Ap Euro Ch. 12 & 13 Reading Notes
political tract written by Luther in which he called on German princes to overthrow the papacy; attacked the sacramental system
The Adress to the Nobility of the German Nation
was an informal group of clergyman and layman who worked to foster reform by emphasizing personal spiritual development and outward acts of charity
The Oratory of Divine Love
training manual for spiritual development
The Spiritual Excersizes
began the imitation of nature
Giotto
most important composer of the era
Guillaume Dufay
led the Ultra-Catholic party
Guises
first Tudor king
Henry VII
acknowledged as the political leader of Huguonots
Henry of Navarre
final stage of Renaissance Art
High Renaissance
wrote the spiritual excersizes
Ignatius Loyola
wrote numerous letters and treaties that brought her praise from male intellectuals
Isotta Nogarola
restored church services of the "Book of Common Prayer"
Act of Uniformity
Luther calling German rules to "smite, stab, and slay the peasants
Against the Robbing Murdering Hordes of Peasants
intigrates details with Italian style
Albrecht Durer
wished to initiate a radical reform by abolishing all relics, images, and mass
Andreas Carlstadt
created the Martydom of Saint Sebastian
Antonio Pollaiulo
Investigation of movement
Antonoio Pallaiulo
intellectual movement based on the study classical literary works of Greece and Rome
Renaissance Humanism
A. Encompasses popes from the end of the Great Schism to the beginning of the reformation
Renaissance Papacy
eleven Lutheran cities- vowed to protect each other when one was attacked for religious reason
Schmalkaldic League
emerged from Franciscans- caring for the sic and focused on preaching directly to the people
Capuchins
had the imitation of Christ translated to Spanish
Cardinal Ximenes
restored discipline and eliminated immortality among the monks and secular clergy
Cardinal Ximenes
commissioned a translation of Plato's dialogues
Casimo de' Medici
became prominent in Venice for her public recitations or orations
Cassandra Fedele
stressed the importance of liberal studies and physical education
Concerning Character
Renaissance view of the value of liberal arts was most strongly influenced by what?
Concerning Character by Pietro Paolo Vergerio
passed the Sacrosanct and Frequens & Sacrosanta
Consul of Canstance
Did not use juries and allowed torture to extract confession
Courts of Star Chambers
highest point of Renaissance works of historagraphy
Frencesco Guicciardini
Charless V four major problems
French; Papacy; Turks; German International Situation
Initiated the High Renaissance preoccupation with the idealization of nature
Da Vinci
designed the Tempietto
Dante Bramante
designed a small temple on the site of Saint Peter's martydom
Donato Bramante
Major activities of Jesuits
Establishing schools; Spreading of Catholic faith among Christian; fighting Protestantism
condemning appeals to a council over the head of a pope as heretical
Exercabilis
short treaty on the doctrine of salvation
Freedom of a Christian Man
emphasizes political and military history
Frencesco Guicciardini
painted Geiovanni Arnolini and His Bride
Jan van Eyck
condemned Luther as a heretic
Johann Eck
proclaimed himself king of the New Jerusalem
John of Leiden
initiated the English Reformation
King Henry VIII
defended the ability of woman to pursue scholarly pursuits
Laura Cereta
was the first Italian humanist to gain through knowledge of the Greek
Leonardo Bruni
wrote History of the Florentine People
Leonardo Bruni
Dominated renaissance art
Leonardo da Vinci, Rapheal, and Michelangelo
practice in which wealthy aristocrats maintained private armies of followers dedicated to service of their lord
Livery and maintenance
The Elegances of Latin Language
Lorenzo Valla
creates a base for later development of a strong French monarchy
Louis XI
spider king
Louis XI
invites French king Charles VII to intervene in Italian politics
Ludovice Sforza ( duke of Milan)
wrote 95 Thesis
Luther
wrote Freedom of a Christian Man
Luther
wrote The Adress to the Nobility of the German Nation
Luther
founded the Carmelite nuns
Saint Teresa of Avila
created Primavera
Sandro Botticelli
His 3D human figures provided a model for later generations of Florentine painters
Massccio
Peaceful, evangelical, and stressed separation from the world
Menno Simons
Plato and the Platonic philosophy
Neoplatonism
indictment of abuses in the sale of indulgences
Ninety-Five-Thesis
uses figures as props to show off his mastery of perspective
Paolo Uccello
Painted reflecting the mathematical side of art
Paulo Uccello
ended religious war fare in Germany
Peace of Augsburg
first to characterize the middle ages as a period of darkness; promoting that the middle ages was ignorant
Petrarch
greatest advocate of malitian Catholicism
Philip II of Spain
created Urbino
Piero della Francesca
provided accurate representation & sense of the power & wealth of the rulers of Urbino
Piero della Frencesca
had an especially important impact on Florentine painters
Platonic Academy
believed no religious truth was worth civil war
Politiques
most involved in war and politics than any other pope
Pope Julius
issued an indulgence finance for the construction of St. Peter's Basilica
Pope Leo X
created the Index of Forbidden Books
Pope Paul IV
issued the papal bull Exercabilis
Pope Pius II
commissioned to do paintings and construction of St. Peter's basilica
Rapheal
baptized as children and then again adults
Re-baptist
emphasized reforming the secular clergy; founding orphanages and hospitals
Theatines
A new confession of faith that defined theological issues midway between Lutheranism & Calvinism
Thirty Nine Articles
praised his household as a model of Christian family life
Thomas More
wrote The Imitation of Christ
Thomas a Kempis
northern provinces of Netherlands
Union of Utrecht
order of nuns that focused on establishing schools for educating girls
Ursulines
founded the most famous school in the educational renaissance
Vittorina de Feltre
Luther's major concern
assurance of salvation
designed to prevent the expansion of power, wealth, or rank of any one state at the expense of others
balance of power
Makes it difficult for the king to assert authority after the Hundred Years War
depopulation; desolate farmlands; ruined commerce; independent and unruly nobles; nationalism
Primary concern of the renaissance papacy
governing the church as its spiritual leader
what did the Peace of Augsburg do?
granted Lutheranism equal standing with Catholicism; Each German ruler to decide the religion of his subjects
stressed the occult sciences with emphasis on astrology, alchemy, and magic
hermeticism
starting point for most Protestant major doctrines
justification by faith alone
poem set to music
madrigal
made the Hapsburg dynasty an international power
marriage of Maximilian to Mary
his frescoes were regarded as the first masterpieces of early renaissance art
masaccio
How did the Calvinist view the Last Supper?
only in a spiritual sense
most important characteristic of northern humanism
reform program
union of the Union of Arras
southern provinces of the Netherlands
reveals a world of balance harmony, and order; underlying principals of classical Greece and Rome
the School of Athens
music tries to portray the literal meaning of the text
text painting
was an effort to purify medieval Latin and restore Latin to proper position over the vernacular
the Elegances of Latin
foremost achievement of Martin Luther
translation of the New testament into German
greatest contribution of Guillaume Dufay
will change the composition of mass