AP BIOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEW Unit 2

Lysosome

Aids in removing excess material and is the disposal system of the cell. Created by the Golgi Apparatus and contains enzymes made by the ER.

Nucleolus

Contains directions for making ribosomes and is found inside the nucleus.

Nuclear Membrane

Decides what goes in and out of the nucleus. DNA is too large to leave but RNA is small enough to fit through the pores.

Cell Membrane

Determines what goes in and out of the cell. Semi-permeable phosopholipid bilayer.

Nucleus

Directs cell activities and contains DNA.

All eukaryotic cells contain at least one Golgi complex, typically located in the cytoplasm and near the endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes a process that occurs within the Golgi complex?

Enzymatic modification of newly synthesized integral membrane proteins

Which of the following claims is scientifically accurate and consistent with an observation that a decrease in lysosome production within a cell leads to a decline in mitochondrial activity?

Fewer lysosomes will be available to break down macromolecules to provide the necessary nutrients for cellular respiration.

Chromatin

Genetic material. DNA complex found inside the nucleus that contains instructions for traits.

Liver cells manufacture glycoproteins, while adipose cells store fat. Which of the following subcellular structures is likely to be more prominent in liver cells than in adipose cells?

Golgi apparatus

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Has bound ribosomes making proteins and is attached to the nuclear membrane.

Chloroplast

In plant cells only. Contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis.

Lytic Vacuole

In plant cells only. Plant "lysosome" the removes excess material, worn out organelles. Created by the Golgi Body and contains enzymes made by the ER.

Cell Wall

In plants only. Supports and protects the cell. Found outside the cell membrane and is made of cellulose.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the movement of substances across cell membranes?

Ions are unable to move through the phospholipid bilayer because the nonpolar tail regions of the phospholipids are hydrophobic.

Contains hydrolytic enzymes associated with the intracellular digestion of macromolecules

Lysosome

Ribosome

Makes proteins for the cell. Free floating and also located on the Rough ER; ribosmoes are not membrane bound. They are made of RNA.

Changing the shape or morphology of the mitochondrial inner membrane can change the efficiency of mitochondrial function. Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from a change in the shape of the mitochondrial inner membrane from a highly folded surface to a smooth, flat surface?

Mitochondria will become less efficient because the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membranes will decrease.

If ATP breakdown (hydrolysis) is inhibited, which of the following types of movement across cell membranes is also inhibited?

Passage of a solute against its concentration gradient

Golgi Body/Apparatus

Processes and packages proteins and lipids for transport out of the cell. Moves material within the cell and out of the cell using vesicles.

Mitochondria

Site of cellular respiration. Controls cell cycle, growth, death, and contains its own DNA.

Which of the following statements best supports the claim that certain organelles within eukaryotic cells evolved from free-living prokaryotic cells?

Some organelles contain their own DNA that is more similar to prokaryotic DNA in structure and function than to the eukaryotic DNA found in the cell's nucleus.

Vacuole

Stores water and waste material. Aids in endocytosis and exocytosis. Small and plentiful in animal cells or not present at all. In plant cells, the vacuole is very large and helps the cell maintain turgor pressure.

Cholesterol is an important component of animal cell membranes. Cholesterol molecules are often delivered to body cells by the blood, which transports the molecules in the form of cholesterol-protein complexes. the complexes must be moved into the body cells before the cholesterol molecules can be incorporated into the phospholipid bilayers of cell membranes. Based on the information presented, which of the following is the most likely explanation for a buildup of cholesterol molecules in the blood of an animal?

The animal's body cells are defective in endocytosis.

A spherical bacterial cell has a radius of 3 um. The human egg cell has a radius of 100 um. Which statement correctly indicates the cell that is able to more efficiently exchange materials with the external environment and provides a correct explanation?

The bacterial cell, because it has the largest surface-to-volume ratio.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Transports proteins and creates and transports lipids. Also breaks down toxins. Metabolizes carbohydrates to use as energy.

eukaryotic cells

animals, fungi, plants, protists

prokaryotic cells

bacteria and archaea

Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion are related in that both

depend on a concentration gradient

Cytoplasm

supports and protects cell organelles. Fills the inside of the cell and is jelly-like.