lee made a mistake in his gift giving by not being ______.
Humble
Leadership in bands is
Informal
_______ is a cluster name for many indigenous peoples who live in the eastern Canadian Arctic.
Inuit
Which of the following statements about the Minangkabau culture is accurate?
It is the world's largest matrilineal culture.
The film "Me, My Sex, and I" followed which of the following adolescents and their parents as it related to intersexuality?
Katie
The adult female gorilla who is skilled at American Sign Language to communicate with researchers is
Koko
Structuralism - the approach that views culture as the surface representation of the underlying patterns of the human mind is attributed to
Lévi-Strauss
In the film "Tajimoltik" the cultural group depicted were the
Maya of Chiapas, Mexico
The groups involved in 'The Big Moka' are located in
New Guinea
You are the "headperson" of a band. You witness one person hitting another with a stick. In your society this a a violation of a very strict rule. Given that you live in a band, which of the following actions are you most likely to take?
Nothing
A first-generation "contact" language is called a
Pidgin
Human language has an infinite capacity for generating very efficient messages, a feature called
Productivity
The films and lecture noted how Koko demonstrated _____ in the creation of new words like "water bird".
Productivity
According to Sosis, every known culture practices some form of
Religion
An increasing prevalence of the disease __________ is attributed to the construction of high dams and irrigation in many parts of the world.
Schistosomiasis
The role of European diseases in the depopulation of the "New World" was
Significant
A cluster of people beyond the domestic unit who are usually related on grounds other than kinship; members have a sense of rights and responsibilities toward the group is known as
Social Group
Formal taxation most characterizes which form of political organization?
State
__________ is a culture-specific syndrome in Spain and Portugal and common among Latino people in the United States;
Susto
__________ is a culture-specific syndrome in Spain and Portugal and common among Latino people in the United States; it is associated with a stressful incident or situation.
Susto
"Big Men" are a form of leadership present in some tribal societies. They often have to collect and distribute goods to maintain power. According to your text, in the Kagwahiv,
The Big Man's wife is usually the leader of the women in the community.
According to Watters, mental illness is _______ across the world.
The Same
One of the cultural elements that distinguishes political bands from political tribes is that
Tribes are mutilocal and society-wide
Access to natural resources is a basic component of indigenous people's development.
True
Band leaders have authority and influence but no power.
True
Bilineal kinship is more characteristic of foraging and industrial/informatics societies than of the other three modes of livelihood.
True
Bodley argues that malnutrition is linked with mental retardation in both Africa and Latin America.
True
Compared to pastoralism and horticulture, agriculture is a more labor-intensive and land-intensive strategy.
True
In much of Latin America, local categories of "race" and ethnicity overlap
True
In the Trobriand Islands, kinship follows the female line.
True
Most cultural anthropologists would accept as the minimal accepted definition of marriage a "union between two or more people."
True
Sacrifice is probably the oldest form of ritual.
True
The Ju/'hoansi's traditional healing system is a form of community healing.
True
There are more biological sexes than cultural genders.
True
The country of __________ imprisons more people than any other country in the world.
United States
Max Weber's three dimensions of stratification include which of the following: [select all that apply]
Wealth Prestige Power
An example of a life-cycle ritual is
a coming-of-age ceremony for young men or women.
The term intersex describes
a discrepancy between external and internal genitals
Culture shock occurs when
a person has shifted from one culture to another.
Humoral healing systems are based on
a philosophy that seeks balance among various bodily fluids and forces.
Del Guercio describes voodoo as
a sophisticated religion with African beginnings.
The changes that occur when different cultural groups come into intensive contact is:
acculturation
The two most important factors on which the division of labor is based in horticultural societies are
age and gender.
A holistic approach will study A. Subsistence strategies B. Political and economic systems C. Belief systems and religion D. Kinship and marriage
all of the above
An emic approach focuses on: A. what people in the study area say about their own culture. B. gathering data on culturally shared rules for behavior. C. explanations for culture offered by members of that culture. D. events that have meaning for members of a particular culture.
all of the above
Parent's desire to have children is affected by
all of the above
Polyandry is
almost always fraternal
Social ranking on the basis of caste is
an ascribed system.
Smith suggests that cellphones
are status symbols
Egalitarian Societies are also likely to be
band levels of political organization
One reason why foragers typically have low rates of population growth is because
breast-feeding occurs over frequent and long periods of time, thereby suppressing ovulation.
Applied anthropology, as a field of anthropology,
can be used as an approach by the 'four' fields of archaeology, cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and biological anthropology.
Which of the following is NOT culturally constructed?
choromosomal sex
From the Anthropological perspective, magic is a form of supernatural interaction which
compels the supernatural to act in some particular way
If someone were to collect bits of your hair and nail clippings to use in a magical ritual, this person is practicing
contagious magic
If someone were to collect bits of your hair and nail clippings to use in a magical ritual, this person is practicing
contagious magic.
Miner (1956) was offering a critique of __________ culture.
contemporary American
Ethnology, or "cultural anthropology" tends to focus the attention of its research on
contemporary cultural groups
In an intensive agricultural subsistence system
crops are grown for the grower to sell and the grower does not usually eat their own products
Retired Husband Syndrome and awas are examples of
culture-specific syndromes.
Research that is guided by a hypothesis is called
deductive
The most frequent motive for direct infanticide cross-culturally is that the infant is
deformed or ill
As reported by Bodley, the correlation between dental health and economic progress is that
dental health declines with modernization.
The feature of human language that allows people to talk about the past and the future is referred to as
displacement.
Kerala, India, provides an example of success in terms of which approach to development?
distributional approach
A parallel cousin, from the perspective of 'ego', would be
ego's father's brother's or mother's sister's offspring
One's cross-cousin, from the perspective of 'ego', would be
ego's father's sister's or mother's brother's offspring
Unilineal descent systems
ego's father's sister's or mother's brother's offspring
The tendency to apply one's own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures is known as
ethnocentrism
The male bias in development planning and projects refers to the
exclusion of women from many development projects.
Written language has been used by human cultures
for about 5000--6,000 years
Life projects promote development through
giving priority to local people's aspirations
The increased spread of international ties and spread of Western capitalism worldwide is referred to as
globalization.
The primary challenge that Sterk faced during research was
guilt about having a safe and comfortable life when her informants were struggling with poverty and disease
With increasing population political systems tend to
have the need to excercise more and more regulatory control
The reproductive patterns of the Hutterites and Mennonites of North America are characterized by
high fertility rates.
Children have the most tasks in which mode of livelihood?
horticulture
Biological anthroplogists focus on
human evolution and contemporary human variation.
Which of the following occurs at the industrialized/informatic mode of consumption and exchange?
increased unbalanced exchange
People who have a longstanding connection with their home territory predating colonialism are referred to as
indigenous people.
The cultural materialist perspective uses a three-level model of culture that includes
infrastructure, structure, and superstructure.
A reason for the emergence of linguistic anthropology in the United States is the
interest in recording disappearing languages.
Pastoralism
is a mode of livelihood based on domesticated animal herds and the use of their products, such as meat and
Social stratification
is a set of hierarchical relationships between groups
In political systems where there are 'Big Men', the role of 'Big Man'
is competitive, and often involves giving a lot of gifts to gain influence and power
Anthropological explanations for the marital pattern known as polyandry suggest that
it is an adaptive response to severely limited resources, particularly cultivatable land
One of the main reasons that foragers/food collectors work fewer hours than agriculturalists is
it is unnecessary to work harder: labor intensification would cause overexploitation of resources
A cultural relativist would view contemporary Nacirema culture as
just as interesting and worthy of study as any other.
The advantages of polyandry listed in the video include: (select ALL that apply)
land stayed within the same family it served as a form of birth control for the woman
The Sapir Whorf Hypothesis is an anthropological analysis that suggests that
language has significant influences on culture and the perceptions of people in that culture
The incest taboo
leads to exogamy.
This is an example of which form of descent?
matrilineal
For most Pastoralists, wealth is held in
mobile herds of animals
Darwin's theory of evolution includes the key concept of
natural selection
To anthropologists, a society would be considered egalitarian if
no social groups have greater or lesser access to economic resources, power, and prestige
Ethnologists tend to gather their data by
observing and interviewing living peoples Culture is best defined as the effects of biological heredity on human behavior. False
Physical or biological anthropology is most often divided into the two subdisciplines of
paleoanthropology and human variation
The research method in cultural anthropology that involves living in a culture for an extended period while gathering data is
participant observation.
Sounds that make a critical difference in a language are referred to as
phonemes.
The term "medical pluralism" refers to the
presence of multiple health systems within a society.
According to the code of ethics of the American Anthropological Association, the anthropologist's first responsibility is to
protect the people studied from harm related to their research.
Del Guercio, suggests that voodoo is used to:
regulate social behavior
Sosis maintains that rituals promote group cohesion by
requiring members to engage in behavior that is too costly or dangerous to fake.
Carnival is an example of a
ritual of inversion
According to the textbook, kinship is based on which three factors?
sharing, adoption, and marriage
Balanced reciprocity, as a form of economic exchange, tends to be
short term in its expectations of return
An example of the interpretivist approach in medical anthropology is
showing how a song sung by a shaman might help a woman through a difficult birth.
A pure gift is
something for which a "return" is not expected or calculated.
The ecological/epidemiological approach in medical anthropology involves
study of how the natural environment interacts with culture to cause disease.
A marital rule of endogamy would
suggest that one must marry someone from within the same group
Gadsby's article highlights all of the following about the Inuit diet except:
that a movement away from "traditional foods" always has a positive effect on the culture.
Dettwyler finds that breastfeeding is culturally defined and discussed all of the following examples except:
that breastfeeding is most beneficial when it continues until age 5.
An emic approach focuses on
the "father" of participant observation.
Based on his experience in the Trobriand Islands during World War I, Bronislaw Malinowski is generally considered to be
the "father" of participant observation.
Distributional development emphasizes
the assessment and adjustment of entitlements.
Among the Tsimané people of Bolivia, the health status of children is strongly related to
the mother's traditional knowledge of healing plants.
According to the discussion of anthropological linguistics, a protolanguage is
the reconstructed ancestral language of a set of known and documented related languages
Ethnomedicine refers to
the study of cross-cultural health systems.
The Hawthorne effect refers to
the tendency for respondents to change their behavior to correspond with the researcher's interest.
Anthropologists will consider a religion to be monotheistic if
there are many supernatural beings, but one has significant power overall the others
What was the purpose of the feasting ritual in "The Feast"?
to from an alliance between two groups
Ongka staged his "Moka" in order to
to gain power and prestige