ap bio final

Which of the following statements about the rate of CO2 fixation in the two types of plants is supported by the data shown in the figures?

At 21% O2, plant type 22 has a lower rate of CO2 fixation than plant type 11 does in both types of soil.

Which of the following statements best supports the researcher's claim?

Atmospheric carbon dioxide is the raw material for photosynthesis, which plants rely on for producing sugars and other organic compounds.

Evolved from a photoautotrophic prokaryote

B

Site of glucose synthesis

B

The concentrations of nitrogen and chlorophyll a are directly correlated.

The addition of a water molecule breaks a covalent bond between sugar monomers.

Based on the information presented, which of the following is the most likely explanation for a buildup of cholesterol molecules in the blood of an animal?

The animal's body cells are defective in endocytosis.

Which of the following cellular deficiencies would most likely be related to these MT-ND1 mutations?

The cell is unable to complete reactions related to electron transport and ATPATP production.

Which of the following was the dependent variable in the researcher's study?

The concentration of chlorophyll a

Which of the following describes the relationship between the amount of chlorophyll a in a water sample and the concentration of nitrogen in that sample?

The concentrations of nitrogen and chlorophyll a are directly correlated.

During aerobic cellular respiration, oxygen gas is consumed at the same rate as carbon dioxide gas is produced. In order to provide accurate volumetric measurements of oxygen gas consumption, the experimental setup should include which of the following?

A substance that removes carbon dioxide gas

If 30% of the nucleotides in a single-stranded RNARNA molecule are adenine, then what percent are expected to be thymine?

0%

Testosterone is a small steroid hormone that is important in cell signaling. Which of the following indicates where testosterone enters a cell and why it is able to cross at that point?

1, because testosterone is nonpolar and can diffuse through the membrane.

Which of the following best describes the formation of the bond shown in Figure 1 ?

A covalent bond is formed between a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom along with the formation of H2O.

The energy required to run the Calvin cycle reactions of photosynthesis comes from which two substances produced during the light-dependent reactions?

ATP and NADPH

Some substances can pass through an actual cell membrane much faster than they passed through the artificial membrane in this study. Which of the following statements best explains this finding?

Actual cell membranes have a variety of proteins embedded in the membrane that are absent in the artificial membrane.

An investigator wants to understand whether a newly found membrane protein is involved in membrane transport of a certain particle. Which investigation will help determine whether the new membrane protein is a channel protein involved in membrane transport?

Add more of the proteins to the plasma membrane and measure the rate of the particle movement.

Which of the following best explains how higher concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus contribute to eutrophication?

Algae require nitrogen and phosphorus to build macromolecules, so higher concentrations of these nutrients can result in algal blooms.

Amylase is an enzyme that converts carbohydrate polymers into monomers. Glycogen synthase is one of the enzymes involved in converting carbohydrate monomers into polymers. Which of the following best explains the reactions of these enzymes?

Amylase aids in the addition of a water molecule to break covalent bonds whereas glycogen synthase aids in the removal of a water molecule to form covalent bonds.

Which of the following best describes the numbered areas?

Areas 1 and 3 are polar, since the membrane molecules are aligned with water molecules.

A researcher claims that only a portion of the light energy captured by green plants is available for growth and repair. Which of the following observations best helps justify the researcher's claim?

As light energy is converted to chemical energy by metabolic processes, some of the energy is lost as heat.

Which of the following best explains why bile salts cause the sulfur powder to sink?

Bile salts decrease the surface tension of the urine sample.

By which of the following mechanisms do the water molecules most likely move into the large intestine?

By passive transport from an area of low osmolarity to an area of high osmolarity

Based on the information presented, how does aldosterone most likely enter target cells?

By simple diffusion

Which of the following data would best refute this alternative hypothesis?

CO2 and N2 movement in and out of cells is unaffected when membrane protein activity is blocked.

Researchers have proposed a model of chloroplast evolution. According to the model, chloroplasts evolved from a small prokaryotic organism that was engulfed by an ancestral eukaryote. The engulfed prokaryote then formed an endosymbiotic relationship with the eukaryotic host. Which of the following observations best supports the model?

Chloroplasts and some prokaryotes share similar photosynthetic reactions.

Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of increasing the concentration of substrate (ethyl alcohol), while keeping the concentration of the inhibitor (methyl alcohol) constant?

Competitive inhibition will decrease because the proportion of the active sites occupied by substrate will increase.

Site of transport of materials into and out of the cell

D

Based on the results of the experiment, which of the following types of molecules did the bacteriophages most likely inject into the bacteria cells?

DNA

Which of the following questions can best be answered by the diagram?

Does the addition of an enzyme reduce the activation energy required for a reaction?

Which of the following best predicts the effect of disrupting the proton gradient in BAT?

Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation will be decoupled, generating more heat but less ATP.

A scientist claims that Elysia chlorotica, a species of sea slug, is capable of photosynthesis. Which of the following observations provides the best evidence to support the claim?

Elysia chlorotica grows when exposed to light in the absence of other food sources.

Which of the following best describes a process that occurs within the Golgi complex?

Enzymatic modification of newly synthesized integral membrane proteins

What evolutionary advantage does compartmentalization of core metabolic processes offer eukaryotes?

Evolution of a nucleus in eukaryotes separates the processes of transcription and translation and they can be regulated separately.

Which of the following best predicts the effect of not having ATP available to supply energy to this process?

H+ ions will stop moving through the protein.

Which of the following best explains why a cell's plasma membrane is composed of two layers of phospholipids rather than just a single layer?

Having two oppositely oriented layers of phospholipids allows only the hydrophilic heads to interact with water inside and outside of the cell.

Which of the following statements about mitochondrial chemiosmosis is NOT true?

Heat energy is required to establish the electron transport chain.

Some viral infections can lead to the rupture of the lysosome membrane. Which prediction of the effect of this disruption of cellular compartmentalization is most likely correct?

Hydrolytic enzymes will be released, which will cause cell death.

A researcher placed a culture of cyanobacteria under green lights. Within a few weeks, the appearance of the cyanobacteria changed from green to red. The researcher claimed the color change in the culture was the result of an adaptation allowing greater photosynthesis. Which of the following provides the best reasoning to justify the researcher's claim?

In green light, more phycoerythrin molecules are produced, allowing more green light to be absorbed, thus increasing photosynthesis.

Based on their observations, what should the researchers do to further clarify how the availability of the protein outside the cells affects the rate of endocytosis of the protein?

Incubate the cells in the presence of several different concentrations of the protein.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the movement of substances across cell membranes?

Ions are unable to move through the phospholipid bilayer because the nonpolar tail regions of the phospholipids are hydrophobic.

Which of the following conclusions about increasing the number of folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane is best supported by the results of the experiment?

It increases the surface area available for ATP production, which results in faster cell growth.

Which of the following claims about the origin of the euglenid chloroplast is best supported by the three-membrane structure of the envelope?

It originated from the incorporation of a photosynthetic prokaryote into a eukaryotic cell by two endosymbiotic events.

Which of the following conclusions about the radiolabeled amino acid is best supported by the results of the experiment?

It was mostly incorporated into proteins that regulate and manage metabolic reactions.

The amino acid in Figure 1 is found in a region of a polypeptide that folds away from water. Which part of the amino acid most likely contributes to the hydrophobic behavior of this region of the polypeptide?

Methyl (CH3) group

Which of the following observations best supports the claim that mitochondria evolved from once-free-living prokaryotic cells by the process of endocytosis?

Mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane.

Which of the following statements provides evidence to support the claim that no ATP will be synthesized in the absence of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane?

No ATP is synthesized when channel proteins that allow the free passage of protons are inserted into the thylakoid membrane.

Which of the following statements best describes how organisms such as rabbits obtain the carbon necessary for building biological molecules?

Rabbits eat plants and break down plant molecules to obtain carbon and other atoms that they rearrange into new carbon-containing molecules.

Based on the figure, which of the following statements best describes the relationship between regions 1 and 2 of the protein?

Region 1 is hydrophilic because it interacts with an aqueous environment, whereas region 2 is hydrophobic because it interacts with the interior of the membrane.

The team wants to extend the research project. What should the team of students do next to obtain data that are more conclusive?

Repeat the process with other salt concentrations.

Carbon dioxide most likely enters a cell through which of the following processes?

Simple diffusion through the membrane

Based on the model, the newly synthesized protein is transported directly from the endoplasmic reticulum to which of the following?

The Golgi complex

Based on the model presented in Figure 1, which of the following changes will most likely result from a depletion of available ATP stores inside the cell?

The Na+ concentration inside the cell will increase.

In an experiment, the efficiency of oxygen exchange across the plasma membrane is being assessed in four artificial red blood cells. The table above lists some properties of those artificial cells. Other conditions being equal, which artificial cell is predicted to be the most efficient in exchanging oxygen with the environment by diffusion?

The cuboidal cell

Which of the following characteristics of Figure 1 best shows that the fragment is RNA and not DNA?

The identity of each nitrogenous base

Which of the following must remain the same for all trials of this experiment?

The initial concentration of the substrate

Which of the following best predicts what will happen to the lysosomal enzymes if the proteins that transport H+ ions from the cytosol into the lysosome are damaged?

The lysosomal enzymes will not become active, since there will be no active transport of H+ ions.

The diagram above represents a typical rod-shaped bacterium. Which of the following best describes a feature shown in the diagram that is unique to archaea and bacteria?

The organism does not have a nuclear membrane surrounding its genetic material.

Which of the following functions is this cell type most likely specialized to perform?

The production and secretion of proteins

Which of the following best describes how the ratio of the density of stomata (stomata per mm2) per CO2 concentration (ppm CO2) changes as the CO2 concentration increases?

The ratio decreases from 0.86 to 0.63, because fewer stomata are needed at higher CO2 concentrations.

Which of the following provides an accurate calculation of the surface area to volume ratio of an HS red blood cell, as well as a prediction of its effect on the efficient transferring of oxygen compared to a normal red blood cell?

The ratio is 0.89, and the cells are less efficient at transferring oxygen.

Which cellular component will be found in the widest range of organisms in the sample?

The ribosome, since all organisms need to synthesize proteins.

Which of the following statements best helps explain the reaction specificity of an enzyme?

The shape and charge of the substrates are compatible with the active site of the enzyme.

Which of the following transport mechanisms will be affected most directly by a temporary shortage of ATP molecules inside the cell?

The transport of glucose molecules against a concentration gradient

Which of the following claims about the effects of the valinomycin treatment is best supported by the data presented in the table?

The valinomycin treatment caused a decrease in the activity of the mitochondria.

Which of the following statements best explains the observations represented in Figure 1?

There was a net movement of water out of the cell suspended in the sugar solution and a net movement of water into the cell suspended in the distilled water.

Which of the following best describes the functionof the coenzymes NAD+ and FAD in eukaryoticcellular respiration?

They accept electrons during oxidation-reductionreactions.

Which of the following statements describes a feature shared by mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum that increases the efficiency of their basic functions?

They have highly folded membranes.

What additional procedure would best help determine whether these movements are due to active transport or to passive transport?

Use two additional treatments, one containing only ethyl alcohol and one containing only acetate. Include a substance known to block ATPATP use by the plasma membrane. Compare the graphs of these two treatments to the original graph.

Which statement best describes the effect on water transport across the cell membrane if the aquaporin in the figure ceases to function?

Water molecules will still be able to move across the cell membrane but at a slower rate.

Which of the following results best refutes the alternative hypothesis that selective permeability is a consequence of the cell wall?

When beetroot cells are placed in a solution with cellulase, the solution remains clear.

Which of the following scientific questions is most relevant to the model represented in the figure above?

Which molecular substance is actively transported across the plasma membrane?

which of the following best describes the process that adds a monosaccharide to an existing polyaccharide?

a specific enzyme removes the hydrogen (H) from the monosaccharide and the hydroxide (OH) from the polysaccharide, creating a bond between the two and creating a water (H2O) molecule

which statement describes how water is pulled up through the xylem to the leaves of the plant?

as water exits the leaf, hydrogen bonding between water molecules pulls more water up from below

Figure 1 represents a segment of DNA. Radiation can damage the nucleotides in a DNA molecule. To repair some types of damage, a single nucleotide can be removed from a DNA molecule and replaced with an undamaged nucleotide. Which of the four labeled bonds in Figure 1 could be broken to remove and replace the cytosine nucleotide without affecting the biological information coded in the DNA molecule?

bonds Y and Z at the same time

which of the following best describes a structural similarity between the two molecules shown in figure 1 that is relevant to their function?

both molecules contain nucleotides that form base pairs with other nucleotides, which allows each molecule to act as a template in the synthesis of other nucleic acid molecules

which of the following would most likely occur if cattle lost the ability to maintain a colony of microorganisms in their digestive tract?

cattle would no longer be able to use cellulose as a primary source of glucose

Based on the data, which cell is likely to be most effective in the exchange of materials?

cell 2

A student wants to modify model 1 so that it represents an RNA double helix instead of a DNA double helix. Of the following possible changes, which would be most effective in making model 1 look more like RNA than DNA?

changing the deoxyriboses to riboses by adding -OH groups

Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion are related in that both

depend on a concentration gradient

Which of the following correctly shows the order in which protein X moves through the cell?

endoplasmic reticulum --> golgi apparatus --> lysosomes

When a substance moves across the plasma membrane along a concentration gradient at a rate faster than would be expected by simple diffusion alone but without the expenditure of metabolic energy, the process is best described as

facilitated diffusion

The hydrolytic enzymes are most likely to accumulate in which of the following cellular structures?

golgi complex

Which of the following types of bonds is most likely responsible for the unusual base pairing shown in Figure 3 that results in the formation of a triplex DNA structure?

hydrogen

Which of the following is responsible for the cohesive property of water?

hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molcule

All of the following changes would be likely to decrease the rate of transpiration at 8 A.M. EXCEPT

increasing the water potential of the soil

Which of the following is most directly responsible for water's unique properties?

it forms hydrogen bonds.

which of the following statements is correct about the molecule shown in figure 1?

it is DNA because of the nucleotides present

ATP serves as a common energy source for organisms because

its energy can be easily transferred to do cellular work

which of the following is common feature of the illustrated reactions showing the linking of monomers to form marcromolecules?

monomers are joined by a covalent bond, and a water molecule is produced

A typical bag of fertilizer contains high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium but trace amounts of magnesium and calcium. Which of the following best matches the fertilizer component with the molecule in which it will be incorporated by organisms in the area?

nitrogen will be incorporated into nucleic acids

All of the following cell components are found in prokaryotic cells EXCEPT

nuclear envelope

Which of the following was the dependent variable in the researcher's experiment?

pH

Which of the following components of the cell membrane is responsible for active transport?

protein

During respiration, most ATP is formed as a direct result of the net movement of

protons down a concentration gradient

which of the following describes a key difference among the 20 amino acids that are used to make proteins?

some amino acids are hydrophobic

based on figure 1, which of the following best compares the atomic structures of starch and cellulose

starch and cellulose are composed of repeating glucose monomers; however, in cellulose every other glucose monomer is rotated 180 degrees

how might this change affect the structure and function of the protein?

the R-group of the new amino acid, valine, has different chemical properties than the R-group of cysteine. this will cause the protein to misfold and not function properly in the cell

as shown in figure 1, an amino acid must have which of the following properties in order to be incorporated into a polypeptide?

the ability to form a covalent bond with both its NH2 group and its COOH group

Which of the following best describes the cellular location where pyruvate dehydrogenase is most likely active?

the cytosol

based on the information provided, which of the following statements best describes why starch and cellulose provide different functions in plants?

the differences in the assembly and organization of the monomers of these two polymers result in different chemical properties

based on the figure, which statement best describes the observed relationship between atmospheric CO2 enrichment and plant growth under ideal and stressed conditions?

the increase in atmospheric CO2 resulted in a greater increase in plant growth under stressed conditions than under ideal conditions

which feature of model 1 best illustrates how biological information is coded in a DNA molecule?

the linear sequence of the base pairs

Based on the information provided, Gaucher disease results most directly from a defect in the function of which of the following organelles?

the lysosomes

which of the following is the most likely reason for the difference in leaf growth?

the phosphorus-starved plant was unable to synthesize both the required nucleic acids and lipids, limiting growth

which of the following most likely explains how the amino acid substitution has resulted in decreased catalytic activity by the mutated enzyme

the substitution altered the secondary and tertiary structure of the enzyme so that the mutated enzyme folds into a different shape than the normal enzyme does

which of the following best describes how the structure of ice benefits the organisms that live in the water below?

the water molecules in ice are farther apart than those in liquid water, so the ice floats, maintaining the warmer, denser water at the lake bottom