AP EURO CHAPTER 19 REVIEW

Edmund Burke

(1729-1797) Member of British Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought.

Victor Hugo

(1802-1885) French writer, an exponent in the French Romantic movement, best known poems were La Légende des siècles and Les Contemplations, best known novels- Hunchback of Notre-Dame and Les Miserables

Members of the 3 Estates

1- clergy 2- nobility, knights 3- peasants, working class

Abbe Sieyes' thoughts on the 3rd Estate 1789 v 1799

1789, attacked noble and clerical privileges and was hugely popular throughout France amongst the many persons who hoped for reform. Supported the rise of the third estate. 1799, opposed to a return to power by those of radical and looked for a way in which such radicalism could be contained

Describe the main cause and outcome of the women's march to Versailles

An angry mob of nearly 7,000 working women - armed with pitchforks, pikes and muskets - marched from Paris to Versailles to revolt against the rising bread prices. The march brought an end the monarchy of Versailles and transformed the role of women in revolution and what political gains they could expect for themselves

Federalists v. Anti-Federalists platforms

Anti-Federalists wanted states' rights, bill of rights, unanimous consent, reference to religion, more power to less-rich and common people; Federalists wanted strong central government, more power to experienced, separation of church and state, stated that national government would protect individual rights

How did Napoleon consolidate his rule?

Bonaparte consolidated his power by gaining the favor of the people. He strengthened many of the reforms of the Revolution and limited the power of the church. By eliminating competition as he expanded territoraly, Napoleon was able to become even more influential.

Why did Great Britain tax the American colonies in the 1760s?

Britain also needed money to pay for its war debts. The King and Parliament believed they had the right to tax the colonies. They decided to require several kinds of taxes from the colonists to help pay for the French and Indian War.

Mary Wollstonecraft

British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women."She denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women.

How did nobles come to see the French Revolution by 1791?

French citizens razed and redesigned their country's political landscape, uprooting centuries-old institutions such as absolute monarchy and the feudal system.

What was the biggest problem with France's financial system in the 18th c?

Half of the government income from taxes went to paying the interest on the enormous debt. Government had to increase taxes, reduce expenses or both.

Why did French commissioners in Saint Dominguez abolish slavery in 1793?

In 1791, the slaves and some free people of color of Saint-Domingue began waging a rebellion against French authority. The rebels became reconciled to French rule following the abolition of slavery in the colony in 1793, although this alienated the island's dominant slave-holding class.

What military victories in 1796 and 1797 did Napoleon achieve?

In 1796, Napoleon commanded a French army that defeated the larger armies of Austria, one of his country's primary rivals, in a series of battles in Italy. In 1797, France and Austria signed the Treaty of Campo Formio, resulting in territorial gains for the French

Describe the socio-economic characteristics of Loyalists during Am Rev.

Most educated Americans accepted John Locke's theory of natural rights and limited government. Thus, the Loyalists, like the rebels, criticized such British actions as the Stamp Act and the Coercive Acts. Loyalists wanted to pursue peaceful forms of protest because they believed that violence would give rise to mob rule or tyranny. They also believed that independence would mean the loss of economic benefits derived from membership in the British mercantile system.

Reasons for conflicts between Jacobins and Girondists

Mountain - The Mountain group, also called the Montagnards, got their name because they sat along the top benches of the Assembly. They were the most radical faction of the Jacobins and were led by Robespierre. They opposed the Girondists and eventually gained control of the club. Girondists - The Girondists were less-radical than the Mountain and eventually the two groups came into conflict. Many Girondists were executed at the start of the Terror for opposing Robespierre.

Women's March to Versailles

On October 5, 1789 an angry mob of Parisian women stormed through Versailles demanding Louis XVI end the nationwide food shortage and that the royal family return to Paris with them.

Laws passed by National Assembly 1789-1791

The National Assembly began the process of drafting a constitution. The Declaration of the Rights of Man, adopted on 27 August 1789. Abolished the nobilities privileges, issued the declaration, abolished nobility, legalized divorce, broadened women's rights, and changes in religion.

Political impact/effect of storming Bastille

The Storming of the Bastille set off a series of events that led to the overthrow of King Louis XVI and the French Revolution. The success of the revolutionaries gave commoners throughout France the courage to rise up and fight against the nobles who had ruled them for so long.

"Hundred Days" in France

The brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French King and again becoming Emperor of France.

How did delegates to the Legislative Assembly that convened in October 1791 differ from the delegates to the Estates General/National Assembly?

They were more inexperienced and radical, wealthy and educated, middle class men.

1794- how did the FR gov't reassert control?

This change of fortune was due to the revolutionary governments success in harnessing the explosive forces of a planned economy, revolutionary terror, and modern nationalism in a total war effort.

Napoleonic Code

This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy

How did the Concordat resolve the crisis over Catholicism in France in the Napoleonic era?

The Catholic Church gained the right to practice religion freely, while the French state gained greater control over the nomination of church officers and church activities.

In the 1780s, over 50% of France's budget went to this expenditure:

Spent on interest

Lycees

a government-run public school in France

Main profession of those representing the 3rd estate in Estates General(like Robespierre!)

Politicians/Lawyer

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).

Committee of Public Safety

Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.

In early democratic regimes, how did leadership determine who voted?

In indirect, or representative democracy, citizens elect representatives to make laws on their behalf. Direct democracy makes decisions by majority rule. Representative democracy was made with the idea that representatives would be responsible for the majority's interests while protecting minority rights.

How did the National Assembly respond to the hopes and expectations of Saint Domingue's different social groups?

It frustrated the hopes of all the different social groups.

Napoleon's Grand Empire

The empire ruled by Napoleon; composed of three parts: the French Empire (the inner core of the grand empire), the dependant states (under the rule of Napoleon's relatives) and allied states (those defeated by Napoleon)

How did the gov't restore order after the Great Fear?

To check the peasants, the National Constituent Assembly decreed the abolition of the feudal regime and introduced the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

In the summer of 1789, the National Assembly was driven toward more radical action by

Revolutionary actions of French peasants and the common people of Paris

Goya, The Third of May 1808, 1814

Romanticism

What two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code?

The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property

Jacobins' policy for women's political participation

The jacobins took actions to suppress women's participation in political debate, which the perceived as disorderly and a distraction from their proper place in the home.

Why did members of the National Convention turn against Robespierre on the Ninth of Thermidor?

A group of radicals and moderates in the convention knew they might be the next people that Robespierre sent to the guillotine. They howled him down while he was speaking and it was his turn to be guillotined the next day.

Olympe de Gouges

A proponent of democracy, she demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She lost her life to the guillotine due to her revolutionary ideas.

What was so great about the Declaration of Independence?

By issuing the Declaration of Independence, adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, the 13 American colonies severed their political connections to Great Britain. The Declaration summarized the colonists' motivations for seeking independence.

How did Louis XV weaken the power of the monarchy?

Decisions damaged power of France, weakened the treasury, discredited the monarchy, and led to the French Revolution which broke out 15 years after his death.

Why did the Directory continue to engage in war?

It had to rid the scene of Jacobin influence while at the same time prevent royalists from taking advantage of the disarray and reclaiming the throne. The two-thirds rule was implemented for this reason, as an attempt to keep the same composition like that of the original, moderate-run National Convention. In theory, the new government closely resembled that of the United States, with its checks-and-balances system.

After the arrest and deportation of Toussaint L'Ouverture, how was the war of Haitian Independence resolved?

Jean-Jacques Dessalines, L'Ouverture's lieutenant, led the resistance to a crushing victory over the French and later declared Haitian independence.

How did the Continental system impact the middle-class?

Keeping jobs open for men of talent. Stimulated the economy. For the poor, he made food cheap. For the peasants he allowed them to keep the lands they got from the revolution and he did not restore the feudal ways.

US Constitutional Convention 1787-slavery

Occurred in Philadelphia, PA. All states sent delegates except RI. Each state was given one vote on decisions. 7/13 states had to be present to hold meetings. Agreed to abandon Articles and start new.

The string of French military victories after the winter of 1793-94 owed largely to

Patriotism and the superior numbers supplied by the draft

What "mixed message" did the invading French army send when conquering territories?

They could not distinguish the French army between liberators or foreign invaders because they abolished feudalism, drove princes away, and preached individual freedom everywhere they went, but at the same time they lived off the land and plundered local treasures.