AP EURO CHAPTER 21

What was the Chartist movement? What did they want?

Chartism was a working-class movement for political reform in Britain which existed from 1838 to 1858. They wanted all men of 21 years of age to have voting rights.

What did the combination act of 1799 do?

It prohibited trade unions and collective bargaining by British workers.

In Germany, Fritz Harkort...?

sought to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense.

Who were the Luddites?

British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work

How did railroads affect the nature of production?

Markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.

Explain the Factory Act of 1833

Movement in Great Britain that outlawed the employment of children under the age of nine in textile mills; also limited the work days for those aged nine to thirteen to nine hours a day, and teenagers to twelve hours a day

Which one of the following best characterizes the British economy between 1780 and 1851?

Much of the growth of the gross national product was eaten up by population growth.

Explain the "separate spheres" pattern of gender relationships.

The notion of separate spheres dictates that men, based primarily on their biological makeup as well as the will of God, inhabit the public sphere - the world of politics, economy, commerce, and law. Women's "proper sphere", according to the ideology, is the private realm of domestic life, child-rearing, housekeeping, and religious education. The separate spheres ideology presumes that women and men are inherently different and that distinctive gender roles are natural.

As major railroad construction came to a close in Britain, what happened to the workers who built those lines?

They drifted to towns and cities in search of employment and became urban laborers.

Why did the eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?

Wood had been over-harvested: it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry.

Who was Robert Owens and what did he do?

Writer, factory owner. Thought child labor was wrong. Put all workers into a national union

The major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution was

James Watt's steam engine, developed and marketed between the 1760's and the 1780's.

Which of the following best explains David Ricardo's Iron Law of Wages?

The pressure of population growth would always sink wages to subsistence levels.

How was the life of nonagricultural workers transformed between 1760 and 1830?

Workers worked many more days per year

How did cotton transform the textile industry?

Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production.

All of the following correctly characterize industrial growth patterns in Europe except...?

following the Napoleonic wars, France experienced a boom in factory production as the economy shifted from wartime to peacetime production

The crystal Palace exhibition of 1851 commemorated the...?

industrial dominance of Britain.

British economist Thomas Malthus argued that...

population always grew faster than the food supply.