AP chapter 13 water resources

One of the most important and effective ways to reduce flooding is to ____. 1. preserve and restore wetlands 2.drain wetlands 3.increase groundwater withdrawals 4.clear vegetation 5.encourage people to build on floodplains

1

The delta of the Colorado River was destroyed by ____. 1.damming the river 2.a hurricane 3.pollution 4.overfishing 5.flooding

1

There are three major problems associated with the use of the Colorado River's water, including ____. 1. the fact that the Colorado River basin includes some of the driest areas in the United States 2.overflowing reservoirs 3.water disputes between the United States and Canada 4.frequent flooding

1

describe one economic advantage of irrigation and one ecological disadvantage of irrigation.

1) Irrigation generates millions of dollars a year which helps boost the economy with the growing agriculture 2) Irrigation wastes millions of gallons a year because many people use too much water for their crops and it ends up polluting freshwater because of the fertilizers and pesticides that are added to the water.

identify one economic and one ecological drawback of desalination plants

1) extremely high cost 2) the amount of waste that it produces, the amount of salt waste can destroy environments and there needs to be a place to put all of the waste.

identify two ways citizens could promote water conservation in their communities.

1) switch to water saving toilets, shower heads and faucets 2) replacing lawn with native species so the amount of water being used on watering plants is decreased.

explain one way an aquifer recharges

1) through the opening of the grounds surface 2)it can be recharged by groundwater, this works from water from precipitation percolates through the soil and makes its way down to the aquifer

water footprint

the amount of fresh water utilized in the production or supply of the goods and services used by a particular person or group.

water table

the top of the groundwater zone, it falls with dry weather

zone of saturation

the zone where all open spaces in sediment and rock are completely filled with water

groundwater

water that fills the cracks and spaces in underground soil and rock layers

surface runoff

water that flows over land until it reaches lakes, rivers, or other areas

freshwater

water that is safe for humans to drink. Not ocean water

Indirectly used water (i.e., water consumed to produce food and other products) is called ____. 1.groundwater 2.virtual water 3.surface runoff 4.water table 5.nonrenewable aquifers

2

Our ____ is a rough measure of the volume of freshwater that we use or pollute, directly and indirectly, to stay alive, and to support our lifestyles. 1.watershed 2.water footprint 3.drainage basin 4.virtual water 5.zone of saturation

2

What percentage of the world's water supply is liquid freshwater that is available to living organisms? 1. 13% 2.0.024% 3. 30% 4.42% 5.8%

2

The land from which surface water drains into a particular lake, river, or other body of water is called 1.an aquifer 2.surface water 3.watershed 4.the zone of saturation 5.surface runoff

3

The main goals of a dam and reservoir include all of the following, except 1.supply water for irrigation 2.reduce downstream flooding 3.clean the water 4.provide recreational activities 5.produce electricity

3

The shrinkage of the Aral Sea has been caused by ____. 1.over pumping groundwater 2.increased household water use along the shores of the Aral Sea 3.diversion of water from the rivers feeding the Aral Sea 4.the removal of a dam at the outlet of the Aral Sea 5.a dam upstream of the Aral Sea

3

The two largest uses of freshwater in the United States are 1.Livestock and mining 2.Homeowners and mining 3.Irrigation for agriculture and Power plants (thermoelectric) 4.Homeowners (domestic) and manufacturing industries

3

What is one advantage of dam and reservoir systems? 1.Dams and reservoirs disrupt migration of some fish. 2.Dams and reservoirs can displace people behind the dam 3.Dams and reservoirs decrease downstream flooding. 4.Dams and reservoirs lead to devastating flooding if there is a failure. 5.Dams and reservoirs reduce nutrients released downstream.

3

At a certain depth, the area where the spaces in soil and rock are completely filled with water is called 1.surface water 2.the water table 3.an aquifer 4.the zone of saturation 5.the bedrock

4

Most of the water in the Colorado River comes from which of the following sources? 1.aquifers in Wyoming 2.Great Salt Lake 3.glaciers in Canada 4.snow melt in the Rocky Mountains 5.lakes in Montana

4

One of the major human activities that has contributed to flooding is 1.constructing dams 2.directing stream flow 3.irrigation 4.destroying vegetation

4

The term subsidence refers to ____. 1.intrusion of salt water into a freshwater aquifer 2. living on very little money 3.money paid by the government to farmers 4.sinking of ground when groundwater has been withdrawn 5.failure of the groundwater supply

4

The geological layer, consisting of underground caverns and porous layers of sand, gravel, or bedrock, where groundwater flows, is called 1.the zone of saturation 2.the bedrock 3.the water table 4.surface water 5.an aquifer

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reservoir

A lake that stores water for human use.

Desalination

A process of removing salt from ocean water

Floodplain

Flat valley floor next to a stream channel. For legal purposes, the term often applies to any low area that has the potential for flooding, including certain coastal areas.

virtual water

Water that is not directly consumed but is used to produce food and other products.

dam

a barrier that runs across a river or stream to control the flow of water

state an example of an action a farmer might take to decrease the amount of irrigation water used.

a farmer might switch to drip irrigation which drips water very slowly onto the crops which decreases the total amount of water used and decreases the change of flooding or wasting water. -he might also switch crops to a native crop that takes less water so not as much water is used for his crops.

Explain why one might find an artesian well whose source is the Lloyd aquifer.

an artesian well works by taking built-up pressure from the aquifer and when that pressure is released water travels up the well. The Lloyd aquifer would be a good place for an artesian well because to have an artesian well the aquifer needs to be sandwiched between two heavy materials to get a high pressure, which would potentially allow the flow of the water to rise to the surface through the artesian well

explain how the use of a computerized soil moisture sensor can increase the efficiency of irrigation

computerized soil moisture sensor can increase the efficiency of irrigation because this will tell when the plant actually needs water. This would mean that water use and leaching would be greatly reduced. Would not waste excessive amounts of water

describe one method of desalination

evaporating the saltwater so that all that is left is the salt, then condensing the vapor back into water which is now freshwater

watershed (drainage basin)

Land area that delivers water, sediment, and dissolved substances via small streams to a major stream (river).

aquifers

Porous, water-saturated layers of sand, gravel, or bedrock that can yield an economically significant amount of water.

surface water

Precipitation that does not infiltrate the ground or return to the atmosphere by evaporation or transpiration.

Saltwater intrusion is a problem on Long Island. Explain how this might occur.

Saltwater intrusion happens when salt water from the ocean mixes with freshwater and contaminates well water. This happens when too many wells are drilled and the water pressure is lowered, which allows salt water to move into the aquifer. With fewer wells drilled pressure from the freshwater is higher and saltwater can not intrude.

reliable surface runoff

Surface runoff of water that generally can be counted on as a stable source of water from year to year.