AP Euro Full Test

Alfanso de Albuqurque

(c. 1462-1515) after seeing the need for a land base in the area to help cut off spices to Muslim rulers in Egypt and the Ottoman Empire, he set up port facilities at Goa, on the western coast of India. This made Goa the Portuguese headquarters for operations throughout the entire region

King James I

1566-1625 King James I of England claimed political legitimacy through the "divine right of kings"

Peace of Westphalia

1648, treaty that ended the Thirty Year's War in Germany.

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Nuremberg Laws

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.

Helsinki Agreements

1975 agreements that all major states agreed upon that recognized the Soviet sphere of influence and the importance human rights

David Hume

A Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, who is best known today for his highly influential system of radical philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism.

Addison and Steele's Spectator

A daily publication founded by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele in England, lasting from 1711 to 1712. Each "paper", or "number", was approximately 2,500 words long, and the original run consisted of 555 numbers, beginning on 1 March 1711.

New World Order

A description of the international system resulting from the collapse of the Soviet Union in which the balance of nuclear terror theoretically no longer determined the destinies of states

Second Estate

A division of middle age society that included nobility like earls, counts, barons, dukes, and kings

Maginot line

A sort of defensive shell built by France between 1930 and 1935, consisting of a series of concrete and steel fortifications armed with heavy artillery

panzer divisions

A strike force of about three hundred tanks and accompanying forces and supplies; encircled the Polish troops during the first Blitzkrieg

Consumer Society

A substantial increase in the real wages of the working classes enabled them to aspire to the consumption patterns of the middle class. The installment plan became widespread in the 1950s and gave workers a chance to imitate the middle class by buying such products as television, washing machines, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, and stereos.

Gustavus III of Sweden

A vocal opponent, as he saw it, of abuses by the nobility of a permissiveness established by parliamentarian reforms that had been worked out before his reign (the so-called Age of Liberty), he enacted the Act of Union and Security to reinstate absolute monarchy with himself as autocrat.

Social Contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

bourgeoisie

About 8% of the Third Estate constituted the _______, or middle class, who owned about 20-25% of the land.

Louis XIV

Absolute Monarch (1643-1715). Known as the Sun King. His reign "started" when he was four years old.

invasion of Poland

Act by Hitler followed by Britain's and France's declarations of war on Germany

Second French Republic

After the 1848 revolution in France, which caused Louis-Philippe to flee, this government system was put in place by revolutionists and guaranteed universal male suffrage. Louis-Napoleon (later known as Napoleon III), nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, was overwhelmingly elected president, and France enjoyed a period of stability and prosperity. This government was later overthrown in yet another coup d'etat.

Cuban Missile Crisis

After the Bay of Pigs incident, the Soviet Union stationed nuclear missiles in Cuba. The U. S. was not prepared to allow nuclear weapons within such close striking distance of the American mainland. When U. S. intelligence discovered that a Soviet fleet carrying missiles was heading to Cuba, President Kennedy decided to blockade Cuba and prevent the fleet from reaching its destination. Krushchev agreed to turn back the fleet if Kennedy pledged not to invade Cuba.

Triple Alliance

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI.

Astell

Argued for female education, argued for marrage equality

Waterloo

At ________ on June 18, Napoleon met a combined British and Prussian army under the duke of Wellington and suffered a bloody defeat.

Austerlitz

At the Battle of Ulm in southern Germany in 1805, Napoleon crushed an Austrian army of fifty thousand men. Proceeding eastward from Ulm, Napoleon attacked Austrian and Russian forces gathered at ________ and devastated the combined armies. Austria sued for peace, and Tsar Alexander I took his remanding forces back to Russia.

Bourbons

At the beginning of the 18th century, Spain went from rule by Habsburgs to rule by the ________, who had also ruled in France.

DORA

At the beginning of the war, British parliament passed the Defense of the Realm Act, which allowed the public authorities to arrest dissenters as traitors.

Thomas Hobbes Leviathan

Believed in an absolute monarchy in order for there to be peace.

Boyle's Book

Boyle's Law

predestination

Calvin's idea that God had predestined some people to be saves and others to be damned. Three tests that might indicate possible salvation

Gentry

Class of powerful, well-to-do people who enjoy a high social status

Hanseatic League

Commercial and defensive alliance along coast of northern Europe, to protect economic privileges of coastal cities and states visited by merchants

Mary Shelly

Daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft. Author of Frankenstein, and published under her own name.

Bishop Bossuet

Defender of Divine-right Monarchy.

Alexander V

Elected Pope by Council of Pisa

Duma

Elected national legislature in Russia

John Wycliffe

English theologian from Oxford who challenged the pope and rituals of the medieval Church

Johannes Gutenberg

First European to use printing with movable metal type

Louis-Philippe

French king who overthrew the Bourbon dynasty and came to power in the July Revolution of 1830 --He was more liberal than Charles X, and was known as the "bourgeois monarch" for protecting the interests of the business classes -- He showed little concern for the problems of France's working classes, and in 1848 popular uprisings forced him to abdicate the throne

Bill of Rights

Gave Parliament solidified power, made it so the monarch could not do anything without consent of parlaiment.

Kodak camera

George Eastman put the first simple camera (the kodak) into the hands of a world of consumers in 1888

Hermann Goring

German politician in Nazi Germany who founded the Gestapo and mobilized Germany for war (1893-1946) Hitler's Reich Marshal

Rembrandt van Rijn

Greatest Dutch artist of the period. Painted portraits of wealth middle class merchantes. Painted the Night Watch.

Henry VIII's Wives

He Had a lot of them!

Henry IV

Henry of Lancaster, deposed Richard II and made himself king

Lebensraum

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

Jethro Tull

In England, _____ discovered that using a hoe to keep the soil loose allowed air and moisture to reach plants and enable them to grow better.

Rape of Nanking

Japan had not planned to declare war on China, but neither side would compromise, and the 1937 incident eventually turned into a major conflict. The Japanese advanced up the Yangtze valley and seized the Chinese capital of Nanjing, raping and killing thousands of innocent civilians in the process. But Chiang Kai-shek refused to capitulate and moved his government upriver to Hankou.

Angela Merkel

Leader of the Christian Democrats. Became the first female German Chancellor

MP

Member of Parliament

Merian's Book

Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam

Concordat

Napoleon saw the necessity to come to terms with the Catholic church in order to stabilize his regime. He opened negotiations with Pope Pius VII to reestablish Catholic control in France. Both sides gained from the ________ that Napoleon arranged with the Pope in 1801, but Napoleon gained more. Just by signing the ______, the Pope acknowledged the accomplishments of the Revolution. Catholicism was not established as the state religion; Napoleon was only willing to recognize Catholicism as the religion of the majority of the French people.

Grand Empire

Napoleon's ______ was composed of three major parts: the French empire, a series of dependent states, and allied states.

non-aggression pact

Negotiated by Hitler with Stalin in 1939

Harvey's Book

On the Motion of the Heart and Blood

Puritans

Opposed James I due to political concerns

Pascal's Book

Pensees

Guest Workers

People from the former European Colonies that moved to Europe after the fall of the Colonia System in the 1960s.

Paracelsus

Philippus Aureolus von Hohenheim; (1493-1543); may have been awarded a medical degree from University of Ferrara; appointed city physician and professor of medicine at Basel in 1527; rejected work of Aristotle and Galen; new chemical philosophy based on new understanding of nature

Russification

Policy imposing Russian customs and traditions on other people. Pursued by Alexander II,of the numerous nationalities that made the russian empire. It served primarily to anger national groups and create new sources of opposition do tsarist policies.

Poland's Sejm

Polish assembly, shared power with king, weakened central authority

Lech Walesa

Polish labor leader and statesman (born in 1943)

Pedro Cabral

Portuguese sea captain who accidentally discovered the continent of South America in 1500

Geocentric Conception

Ptolemaic; the universe was seen as a series of concentric spheres with a fixed or motionless earth at its center; material substances of earth, air, fire, and water = earth was imperfect and constantly changing

"Persian Letters"

Published by Montesquieu, Two Persians traveling the Europe who gave their impressions,Ê -by doing this he could criticize the catholic church and the French Monarchy

Isabella

Queen of Spain, wife of Ferdinand

Levellers

Radical religious revolutionaries-sought social and political reforms, a more egalitarian (equal) society.

Henry V

Renewed 100 years' war, won Battle of Agincourt

spheres of influence; self-determination

Roosevelt by the time of the Yalta conference was moving away from the notion of ______________ to the ideal of ___________. He called for "the end of the system of unilateral action, exclusive alliances, and spheres of influence." Liberated countries were to hold free electiosn to determine their political systems.

the Big Three

Russia, U. S., & Britain (Stalin, Roosevelt, & Churchill)

War in Kosovo

Serbia tried to take control over Kosovo. In 1990 the KLA was formed and attacked Serbian officials. In 1999, NATO started bombing Serbia to stop the violence.

mestizo

Spanish settlers married Indians, their offspring was called this

Apartheid

System of racial segregation in South Africa in the 1950s

potato; corn

The 18th century witnessed greater yields of vegetables, including two important American crops, the _____ and ______.

The Little Entente

The French alliance between the smaller countries of Romania, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia. Created in 1921, this entente was an attempt by France to counterbalance German power.

Robert Clive

The French competed successfully with the British for spice trades in India and captured the British for at Madras... the British were saved by the military genius of this aggressive British leader

Nineteenth Amendment

The Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. constitution gave women in the United States the right to vote in 1920.

trench warfare

The early trenches dug in 1914 had by now become elaborate systems of defense. Both lines of trenches were protected by barbed wire entanglements 3 to 5 feet high and 30 yard wide, concrete machine gun nests, and mortar batteries, supported further back by heavy artillery. The unexpected development of trench warfare baffled military leaders, who had been trained to fight wars of movement and maneuver.

Prester John

The magical kingdom of __________. Writers spoke of this in books and it encouraged Europeans to travel.

navies; armies; poor

The maritime powers like Great Britain and the Dutch Republic regarded _____ as more important than ______. Conditions on navy ships were often ______. Diseases like scurvy and yellow fever were rampant; crews were frequently press-ganged into duty.

the Bastille

The most famous of the urban risings was the fall of _________. The king's attempt to take defensive measures by increasing the number of troops at the arsenals in Paris and along the roads to Versailles served not t ointimdate but rather to inflame public opinion. Increased mob activity in Paris led Parisian leaders to form the so-called Permanent Committee to keep order. Needing arms, they organized a popular force to capture the Invalides, a royal armory, and on July 14 attacked ___________, another royal armory. But the _____ had also been a state prison, and its fall quickly became a popular symbol of triumph over despotism.

British Welfare State

The new Labour government after WWII, with Clement Attlee as prime minister, proceeded to enact reforms that created a modern ___________.

Christian Democrats

The new ______ were not connected to the prewar church-based parties that had been advocates of church interests and had crusaded against both liberal and socialist causes; they were sincerely interested in democracy and in significant economic reforms; particularly strong in Italy and Germany

Rapprochement

The new peaceful coexistence hoped for by many in the West when Stalin died in 1953; temporarily squashed when the Soviet Union used its armed forces to crush Hungary's attempt to assert its independence from Soviet control

British "bobbies"

The new police in London were called

monogenesis

The notion that the human species descended from a single monogamous union, whose descendant traveled throughout the world and became four distinguishable races (white, black, American, Hindu)

Triumph of the Will

This Nazi propaganda film was created in 1936 by Leni Riefenstahl to show the might of the Nazi party at a rally in Nuremberg.

Second Industrial Revolution

This played a role in the emergence of basic economic patterns that have characterized much of modern European economic life.

Reign of Terror

To meet the domestic crisis, the National Convention and the Committee of Public Safety established the "__________"

Philosophic Letters on the English

Voltaire

Wars with Netherlands, English, Habsburgs

Wars that Louie XVI fought to increase France's domination over Europe.

Pocket boroughs

Who could vote varied widely, enabling wealthy landed aristocrats to gain support through patronage and bribery; the result was a number of _________ controlled by a single person.

Jane Seymour

Wife of Henry VIII - produced son but died 12 days later.

Giovanni Boccaccio

Writer of the Decameron

Gibbon

Wrote "The decline and fall of the Roman Empire" Said the growth of Christianity was the cause of the collapse of the Empire

Alexander Solzhenitsyn

Wrote a novel Krushchev allowed him to publish called A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, a grim portrayal of the horrors of the forced-labor camps

James Cook

Wrote travels, discovered islands and published the book Travels on their life. This brought cultural realism to Europe

Concert of Europe

a means of maintaining the new status quo of the Quadruple Alliance, which orchestrated periodical meetings and strategies in order to ward against attempts of the restoration of Bonapartists and ensure a continued balance of power.

IRA

a militant organization of Irish nationalists who used terrorism and guerilla warfare in an effort to drive British forces from Northern Ireland and achieve a united independent Ireland

Alexander Kerensky

a moderate socialist who had become prime minister in the provisional government. Kerensky released bolsheviks from prison and turned do the petrograd soviet for help. Kerensky's action had strengthened the hands of the petrograd soviet and had shown lenin how weak the provisional government was.

Book of Common Prayer

a new Protestant prayer book during young Edward's reign in England

Peace of Lodi

a peaceful, 40 year era in Italy after 50 years of warfare, created alliance system (Milan, Florence, and Naples vs. Venice and The Papacy)

Existentialism

a philosophy based on the idea that people give meaning to their lives through their choices and actions

Statute of Laborers

a set of laws passed by the British Parliament which attempted to limit wages and forbid peasant mobility

L'umo universale

a social ideal of the well-rounded personality or universal person

Cheka

although the old tsarist secret police had been abolished, a new red secret police known as the Cheka replaced it. The red terror instituted by the cheka aimed at nothing less than the destruction of all opponents of the new regime. The cheka promulgated terror against members of all classes including the proletariat if they opposed the new regime. The red terror added an element of fear do the bolshevik regime.

Minimalism

an art movement in sculpture and painting that began in the 1950s and emphasized extreme simplification of form and color

Zemsky Sobor

an assembly of clergy, nobles, and townsmen who chose Michael Romanov, to tbe the new tsar after the death of Ivan the Terrible.

EC

an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members

Rhineland

area in Germany that ended up being a center of iron manufacturing

millenarianism

belief in future of blessedness after the Second Coming of Christ; Anabaptists believed in this and prepared for it in Munster

Science of Man

belief that Newton's scientific methods could be used to discover the natural laws underlying human life

The Great Instauration (The Great Renewal)

called his contemporaries "to commence a total reconstruction of sciences, arts, and all human knowledge, raised upon the proper foundation."

Boers

dutch farmers

KGB

formerly the predominant security police organization of Soviet Russia

Marcilio Ficino

known for translating Plato and the exposition of Neoplatonism

Factory Acts between 1802 and 1819

limited child labor, stipulated requirements for education in reading and arithmetic

Polygenesis

multiple human origins

Joseph William Malford Turner

romantic painter

Macrocosm

the larger world

Spanish-American War

the loss of this war increased discontent between the two political groups, liberals and conservatives, whose members stemmed from the same social group of great land owning allied with a few wealthy industrialists

Ethnic cleansing

the mass expulsion and killing of one ethic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area

Alexandra Kollontai and the Zhenotdel

the new bolshevik government also introduced a number of social changes. Kollontai who was a supporter of revolutionary socialism while in exile in switzerland took the lead in pushing the a bolshevik program for women''s rights and social welfare reforms. As minister of social welfare she tried to provide healthcare for women and children by establishing palaces for the protection of maternity and children.also instrumental in establishing a women's bureau known as zhenotdel within the communist party. This bureau sent men and women do all parts of russian empire do explain the new social order. Members were especially eager to help women with matters of divorce and women's rights. In the eastern provinces several were murdered by angry males who objected to any kind of liberation for their wives and daughters. Several of the social reforms were later undone as the communists came face to face more pressing matters such as survival of the new regime.

Junkers

the nobility or landed aristocracy, who owned large estates with many serfs; played a dominant role in Prussian State in the 1700s

Boyle's Law

the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted on it

Lord Byron

was an English poet and a leading figure in the Romantic movement

Ivan IV

"The Terrible"; Russian ruler; cruel and tyranical; murdered nobility; extremely paranoid (killed his own son); taxed people heavily; took title of "czar"

Existentialism

"existence precedes essence"; humans have no preordained destiny and are utterly alone in the universe; humans have but one source of hope—themselves; ethics of action

Crédit Mobilier (not the APUSH scandal!)

"mobile credit," allowed increased investment

Adam Smith

"wealth of nations" advocated the idea of laissez faire; or government not involving themselves in the economy. Labor = wealth

Prince Henry the Navigator

(1349-1460) Explored the coast of Africa with the motives of seeking a Christian kingdom as an ally against the Muslims, trade opportunities and extending Christianity; founded a school for navigators in Portugal and led the Portuguese in gathering slaves and gold from Africa

Bartholomeu Dias

(1450-1500) heard reports of a route to India around the southern tip of Africa; rounded the Cape of Good Hope but feared a revolt of his crew and returned to Portugal

Erasmus

(1466-1536) Popularized the reform program of Christian Humanism, most influential of Christian humanists; emphasized inner piety and deemphasized external sources of religion

John Calvin

(1509-1564) second generation Protestant reformer; experiences a religious crisis of God bringing his mind to a teachable frame, convinced of inner guidance of God; Calvinism

Andreas Vesalius

(1514-1564); new anatomy of the 16th century; "On Anatomical Procedures" by Galen led Vesalius to emphasize practical research as the principal avenue for understanding human anatomy

Johannes Kepler

(1571-1630); abandoned theology and became a teacher of mathematics and astronomy at Graz in Austria; work illustrates the narrow line that separated magic and science; possessed interest in Hermetic mathematical magic; theory that universe was constructed on the basis of geometric figures

William Harvey

(1578-1657); received a doctorate of medicine in 1602; his work was based on meticulous observations and experiments

Rene Descartes

(1596-1650); 11-10-1619, "ecstatic illumination of the mystic"; made new commitment to mind mathematics and a mechanical universe

Cardinal Mazarin

(1602-1661) Richelieu's successor as chief minister for the next child-king, the four-year-old Louis XIV.

Thirty Years War

(1618-1648) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between Frence and their rivals the Hapsburgs, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. "Last of the religious wars"

Blaise Pascal

(1623-1662); French scientist who sought to keep science and religion united; excelled at the practical and the abstract

Long Parliament

(1640 - 1660) English Parliament which met off and on for twenty years due to religious and civil problems. Occurs during the English Civil War.

Antoine Lavoisier

(1743-1794); invented a system of naming the chemist elements; regarded by many as the founder of modern chemistry

Osama Bin Laden

(1957-) Founder of al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks.

Universal Laws of Gravitation #1

1. Every object continues in a state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless deflected by a force

First Law of Planetary Motion

1. Rejected Copernicus by showing that the orbits of plants around the sun were elliptical with the sun at one focus of the ellipse rather than at the center.

Ferdinand VII

1814, Restored the Bourbon dynasty in Spain. Agreed to observe the liberal constitution of 1812.

Romanticism

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason. A reaction to the harshness of the Enlightenment and Neoclassicism

Social Darwinism

19th century of belief that evolutionary ideas theorized by Charles Darwin could be applied to society. Strong societies live whilst the weaker parish.

Third Law of Planetary Motion

3. Established that the square of a planet's period of revolution is proportional to the cube of its average distance from the sun; planets with larger orbits revolve at a slower rate than those with smaller orbits

Universal Laws of Gravitation #3

3. To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

William Clinton

42nd president, democrat

Sepoy Mutiny

A 1857 rebellion of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in India.

Northern Union

A Russian secret society that favored constitutional monarchy and abolition serfdom. Orchestrate the Decembritst Revolt against Nicholas I.

John Cabot

A Venetian seaman who explored the New England coastline of the Americas after it was understood that Columbus had discovered New World; under a license from King Henry VII of England

Glorious Revolution

A bloodless revolt in England against Catholic King James II that led to his overthrow and the appointment of Protestant daughter Mary to the throne. These events in England allowed many colonists in America to get rid of hated officials too

Leonardo Bruni

A humanist, writer of The New Cicero

Absolutism

A political system in which a ruler holds total power.

Politburo

A seven-member committee that became the leading policy-making body of the Communist Party in Russia

Josephine Baker

African-American actress, singer, opera performer, first black women to star in major motion picture; she moved to France

Joseph Stalin

After Lenin died in 1924, he defeated Trotsky to gain power in the U.S.S.R. He created consecutive five year plans to expand heavy industry. He tried to crush all opposition and ruled as the absolute dictator of the U.S.S.R. until his death.

League of Augsburg

Alliance between Spain, HRE, United Provinces, Sweden, and England to fight the French.

Schmalkaldic League

An alliance of Protestant German states; fearful of Charles V's intentions after Peace of Augsburg, they created this defensive alliance. Vowed to assist each other when attacked.

Post-impressionism

An artistic movement that expressed a world that could not normally be seen, like dreams and fantasy. Paul Cezanne, Vincent van Gogh

Global Warming

An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)

World Trade Organization

An international agency which encourages trade between member nations, administers global trade agreements and resolves disputes when they arise.

League of Nations

An international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations. It failed because it was essentially powerless.

European Union

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.

duke of Wellington

At Waterloo on June 18, Napoleon met a combined British and Prussian army under the __________ and suffered a bloody defeat.

Jena; Friedland; Grand Army

At first, Prussia had refused to join the Third Coalition, but after Napoleon began to reorganize the German states, Prussia reversed course. Acting quickly, napoleon crushed Prussian forces at _____ and Auerstadt in October 1806 and then moved on to defeat the Russians, who had decided to reenter the fray, at Eylau and ____ in June 1807. Napoleon's _______ had defeated the Continental members of the coalition, giving him the opportunity to create a new European order.

Battles of Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes

At the beginning of the war, the Russian army moved into eastern Germany by was decisively defeated at the Battles of Tanneberg on August 30 and the Masurian Lakes on September 15. Theses battles established the military reputations of the commanding general, Paul von Hindenburg, and his chief of staff, General Erich Ludendorff. The Russians were no longer a threat to German territory.

Adolf Hitler

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocaust.

Metternich

Austrian foreign minister who led the Congress of Vienna.

Marsilio Ficino

Began neoplatonism, translated Plato

King Leopold II

Belgian King who wished to "open to civilization the only part of the globe where it has not been penetrated" by establishing colonies in the Congo

Divine Comedy

Book by Dante Alighieri, describes soul's progression into heaven

Decameron

Book that describes life in 14th century Italy, captures citizens' reactions to the Black Plague

"The Wealth of Nations"

Book written by Smith, attacked mercantilism, presented his 3 principles of economics

"Vindication of the Rights of Women"

Book written by Wollstonecraft, women should not be subjected to men women should have the same rights in education, economic, and political life

Cecil Rhodes

British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa made a fortune in gold and diamond mining.

Henrietta Maria

Charles I Catholic and French wife

Catholic Church

Continued to loose its power during the enlightenment jesuits come in to help

Mongols

Created a vast empire, brought the plague from Asia to Europe

Visconti

Dictator of Duchy of Milan

levées en masse

Draft of people/volunteer army run by Danton, 1.5 million people joined the army

nepotism

Favoritism granted to family members regardless of merit, used among Popes

Marie and Pierre Curie

French chemists and physicists; they discovered radium and polonium in 1898

Charles V

French king who recovered all lands lost to England

Joan of Arc

French peasant girl who led the French army and rallied them against the British.

Albert Camus

French writer who portrayed the human condition as isolated in an absurd world (1913-1960)

Berlin Wall

Frustrated after being forced by the U. S. a second time to back off on his threats of a six-month ultimatum over West Berlin, Krushchev conspired with the East German leader to build the _________ to cut off the flow of refugees to the West

Treaty of Locarno

Guaranteed Germany's new western borders with France and Belgium.

Emperor Ferdinand II

Holy Roman Emperor from 1619-1637 and a member of the House of Habsburg; suppressed Protestants during 20 Years War and was a backer of the Counter Reformation.

Third Coalition 1803

In 1803, French war was renewed with Britain, which was soon joined by Austria and Russia in the ________.

Pachakuti

Inca ruler, launched conquest that brought the entire Peru region under his control; created a highly centralized state

Bramante

Italian Renaissance architect, known for designing the Tempietto and Saint Peter's Basilica

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian renaissance painter, known for his diversely varied talents and his masterpieces The Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and The Virgin and the Child

Henry V

King of England from 1413 until 1422, noted for military success in the Battle Agincourt

Henry VII

King of England, established Tudor Dynasty by overthrowing Richard III

Philip IV

King of France from 1285 until his death, also known as "the fair." His clashes with Edward III of England began the Hundred Years' War.

John II

King of France who got captured at Battle of Poitiers

Matthias Corvinus

King of Hungary who patronized the new humanist culture

Winston Churchill

Longtime advocate of hard-line policy toward Nazi Germany; replaced Neville Chamberlain as prime minister of Britain in 1940

World revolution

Marx believed that communism would come about only through a world wide revolution to end class conflict

Haydn

Master of symphonies

Sarajevo

On June 28, 1914, heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Francis Ferdinand, was assassinated in the Bosnian city of Sarajevo.

A Vindication of the Rights of Women

One of the earliest works of feminist philosophy. In it, Wollstonecraft responds to those educational and political theorists of the 18th century who did not believe women should have an education.

Motion pictures

One of the first mass entertainment industries that provided a medium through which people of the 20s could enjoy some leisure.

Marco Polo

One of the most famous medieval travelers to the East; from Venice; travelled to the court of the great Mongol (Asia); as connections to the East were cut off, his book "Travels" made Europeans interested in reaching Asia by sea to gain goods.

Jacobins

One of the most famous radical political clubs were the _____, who first emerged as a gathering of more radical deputies at the beginning of the Revolution. Eventually they joined together in an extensive correspondence network and were seeking affiliation with the Parisian club. Members were usually elite of their local societies.

John Stuart Mill

One of the most prominent advocates of liberalism in 19th century. Also enthusiastic supporter of women's rights.

Execrabilis

Papal bull condemning appeals to a council over the head of a pope as heretical

Lorenzo Valla

Papal secretary who wrote The Elegances of the Latin Language, tried to purify Latin

Crises in the Balkan

Powder Keg: Serbia declared its independence from Austria-Hungary but wanted to gain access to the sea by annexing Bosnia and Herzegovina

Frontenelle

Presented the work of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton easy to understand for the common man.

New World Order

President Bush's vision for world peace centering around the United States taking the lead to ensure that aggression be dealt with by a mutual agreement of the United Nations, NATO, and other countries acting in concert

PM

Prime Minister

Neville Chamberlain

Prime minister of Britain who was a strong advocate of appeasement and believed that the survival of the British Empire depended on an accommodation with Germany.

Newton's Book

Principia

Federigo da Montefeltro

Ruler of Urbino, known as a great patron of Renaissance culture

Brezhnev doctrine

Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need

Karl Barth

Swiss Protestant theologian (1886-1968)

Scramble for Africa

Term given for the rapid invasion of Africa by the various European powers. This began imperialism in Africa.

Danton; Robespierre

The Committee of Public Safety was dominated initially by______, but eventually ______ became one of its most important members.

Samuel Beckett

a playwright and novelist (born in Ireland) who lived in France

General Georges Boulanger

a popular military officer who attracted the public's attention of all those discontented with the third republic: monarchists, bonapartists, aristocratic and nationalists who favored a war of revenge against Germany. appears as the savior of France. by 1889 many expected a coup d'etat he lost his nerve and fled France. the crisis served to rally support for the resilient republic.

Philip IV

The Fair, died without an heir, quite the failure, Captured Boniface VIII

sans-culottes

The French Revolution entered a more radical stage after power passed from the assembly to the new Paris Commune, composed of many who called themselves ________, ordinary patriots without fine clothes.

Bacon's Book

The Great Instauration (The Great Renewal)

Slobadan Milosevic

a serb extremist leader who stirred ethnic unrest to help gain control of the former yugoslavia, Extreme Serbian Nationalist who used slanted views of the past to persecute non-serbs in the 1990's

Fourth Republic & Fifth Republic

The _______ of France was declared after the war, a return to a parliamentary system based on parties that de Gaulle considered weak. When antiwar movement among French intellectuals & church leaders threatened civil war, leaders of the ___________ offered ot let de Gaulle take over the govt. and revise the constitution, beginning the ______ that greatly enhanced the power of the president.

Gottlieb Daimler

The development of the internal combustion engine gave rise to the automobile and the airplane. The invention of a light engine by __________ ________ in 1886 was the key to the development of the automobile.

New Model Army

The disciplined fighting force of Protestants led by Oliver Cromwell in the English civil war.

Balance of Power

The goal of the Concert of Europe in order to prevent any one country from dominating Europe

Labor Front

The government required workers and employers to participate in this organization intended to demonstrate that class conflict had ended

Gregory XI

The last Avignon Pope

Jean Jaures

The leader of French socialism, was an independent socialist who looked to the French revolutionary tradition rather than Marxism to justify revolutionary socialism

Zollverein

The name of the free trade zone that German states created prior to their unification.

Meiji Restoration

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

Sudetenland

The portion of Czechoslovakia Hitler demanded be given to Germany; other powers consented to this in the Munich Conference

Global village

a term that compares the world to a small village, where fast, modern communication allows news to travel quickly

Papal States

a theocratic state controlled by the pope, located in what is now central Italy

Pensees

Thoughts; tried to convert rationalists to Christianity by appealing to reason and their emotions; humans were trails creatures, often deceived by their senses, misled by reason, and battered by their emotions

Hyperinflation in Germany 1923

To help pay the reparation payments Germany owed to the winning countries of WWI, the printed a lot of money and the German mark became worthless.

Andy Warhol

United States artist who was a leader of the pop art movement (1930-1987)

Bank of England

Unlike other banks accustomed to receiving deposits and exchanging foreign currencies, the _________ also made loans. In return for lending money to the government, the bank was allowed to issue paper "bank notes" backed by its credits.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Was signed on August 27, 1928 by the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Japan, and a number of other states. The pact renounced aggressive war, prohibiting the use of war as "an instrument of national policy" except in matters of self-defence.

Grandi

Wealthy rulers of Republic of Florence

the Blitz

What British called the German air raids; German Luftwaffe subjected London and man other British cities and towns to nightly air raids

Dutch East India Company

a trading company established under government sponsorship; set up settlement alongside Portuguese forts in southern Africa, particularly at the Cape of Good Hope; was meant to serve as a base to provide food, etc to Dutch ships en route to the Spice Islands; eventually developed into a colony

Great Fear

a vast panic that spread through France between July 20 and August 6, 1789. Fear of invasion by foreign troops, aided by a supposed aristocratic plot, encouraged the formation of more citizens' militias and permanent committees.

Marquise du Chatelet

Who was both Voltaire's mistress and translator of Newtons Principia

Russia's 2nd Industrial Revolution

Widespread military, industrial, and economic mobilization in the Soviet Union during WWII; Stalin labeled the war a "battle of machines," and the Soviets produced 78,000 tanks and 98,000 artillery pieces

Battista Sforza

Wife of Federigo da Montefeltro, she governed Urbino in her husband's absence

Anne of Cleves

Wife of Henry VIII - German princess, not satisfied with physical appearance and divorced her.

Catherine Howard

Wife of Henry VIII - committed adultery, had her beheaded.

Great Exhibition of 1851

World's first industrial fair. Housed at Crystal Palace, engineering marvel to contemporaries - demonstrated control over nature with trees inside.

Oswald Spengler

Writer who published "The Decline of the West" in which he argues that Western Civilization was in its old age and would soon be conquered by East Asia

"Historical and Critical Dictionary"

Written by Bayle. Undermined christianity and was regarded as the "Bible of the 18th century"

Geoffrey Chaucer

Wrote Canterbury Tales

Marsiglio of Padua

Wrote Defender of the Peace, denied spiritual authority's power over temporal authority

Kosovo

a Serbian province in southern Yugoslavia populated predominantly by Albanians

The New Cicero

a biography of Marcus Tullius Cicero, written by Leonardo Bruni

Commonwealth of Independent States

an alliance made up of states that had been Soviet Socialist Republics in the Soviet Union prior to its dissolution in Dec 1991

Querelles de Femmes

arguments about women

Central Powers

as Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire were called

Four Humors

blood, considered warm and moist; yellow bile, warm and dry; phlegm, cold and moist; black bile, cold and dry

November 11th 1918

by ending the war on november 11 1918, the moderate socialists had removed a major source of dissatisfaction

Pragmatic sanction

by which different European powers agreed to recognize charles VI's daughter Maria Theresa as heir (this recognition did not last, hence the War of Austrian Succession)

Helmut Kohl

chancellor of east Germany. In favor of unification.

nobility of the sword

claimed to be descendants of the original medieval nobility

High culture

cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite

nobility of the robe

derived their status from office-holding, a pathway that often enabled commoners to attain noble rank; made up the Parlement of Paris

Romanticism

emphasis on heart and sentiment

Samuel de Champlain

established first settlement in Quebec in 1608; made French have a more serious interest in Canada

Factory Act of 1833

further legislation to reduce abusive child labor

Streltsy

group of military officers that attempted to revolt against Peter the Great on his absence

Rationalism

human beings could understand the world-itself as a mechanical system- by the same rational principles inherent in mathematical thinking

civic humanism

humanism that includes involvement in politics with intellect

priveleges of the nobility

judgement by peers, immunity from severe punishment, exemption from many forms of taxation

Nicolas II

last tsar of Russia

humanism

literary and linguistic movement in an attempt to revive classical Latin

factors of population growth in Europe in the 18th century

more plentiful food, better transportation of food supplies, end of the bubonic plague

Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800

outlawed associations of workers in Britain. Repealed in 1824 when faced with massive blatant disobedience.

Smith's 3 laws of economics

self interest, competition, supply and demand

hermeticism

set of beliefs stressing astrology, alchemy, and magic as well as theological and philosophical speculations

the Edict of Nantes

signed by Henry IV, agreement to tolerate Protestants and end French Wars of Religion

protective tariffs

tariffs designed to "protect" national industries

Luftwaffe

the German air force

white-collar jobs

the development of larger industrial plants and the expansion of government services created a large number of service or ____ ______ ______. they worked at low wages, coupled with a shortage of male workers, led employers to hire women.The expansion of government services created opportunities for women to be secretaries and telephone operators and to take job in health and social services.

Détente

the easing of tensions or strained relations (especially between nations)

Boy Scouts

the emphasis on manliness stemmed not only from military concerns but also conceptions of masculinity in the late 19t century. ____ ____ promoted the image of manliness with stories of youthful heroes who demonstrated their self control by conquering the challenges of the wild. The boy scouts sought to reinforce victorian and edwardian codes of masculinity do counter the possible dangers that female domination of the home posed for male development.

Reform Act of 1884

the right to vote was further extended during the second ministry of William Gladstone with the passage of this act of 1884. it gave the vote do all men who paid regular rents or taxes; by largely enfranchising agricultural workers, a group previously excluded, the act added another 2 million male voters do the electorate. Women were still denied the right to vote.

Bolsheviks

they were a small faction of russian social democrats who had come under the leadership of VI lenin.Under his direction he became dedicated to a violent revolution that would destroy the capitalist system.

Russian serfdom

tied the peasants to the land and controlled all merchant and townspeople as well on if they could sell or move or not anything at all

Marxist "revisionism"

used to refer to various ideas, principles and theories that are based on a significant revision of fundamental Marxist premises.

Gavrillo Princip

was a Serbian member of the Black Hand whose assassination of Francis Ferdinand provided the spark for World War I.

Percy Bysshe Shelley

was one of the major English Romantic poets

Thomas a Kempis' Imitation of Christ

"truly at the day of judgment we shall not be examined by what we have read, but what we have done; not how well we have spoken, but how religiously we have lived"

Vasco da Gama

(1460-1524) Portuguese captain; 10 years after Dias he tried to get to India around the southern tip of India; rounded the Cape of Good Hope and stopped at ports controlled by Muslims along coast of Africa; reached the port of Calicut in southwestern India on May 18, 1498

Nicolaus Copernicus

(1473-1543); studied both mathematics and astronomy first at Karlow in Poland then at Bologna and Padua in Italy; became aware of ancient views that contradicted the Ptolemaic; On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

(1475-1519) A Spanish explorer, led an expedition across the Isthmus of Panama and reached Pacific Ocean in 1513.

Thomas More

(1478-1535) lord chancellor of England, became an intimate friend with Erasmus; despite governmental career he had spiritual and intellectual interests

Ferdinand Magellan

(1480-1521) Sailed across the Pacific Ocean and reached the Philippines where he met his death at the hands of the natives; called the first circumnavigator of the world

Ulrich Zwingli

(1484-1531) Product of Swiss forest cantons, influenced by Christian humanism; became cathedral priest... through his preachings he started the Reformation in Switzerland; disagreed greatly with Luther on the subject of the Last Supper

Menno Simons

(1496-1561) man most responsible for rejuvenating Dutch Anabaptism, dedicated his life to the spread of peaceful Anabaptism... followers became known as Mennonites

Charles V

(1519-1566) elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1519, dealt with French (rivalry with Valois king of France, Francis I... possession of land... Habsburg-Valois Wars), the Papacy (their alliance with Valois king), the Turks (overrunning Hungary, Austria) and the Lutheran problem in Germany

Suleiman the Magnificent

(1520-1566) A threat to Charles V (Holy Roman Emporer), ruled the Ottoman Turks... killed King Louis of Hungary, Charles' brother-in-law... Turks overran Hungary and Austria... posed threat to Holy Roman Empire

Pope Clement VII

(1523-1534) joined the side of Francis I in the second Habsburg-Valois war in dear of Charles V's powers in Italy; posed threat to Charles; more concerned with politics than religion

Tycho Brahe

(1546-1601); granted possession of an island near Copenhagen by King Frederick II; built Uraniborg Castle, outfitted with a library, observatories, and instruments he designed for more precise astronomical observations; rejected the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system but couldn't accept Copernicus' suggestion that earth moved

Francis Bacon

(1560-1626); lawyer and lord chancellor; rejected Copernicus and Kepler and misunderstood Galileo

Galileo Galilei

(1564-1642); taught math; first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by means of a telescope

Artemisia Gentileschi

(1593-1656) was an Italian Early Baroque painter, today considered one of the most accomplished painters in the generation influenced by Caravaggio. In an era when women painters were not easily accepted by the artistic community, she was the first female painter to become a member of the Accademia di Arte del Disegno in Florence.

Defenestration of Prague

(1618) The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War.

Margaret Cavendish

(1623-1673); not a popularizer of science for women but a participant in the crucial scientific debates of her time; excluded from membership in the Royal Society; wrote Observations upon Experimental Philosophy and Grounds of Natural Philosophy

Charles I

(1625-1649) Stuart king who brought conflict with Parliament to a head and was subsequently executed.

Robert Boyle

(1627-1691); one of the first scientist to conduct controlled experiments

Benedict de Spinoza

(1632-1677); philosopher; excommunicated from Amsterdam synagogue for rejecting the tenets of Judaism; influenced by Descartes

James II

(1633-1701) Fourth and final stuart king; succeeded Charles II; overthrown in Glorious Revolution; ruled England 1685-1688.

English Civil War

(1642-1651) Armed conflict between royalists and parliamentarians, resulting in a victory of Pro-Parliament forces and the execution of Charles I.

Maria Merian

(1647-1717); established reputation as an important entomologist; exact observation of plants and insects was demonstrated through her superb illustrations

Charles II

(1660-1685) Stuart king during the Restoration, following Cromwell's downfall.

Maria Winkelmann

(1670-1720); most famous female astronomer in Germany; married Gottfried Kirch and became his assistant; corresponded with Gottfried Leibniz; denied post as assistant astronomer by Berlin Academy

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Czar of Russia. He was responsible for the westernization of Russia in the 18th century.

Montesquieu

(1689-1755) wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government

Francois Quesnay

(1694-1774) French economist. Quesnay was the undisputed leader of the Physiocrats, the first systematic school of economic thought. Among its tenets were the economic and moral righteousness of laissez-faire policies and the notion that land was the ultimate source of all wealth.

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church. Greatest figure of the Enlightenment,Ê "I may not agree with what you have to say, but I will defend your right to say it"Praised English life and their lack of religious intolerance."Crush the infamous thing" -infamous thing is superstition and religious intolerance

Treaty of Karlowitz

(1699) Ended the Siege of Vienna and gave Austria the lands of Hungry

Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart

(1770-1827) French, purely Romantic composer, transformed the art of music. Used music to convey his feelings of what was going on in the world around him, such as the many French revolutions of that time; Third Symphony, also called the Eroica (originally written for Napoleon) and Ninth Symphony, composed when he was completely deaf

William Wordsworth

(1770-1850) Romantic poet, used one of the most important aspects of Romanticism: love of nature. Romantic poetry gave full expression to one of the most important characteristics of Romanticism: love of nature, especially evident in the works of ________________.

Alexander I

(1801-1825) A Russian tsar who had been raised in the ideas of the Enlightenment and initially seemed willing to make reforms. He relaxed censorship, freed political prisoners, and reformed the educational system. But he refused to grant a constitution free of serfs in the face of opposition from the nobility. After the defeat of Napoleon, he became reactionary, and his government reverted to strict and arbitrary censorship.

King Frederick William IV

(1840-1861) Pressured by liberals who called for a constitutional monarchy, he allowed officials to draw up a constitution that would also unify Germany. Meeting in Frankfurt the delegates quickly got into a debate with Denmark over who controlled Schleig and Holstein. Denmark invaded these provinces and the Germans there revolted. The assembly at Frankfurt called on the Prussian military to take action. In March of 1849 the assembly completed its drawing up of the national German constitution, but the reaction had been so successful everywhere else Fredrick William revoked it and set back up the monarchy.

Emile Zola

(1840-1902) Considered to be the father of Realism as a movement. Developed the realist novel in which he observed his characters as a scientist would observe an experiment.

Emmeline Pankhurst

(1858-1928) British suffragette and founder of the Woman's Social and Political Union. Very radical and sometimes violent

Boer War

(1899-1902) War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies.

The Stalinist Era

(1929-1939) an economic, political, and social revolution that industrialized with the use of Stalin's five year plans and resulted in the deaths of millions

Bourbon family

-was restored to the French throne, and accepted the Napoleonic code and its policies, including that of equality before the law. Liberals opposed for the restoration of the monarchy. Ultra-royalists angry because he retained some features from the napoleon era.He established a bicameral (two-house) legislature

European Community

15 member nations by 2000. Primarily an ecnomic union, 370million people and constituted the worlds largest single trading entity.

The Starry Messenger

1610; stunned contemporaries and did more to make Europeans aware of the universe than the mathematical theories of Copernicus and Kepler; Galileo revealed himself as a firm proponent of Copernicus' heliocentric system

Petition of Right

1628. Signed by Charles I. No imprisonment without due cause; no taxes levied without Parliament's consent; soldiers not housed in private homes; no martial law during peace time.

The Fronde

1648 - 1653 French civil wars started by Nobles of the Robe that resented the increase power of the monarchy.

Philosophical Transactions

1665; Royal Society; published papers of its members and learned correspondence and was aimed at practicing scientists; became prototype for scholarly journals

Test Act

1673-excluded those unwilling to receive the sacrament of the Church of England from voting, holding office, preaching, teaching, attending universities, or assembling for meetings

Albert Einstein

1879-1955. German born theoretical physicist. Best known for his theory of relativity and his theory of energy equivalence. Received Nobel Prize in 1921 for physics.

Bloody Sunday

1905; peaceful march by russians turned deadly when Czar's guards fire on crowd, killing hundreds

Yuri Andropov

1982; Brezhnev's successor; Tried to introduce some moderate economic reforms

Konstantin Chernenko

1984; Replaced Adropov; Died in 1985; Predecessor to Gorbachev

Fall of Berlin Wall

1989 - Beginning of the fall of communism and the Soviet Union - symbolized the failure of communism and massive socialism

Dayton Peace Accords

1995 peace agreement ending the war over the former Yugoslavia, b/t Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia

Albania & Yugoslavia

2 communist countries not controlled by the Soviet Union

Carl Jung

2 layers of unconscious. Personal unconscious: material that has been forgotten and not in conscious awareness. Collective unconscious: human race shares this. storehouse of latent memories inherited from ancestral past

Second Law of Planetary Motion

2. Demonstrated that the speed of a planet is greater when it is closer to the sun and decreases as distance from the sun increases; destroyed fundamental Aristotelean tenant shared by copernicus- the motion of the planets was steady and unchanging.

Universal Laws of Gravitation #2

2. The rate of change of motion of an object is proportional to the force acting on it

Serialism

20th century music that uses of a definite order of notes as a thematic basis for a musical composition

Vatican II

21st ecumenical council, called by Pope John XXIII; liberalized a number of Catholic practices (Mass spoken in vernacular rather than Latin, new avenues of communication with other Christian faiths)

Time of Troubles

: followed Ivan IV's death in 1584. period of famine, power struggles and war, Sweden and Poland conquered Moscow

Russo-Japanese War

A 1904-1905 conflict between Russia and Japan, sparked by the two countries' efforts to dominate Manchuria and Korea. Russia surrenders in 1905.

the sacraments

A Catholic's chief means of receiving God's grace

Amerigo Vespucci

A Florentine, accompanied several voyages and wrote letters describing geography of the New World, gave it the name "America"

Jean-Paul Sartre

A French existentialist who said that people just "turned up" and that there was no God to help honest people. Also said "man is condemned to be free" and people had to choose their actions.

Lafayette

A French officer who served in the American War in order to "strike a blow against England," France's old enemy.

Jacques-Louis David

A French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era.

Ultraroyalists

A French political group active from 1815 to 1830 under the Bourbon Restoration. Aristocrats

The Party of Movement

A French reform movement led by Adolphe Thiers which favored ministrial responsibility, pursuit of an active forgein policy, and limited expansion of voting rights.

The Party of Resistance

A French reform movement led by Francois Guizot, who belied that France had finally reached the "perfect form" of government and needed no further institutional changes; dominated the Chamber of Deputies after 1840

Immanuel Kant

A German philosopher who is considered the central figure of modern philosophy. Argued that the human mind creates the structure of human experience, that reason is the source of morality, that aesthetics arises from a faculty of disinterested judgment, that space and time are forms of our sensibility, and that the world as it is "in-itself" is unknowable.

Lech Walesa

A Polish politician, a former trade union and human rights activist, and also a former electrician. He co-founded Solidarity, the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland from 1990 to 1995.

Fundamentalism

A Protestant Christian movement emphasizing the literal truth of the Bible and opposing religious modernism, which sought to reconcile religion and science. It was especially strong in the Baptist Church and the Church of Christ, first organized in 1906.

Reinsurance Treaty

A Treaty of 1887 which committed both Russia and Germany to strategic neutrality in the event that one of them was attacked.

Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

A book of history written by the English historian Edward Gibbon, which traces the trajectory of Western civilization from the height of the Roman Empire to the fall of Byzantium.

Suez Canal

A canal linking the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. It was a vital trade route from Britain to India, so the British seized Egypt.

Salvation Army

A charitable and religious organization to evangelize and to care for the poor and homeless.

Encyclopedia

A collaboration of many Enlightenment writers that aimed to gather together knowledge about science, religion, industry, and society.

The History of Tom Jones

A comic novel by the English playwright and novelist Henry Fielding. The novel is both a Bildungsroman and a picaresque novel.

Third Estate

A division of middle age society that included peasants, poor people, and slaves

Syllabus of Errors

A document by Pope Pius in which he denounced rationalism, socialism, religious liberty, and separation of the church and state.

Bartolomé de las Casas

A dominican friar who believed the Indians had been cruelly mistreated; his work caused the Spanish government to abolish the ecomienda system and provide more protection for Indians

limited liability

A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments.

Jean-Baptise Moliere

A french playwright who wrote comedies satirizing pompous scholars, social climbers, false priests, and quack physicians. Aimed more at humankind in general rather than specific regimes.

Taliban

A fundamentalist Muslim movement whose militia took control of much of Afghanistan from early 1995, and in 1996 took Kabul and set up a radical Islamic state. The movement was forcibly removed from power by the US and its allies after the September 11, 2001, attacks

Gothic Literature

A genre of literature that combines elements of both horror and romantic literature

Totalitarian state

A government comtrolled by a single party that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens

Fascism

A governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism.

Social Revolutionaries

A group of Marxists who believed that a worldwide revolution would begin in Russia with the peasants, wanted to overthrow the tsar system.

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

Lorenzo the Magnificent

A leading citizen of Florence, he contributed large sums of money to artists so they could create master works of art

Germanic Confederation

A loose association of 39 German states in Central Europe including Austria and Prussia, created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to coordinate the economies of separate German-speaking countries and to replace the former Holy Roman Empire. Metternich, Austria's foreign minister, used it mainly to stop revolutionary ideas from spreading. He did not believe in each national group having its own government form because it could destroy a vast Empire like the Austrian.

Battle of Omdurman

A massacre led by the British on the Sudanese. Unfair fight resulting in huge Sudanese casualties.

Tories

A member of a British political party, founded in 1689, that was the opposition party to the Whigs and has been known as the Conservative Party since about 1832. Created the Corn law.

Boyars

A member of the old aristocracy in Russia, next in rank to a prince.

Triple Entente

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

Anti-Semitism

A mindset that people of Jewish heritage were inferior to other races. Particularly evident in the Austria-German regions of Europe. Adolf Hitler blamed the jews for the corruption of the german culture.

Zionism

A movement founded in the 1890s to promote the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Founded by Theodor Herzl. Most profound in eastern Europe where jews had to endure Pogroms.

White Rose

A movement in Germany which involved an attempt by a small group of students and one professor at the University of Munich to distribute pamphlets denouncing the Nazi regime as lawless, criminal, and godless. Its members were caught, arrested, and promptly executed.

Surrealism

A movement in art emphasizing the expression of the imagination as realized in dreams and presented without conscious control.

Dadaism

A movement that was ignited by the atrocities of World War I and gained fame through staged performances designed to demonstrate the meaninglessness of life. Super ugly

Palace of Versailles

A palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles.

scutage

A payment made to a lord in substitution to military service

Prague Spring

A period of euphoria & reform movement that was inspired by Dubcek's effort to create "communism with a human face" in Czechoslovakia; ended with the Red Army's invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968

Little Ice Age

A period of noticeable weather cooling in the late 13th century

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

White Man's Burden

A poem by British poet Rudyard Kipling commenting on imperialism. The idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized

Glasnost

A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry.

Liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property through revolution and revolt. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.

Giuseppe Mazzini

A political nationalist in Italy in the mid 1800's, who started a group called Young Italy that promoted independence from Austrian and Spanish rule and the establishment of an Italian national state. By the mid nineteenth century, Young Italy had inspired the development of nationalist movements in other countries besides Italy, such as Ireland, Switzerland and Hungary.

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

The Book of the Courtier

A popular handbook among aristocrats in Italy for many centuries, describing the attributes of the perfect courtier

Pico Della Mirandola

A prominent Italian intellect, wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man

English Peasant Revolt of 1381

A prominent uprising in 1381 against monarchy's imposed taxes upon the peasant population

Sigmund Freud

A psychologist who developed psychoanalysis. Believed strongly that unconscious drives and desires guided people's actions.

Graham Bell

A revolution in communications was fostered when this man invented the telephone in 1876

Habsburgs

A ruling dynasty of the HRE, one of the wealthiest landholders in the Empire

Functionalism

A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

Spirit of Locarno

A series of treaties that were signed in Locarno, Switzerland; settled Germany's border disputes with France, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and Poland; after Germany and the Soviet Union signed these, they were able to join the League of Nations

Neoclassicism

A style of art and architecture that emerged in the later 18th century. Part of a general revival of interest in classical cultures, Neoclassicism was characterized by the utilization of themes and styles from ancient Greece and Rome.

Ministerial responsibility

A tenet of nineteenth-century liberalism that held that the Prime Ministers should be responsible to the legislative assembly rather than to the monarch.

Great War for Empire

A. K. A. The French and Indian War; the war (1755-60) between the French and British, each aided by different Indian tribes, that formed part of the North American Seven Years' War

Terrorism

Acts of violence designed to promote a specific ideology or agenda by creating panic among an enemy population

Economic Miracle

Adenauer's chancellorship is largely associated with the resurrection of West German economy, often referred to as the "_______________."

Ottoman Turks

Advanced rapidly on Eastern Europe, capturing land and ending the Byzantine Empire, beginning their own empire. Eventually faced off against HRE

Restoration of the Stuart monarchy

After Cromwell's Death, Parliament restored the monarchy. Charles II returns to England.

Battle of the Bulge

After the battle of Normandy, the Allied troops moved south and east and liberated Paris by the end of August. Supply problems as well as a last-minute, desperate and unsuccessful offensive by German troops in ____________ slowed the Allied advance.

Einsatzgruppen

After the defeat of Poland, Heydrich ordered the special strike forces, called the _________, to round up all Polish Jews and concentrate them in ghettos established in a number of Polish cities. In June 1941, the _______ were given new responsibilities as mobile killing units.

Thermidorean Reaction

After the execution of Robespierre, revolutionary fervor began to give way to the ___________, name after the month of Thermidor. The Terror began to abate. The National Convention curtailed the power of the Committee of Public Safety, shut down the jacobin club, and attempted to provide better protection for its deputies against the Parisian mobs.

Communist resistance movements

After the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, Communists throughout Europe assumed leadership roles in underground resistance movements. This sometimes led to conflict with other local resistance groups who feared the postwar consequences of Communist power. Most were crushed by the Gestapo.

Rome-Berlin Axis 1936

Agreement between Mussolini and Hitler that recognized their common political and economic interests

unconditional surrender

Allies agreed to fight until the Axis powers gave them __________; cemented the Grand Alliance by making it nearly impossible for Hitler to divide his foes

Normandy Invasion

Allies misled the Germans about where their invasion would come from; Dwight D. Eisenhower led the Allied forces in landing five assault divisions on the Normandy beaches on June 6 in history's greatest amphibious invasion. They broke through the German defensive lines.

Friedrich Nietzsche

Also influenced by evolutionary philosophies, this German philosopher (1844-1900) stressed the role of the Ubermensch or "Superman," who would rise above the common herd of mediocrity. Saw doctrines of Christianity as slave morality concocted by weak to disarm the strong.

Continental System

Although napoleon contemplated an invasion of England and even collected ships for it, he could not overcome the British navy's decisive defeat of a combined French-Spanish fleet in Trafalgar in 1805. Napoleon then turned to his ______________ to defeat Britain. Put into effect between 1806 and 1807, it attempted to prevent British goods from reaching the European continent in order to weaken Britain economically and destroy its capacity to wage war. But the _______ failed.

Domino Theory

Although nationalism played a powerful role in the Vietnam War, American policy makers saw it in terms of a ____________ concerning the spread of communism. If the Communists succeeded in Vietnam, so the argument went, all the other countries in Asia freeing themselves from colonial domination would fall, like dominoes, to communism.

Cubism

An Artistic movement that focused on geometric shapes, complex lines, and overlapping planes. Pablo Picasso

Holy Alliance

An alliance envisioned by Alexander I of Russia by which those in power were asked to rule in accord with Christian Principles The first attempt at a modern peacekeeping organization, but wound-up as an alliance for the suppression of revolutionary and liberal activity in Europe. (Russia, Austria, Prussia)

Abstract

An artistic movement that developed early in the 20th century in which artists focused on color to avoid any references to visual reality. Wassily Kandinsky

Impressionism

An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were creating. Claude Monet.

Chapbooks

An early type of popular literature printed in early modern Europe. Produced cheaply, chapbooks were commonly small, paper-covered booklets, usually printed on a single sheet folded into books of 8, 12, 16 and 24 pages.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

An economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France.

Stakhanovites

An important example of Soviet propaganda used to exemplify the ultimate Soviet citizen, stress meeting one's quota for the government.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

An important model for Romantics was the tragic figure in The Sorrows of the Young Werther, a novel by this great German writer, who later rejected Romanticism in favor of Classicism.

Multinational corporation

An organization that manufactures and markets products in many different countries and has multinational stock ownership and multinational management

First Battle of the Marne

An unexpected counter attack by British and French forces under the French commander General Joseph Joffre stopped the Germans at the First Battle of the Marne east of Paris. The German troops fell back, but the exhausted French army was unable to pursue its advantage.

Munster

Anabaptists took hold of this city, burned all books except the Bible, "New Jerusalem", Jesus' Second Coming; Army of Catholics and Lutherans recaptured the city and executed leaders

Parliament

Angered by James I, as they were used to ruling with the king.

Constituent Assembly

Another name for the National Assembly because from 1789-1791, it was writing a new constitution.

principle of conservatism

Anti-revolutionary movement started by Burke in 1790; said change was okay if gradual, but sudden, revolutionary change was bad. Traditions are the best guide for order. Evolution not revolution.

John Locke

Argued that people can be molded/improved by their environment (blank slate)

Baroque Art

Art that originated in Rome and is associated with the Catholic Reformation- characterized by emotional intensity, strong self-confidence, spirit- meant to inspire the masses

Mannerism

Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poese and compression of space.

Socialist realism

Artistic style whose goal was to promote socialism by showing Soviet life in a positive light

tax collectors

As part of Napoleon's overhaul of the administrative system, tax collection became systematic and efficient. Taxes were now collected by professional ______ employed by the state who dealt directly with each individual taxpayer.

Social Democracy

As part of their electoral strategy, Communist parties had often joined forces with other left-wing parties, such as the __________. Socialist parties had faired well immediately after the war, but support for the Socialists soon waned. Political ideology that advocated an evolutionary and peaceful transition from capitalism to socialism.

Skepticism

As scientific knowledge spread more educated men and women questioned religious truths and values Travel books made Europeans more skeptical about Christianity and European culture

Amsterdam

As the Dutch took over global trade during the 17th century, this Dutch city became the most important commercial and banking center in Europe

Congress of Berlin

Assembly of representatives of Germany, Russia, Hungary, Britain, France, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire.

Pope John Paul II

Assumed Papacy 1979, Conservative Pope, against strengthening women's position in church, more staunch on birth control

Charles de Gaulle

Assumed leadership of some resistance groups during the war & ensured the establishment of French provisional government after the war; withdrew from politics after the declaration of the Fourth Republic; formed the French Popular Movement, blaming the parties for France's political mess & calling for a stronger presidency; got his wish in 1958 when leaders of the Fourth Republic offered him control of the government and let him revise the constitution

Germany's War Raw Materials Board

At the beginning of the war, the government asked Walter Rathenau, head of the German General Electric Company, to use his business methods to organize the War Raw Material Board, which would allocate strategic raw materials to produce the goods that were most needed.

Munich Conference

At which the British, French, Germans and Italians reached an agreement that essentially met all of Hitler's demands (in particular those on Czechoslovakia)

Siege of Vienna 1683

Attack on Vienna by the Ottomans which Leopold I was able to resist

Christine de Pizan

Author, women's rights advocate

Vichy France

Authoritarian regime established by Marshal Pétain in France 1940

Handel

Baroque composer famous for "Oratorio the Messiah" (Hallelujah, Hallelujah)

Bach

Baroque composer,

Peter Paul Rubens

Baroque style painter; devout Catholic; portrayed religion in his paintings

French Revolution of July 1830

Barricades went up in Paris as a provisional government rose. Popularized by Hugo's novel Les Miserables.

David Cameron

Became British PM in 2010 on the basis of a coalition with Liberal Democrats

Temple of Reason

Because of dchristianizatino, the cathedral of Notre-Dame in paris was designated the _________. In November 1793, a public ceremony dedicated to the worship of reason was held in the former Cathedral.

assignants

Because of the need for money, most of the lands of the Church were confiscated, and ____, a form of paper money, were issued based on the collateral of the newly nationalized church property.

Gypsies; Slavic; clergy; intelligentsia; civil leaders; judges; lawyers; slave laborers; homosexuals

Because the Nazis also considered the _____ of Europe a race containing alien blood, they were systematically rounded up for extermination. Also, the leading elements of the "sub-human" _____ peoples—the _____, _____, _____ _____, _____, and _____—were arrested and deliberately killed. Many Poles, Ukrainians, and Belorussians lost their lives as _____ _____ for Nazi Germany, and at least three to four million Soviet prisoners of war were killed in captivity. Nazis also singled out _____.

Patronage

Because the aristocracy was divided by factional struggles based on family rivalries, the king took advantage of the divisions to win aristocratic supporters through _________, awarding them titles, government posts, positions in the church staff, etc.

Danton

Before the National Convention met, the Paris commune dominated the political scene. Led by the newly appointed minister of justice, George ______, the sans-culottes sought revenge on those who had aided the King and resisted the popular will.

Pantheism

Belief that god and nature are the same.

Racism

Belief that one race is superior to another

Bismarckian System

Bismarck makes an alliance with Austria-Hungary and Russia making the Three Emperor's League. The two other countries had a rivalry on who would control the Balkans so Bismarck served as a restraining influence on both powers to prevent war.

Reds and Whites

Bolsheviks (red) vs. white (anti lenin) allies wanted to bring russia back into the great war royal family victimized after tsar abdicated throne they were taken away and murdered.The Whites were only united by their hatred of the Reds, the Bolsheviks. 18 regional governments in 1918 were attacking the Reds but the Reds won this civil war.

Rickets

Bone disease caused by a lack of Vitamin D. Caused "bending of bones in adolescent laborers.

"The Social Contract"

Book Written by Rousseau,ÊTried to harmonize individual liberty with government authorizes It was an agreement between the entire society to be governed by its general will

Martin Luther

Born in 1483, a deeply religious man, asked the question "What must I do to be saved?". His unusual answer led to the Reformation.. achieved no certainty through time as monk and Catholic Church. Believed humans were saved by faith in the promises of God, not good works

Robert Walpole

Both George I and George II (Hanover) relied on ______ as their chief prime minister.

Ancien Régime

Both aristocratic and bourgeois elites, long accustomed to a new socioeconomic reality based on wealth and economic achievement, were increasingly frustrated by a monarchical system resting on privileges and on an old and rigid social order based on the concept of estates. The opposition of these elites to the old order or ________ ultimately led them to take drastic action against the monarchical regime.

Philip V of Spain

Bourbon ruler of Spain; under him, the king of Castile truly became the King of Spain; French-style ministries and officials were put in place

Asiento

Britain's entry into the Spanish American market in 1713 prompted that British should be granted this privilege; transporting 4,500 slaves a year into Spanish Latin America

merchant marine

Britain's well developed _______ _______ helped its enormous economic boom during the Industrial Revolution because they could transport goods anywhere in the world.

Lord Macartney and Emperor Qianlong

British (East India Trade Company) pressed Chinese for liberalization of trade restrictions; this British man went to Beijing for this cause; Emperor of China expressed no interest in British products

No Man's Land

British and French infantry forces attacked German defensive lives along a 25 miles front near the Somme River in France. Each soldier carried almost 70 pounds of equipment, making it "impossible to move much quicker than a slow walk." German machine guns soon opened fire: "we were able to see our comrades move forward in an attempt to cross No- Man's Land, only to be mown down like meadow grass."

Robert Owen

British cotton manufacturer, successful in transforming a squalid factory town into a flourishing, healthy community.

Contagious Diseases Acts

British government did attempt to enforce the _________ _______ Acts in the 1870s and 1880s by giving authorities the right to examine prostitutes for venereal disease.Opposition to these acts soon arose from middle class female reformers.

General Strike of 1926

British labor dispute after wages were lowered to make British products competitive in a global market. Began with Coal miners and joined by other industries.

Public Health Act of 1875

British law that prohibited the construction of new buildings without running water and an internal drainage system.

Wealth of Nations

British philosopher and writer Adam Smith's 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics.

Lloyd George

British prime minister who worked for the good of the working class. Raised taxes on the wealthy, and limited the power of the house of lords.

Tony Blair

British statesman who became prime minister in 1997 (born in 1953)

John Major

British statesman who was prime minister from 1990 until 1997 (born in 1943)

Margaret Thatcher

British stateswoman

Berlin Blockade

British, French, & Americans gradually began to merge their German zones economically and by February 1948 were making plans for te unification of these three western sections of Germany & the formal creation of a West German federal government. The Soviets responded with a _______________ that allowed neither trucks nor trains to enter the three western zones of Berlin.

Afrika Corps & General Rommel

Broke through the British defenses in Egypt & advanced toward Alexandria, enabled by reinforcements in North Africa

salons

Brought together writers and artists with aristocrats, government officials, and the wealthy Women, like Therese Geoffrin, hosted these meetings their position changed in society Women, like Therese Geoffrin, hosted these meetings Promoted unwelcome views in the eyes of the royal court

Yalta Conference February 1945

By the time of the conference at Yalta in the Ukraine in February 1945, the defeat of germany was a foregone conclusion. The Western powers, which had earlier believed that the Soviets were in a weak position, were now faced with the reality of eleven million Red Army soldiers taking possession of eastern and much of central Europe.

Albrecht von Wallenstein

Catholic Bohemian nobleman who raised a large army to fight for the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War.

Irish Famine

Catholic peasants rented lands from British Protestant landlords who often didn't even live there (thus nobody to see their plight and help them). Potato blight killed off many potatoes between 1845 and 1851 - over a million people died, and another 2 million emigrated to the United States

John Hus

Chancellor who attacked the excessive power of the papacy, later burned at the stake by Council of Constance

Joseph Goebbels

Chief minister of the Nazi propaganda, and organizer of Kristallnacht "Night of broken Glass"

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister to King Louis XIII

Wolfgang Mozart

Child Prodigy, lived to compose

Pietists

Christians who stressed a personal relationship with jesus

iron curtain

Churchill's metaphor describing the tension and hostility between Germany and Europe into two hostile camps

la taille

Clergy in the First Estate of the Old Regime in France were exempt from _____, France's chief tax.

Natural Laws

Closely related to the Enlightenment idea of _________ was the belief in natural rights, which were thought to be inalterable privileges that ought not be withheld from any person. These natural rights included equality before the law, freedom of religious worship, freedom of speech and press, and the right to assemble, hold property, and seek happiness.

Natural rights

Closely related to the Enlightenment idea of natural laws was the belief in _________, which were thought to be inalterable privileges that ought not be withheld from any person. These ______ included equality before the law, freedom of religious worship, freedom of speech and press, and the right to assemble, hold property, and seek happiness.

Hernan Cortés

Commanded a Spanish expedition in 1519 that landed at Veracruz, on the Gulf of Mexico. He marched to Tenochtitlán with a small amount of troops and made alliances with city-states that were tired of the oppressive rule of the Aztecs.

Anti-Comintern Pact 1936

Concluded between Germany and Japan in 1936, in which they agreed to maintain a common front against communism.

Diderot

Condemned Christianity as fanatical and unreasonable As he grew older these condemnations became more vicious Said out of all the religions Christianity was the worst

Commonwealth of Independent States

Confederacy of independent states of the former Soviet Union that have united because of their common economic and administrative needs.

Francisco Sforza

Conquered Milan after the death of the last Visconti, established himself as duke of the city

Trans-Siberian railroad

Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role.

Giovanni di Dondi

Constructed most accurate clock at the time

Fontelle

Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds

Heliocentric Conception

Copernicus thought Ptolemy's geocentric system was too complicated and failed to accord with the observed motions of the heavenly bodies; heliocentric = sun-centered; Copernicus argued that the universe consisted of 8 spheres with the sun motionless at the center

Moctezuma

Cortés arrived at Tenochtitlán in November and received friendly welcome from this Aztec monarch. He believed his visitor was representative of a god and offered gift of gold to the foreigners and gave them a palace to use. Spaniards took him hostage, took over city. One year later, natives drove Spaniards from the city, but the Indians died off because of small pox and the Spaniards returned; destroyed everything Aztecs had made.

EURATOM

Created by France, West Germany, the Benelux countries, & Italy in 1957 to further European research on the peaceful uses of nuclear energy

Common Market

Created by France, West Germany, the Benelux countries, & Italy to eliminate customs barriers for the six nations & create a large free-trade area protected from the rest of the world by a common external tariff

Collectivization

Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other Communist regimes.

Lord Protector

Cromwell disbanded parliament and took this title when parliament moved to quit funding the New Model Army

poland; Austria; Prussia; Russia

Crowded by three great powers, ________ was divided a s result of their rivalries--between ____, ______, and _____.

Charles VII

Crowned by Joan of Arc, king of France from 1422 until his death

Cultural Relativism

Cultural relativism is the principle that an individual's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture. It was established as axiomatic in anthropological research by Franz Boas in the first few decades of the 20th century and later popularized by his students.

Popular culture

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

Folk culture

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.

Vaclav Havel

Czech dramatist and statesman whose plays opposed totalitarianism and who served as president of Czechoslovakia from 1989 to 1992 and president of the Czech Republic since 1993 (born in 1936)

Calicut

Da Gama's fleet crossed the Arabian sea and reached this port on the southwestern coast of India on May 18, 1498. Da Gama told the surprised Indians that he was in search of Christians and spices... he found no Christians but returned to Europe with lots of spices; Portuguese fleets returned annually and tried to destroy Arabic shipping

"Encyclopedia"

Diderot's book whose purpose was to "change the general way of thinking" became a weapon for philosophes against the French society People attacked religious superstition and advocated for Religious toleration

Descartes' Book

Discourse on Method

Truman Doctrine

Document in which Truman responded when the Communist People's Liberation Army and the anti-Communist forces supported by the British were fighting over control of Greece; British forces were losing & Truman was alarmed; the document said that the U. S. would provide money to countries that claimed they were threatened by Communist expansion

Aztecs

During 12th century, these people began a long migration to the Valley of Mexico. They established their capital at Tenochtitlán. They built their city for hundreds or years. By 15th century they had built an aqueduct; smart and advanced; outstanding warriors; set out to bring entire area around their city under their control; consolidated rule over what is now Mexico; governed by local lords, loose political organization

Potsdam Conference July 1945

During the conference, Truman received word that the atomic bomb had been successfully tested; Truman demanded free elections throughout eastern Europe; Stalin refused & sought absolute military security

Dutch Realism

Dutch artists were neither classical nor Baroque, they were interested in the realistic portrayal of secular everyday life.

Cape Town

Dutch farmers settles in areas outside this city; the Cape of Good Hope; Africa; settled by Dutch

Dutch Golden Age

Dutch farming, advanced shipping, unified political leadership, profitable banking, seaborne empire, religious toleration all factors for success. Decline due to death of William III (stadtholder), decline of naval and fishing industry.

Masaccio

Early Italian renaissance painter, painted Tribute Money

Erich Honecker

East German leader against whose regime began the demonstrations that ended in the fall of the Berlin Wall

garden city movement

Ebenezer Howard's movement, which advocated the construction of new towns separated from each other by open country with recreational areas, fresh air, and sense of community that would encourage healthy family life

Depression

Economic - Even though the economy was booming in most industrialized places, these still occurred, and there was a famous one in America Medical - new therapies for depression included water immersion (keeping people under water for as long as possible without drowning them) and a special spinning stool to induce dizziness (to rearrange the contents of the brain into the correct positions). Benjamin Franklin introduced an early form of electroshock therapy. Horseback riding, special diets, enemas and vomiting were also recommended therapy.

Black Prince

Edward, Prince of Wales

Code Napoléon (Napoleonic Code)

Efforts were made during the Revolution to codify laws for the entire nation, but it remained for Napoleon to bring the work to completion in seven codes, the most important of which was the Civil Code, also known as the _________.

Nicolas Sarkozy

Elected French President in 2007 promised to address the Muslim tensions but failed to do so

Dubcek

Elected first secretary of the Communist Party in Czechoslovakia following Novotny's resignation due to a writer's rebellion; introduced a number of reforms, including freedom of speech and the press, freedom to travel abroad, and a relaxation of secret police activities; hoped to create 'communism with a human face"; his leadership led to the "Prague Spring"

Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan

Electricity spawned a whole series of inventions. The invention of the lightbulb by the American _______ _________ and the British _________ ________ opened homes and cities to illumination by electric lights.

Tony Blair

Electted British prime minister in 1997 and architect of "New Labour". Favored low taxes, tightly controlled social spending, and closer ties to Europe.

Nikita Kruschev

Emerged as the chief Soviet policy maker following Stalin's death; ended forced-labor camps & condemned Stalin's violent regime. Leader of the Soviet Union who attempted to take advantage of American frenzy over missiles in the late '50s to solve the problem in West Berlin; announced that unless the West removed its forces from West Berlin within six months, he would turn over control of the access routes to Berlin to the East Germans; eventually backed down as Eisenhower stood firm

Germany's "place in the sun"

Emperor William II embarked on an activist foreign policy dedicated to enhancing German power by finding "this". He changed Bismarck's policy by dropping the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia.

Mughal Empire

Empire in India that brought about unity; came from mountainous region north of Ganges River valley; founded by Babur

Treaty of Adrianople 1829

Ended Russian-Turkish war. Russians received Maldavia & Wallacha. Russia, France & Britain to decide fate of Greece.

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Ended the "Great War of the Empire"; the French withdrew and left India to the British

Peace of Utrecht

Ended the War of Spanish Succession. Led by John Churchill.

William Blake

English Romantic painter, poet, and printmaker; reverent to the Bible but hostile to the Church of England.

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)

Henry III

English king, gave up all possessions in France except Duchy of Gascony

Edward III

English king, overthrew father and had claim to French throne

country house

English landed aristocracy invested much time, energy, and money into their rural estate, giving the English __________ an important role in English social life.

Shakespeare

English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)

Heinrich Himmler

Entrusted by Hitler with administration of the "Final Solution" to the Jewish Question. Head of SS (Gestapo) which oversaw the Death Camps. Responsible for the death of 6 million Jews.

French Students Revolt

Erupted at the University of Nanterre outside Paris; spread to the Sorbonne; students demanded a greater voice in the administration of the university, took over buildings, & invited workers to support them; After the Gaullist government instituted a hefty wage hike, the workers returned to work and the police repressed the remaining student protestors

Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Essay written by John Locke that said all people are born free with a blank mind

Popular culture

Essentially what everyone does and are for the general public, low culture

Act of Supremacy

Established Henry VIII and Elizabeth I as supreme heads of the church of England, excluded Pope

Spinoza's Book

Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner

Kosovo Liberation Army

Ethnic Albanian group that started a campaign against Serbian Rule in Kosovo.

Marshall Plan

European recovery program following the Truman Doctrine; included $13 billion for the economic recovery of war-torn Europe; underlying it was the belief that Communist aggression fed off economic turmoil; did not include the Soviet Union & thus enhanced division of Europe

Ireland's Easter Rebellion

Even worse was the violence that erupted in Ireland when members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood and Citizens Army occupied government building in Dublin on Easter Sunday in 1916. British forces crushed the Easter Rebellion and then con demned its leader to death.

the Haiti revolution

Eventually, leadership of the slaves' revolt was taken over by Toussaint L'Ouverture, a son of African slaves, who seized control of all of Hispaniola by 1801. Although Napoleon had accepted the revolutionary ideal of equality, he di snot deny the reports of white planters that the massacres of white planters by slaves demonstrated the savage nature of blacks. In 1802, he reinstated slavery in the French West Indian colonies and sent an army that captured Toussaint L'Ouverture, who died in a French dungeon within a year. but the French soldiers, weakened by disease, soon succumbed to the slave forces. On January 1, 1804, the western part of Hispaniola, now called Haiti, announced its freedom and became the first independent state of Latin America.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Eventually, leadership of the slaves' revolt was taken over by ________, a son of African slaves, who seized control of all of Hispaniola by 1801. Although Napoleon had accepted the revolutionary ideal of equality, he di snot deny the reports of white planters that the massacres of white planters by slaves demonstrated the savage nature of blacks. In 1802, he reinstated slavery in the French West Indian colonies and sent an army that captured ________, who died in a French dungeon within a year. but the French soldiers, weakened by disease, soon succumbed to the slave forces. On January 1, 1804, the western part of Hispaniola, now called Haiti, announced its freedom and became the first independent state of Latin America.

Russia

Experienced a massive surge in towards industrialization under the leadership of Sergei Witte, the minister of finance. Defeated by the Japanese navy.

Bernini Ecstasy of St Theresa

Famous baroque sculpture made for the Church of Santa Maria.

Mussolini invades Ethiopia

Fascist Italy's proclamation of a commitment to imperial expansion

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

blank check

Fearful of Russian intervention on Serbia's behalf, Austrian leaders sought the backing of their German allies. Emperor William II and his chancellor, Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, responded with the infamous blank check, their assurance that Austria- Hungary could rely on Germany's full support , even if matters went to the length of a war between Austria-Hungary and Russia

Bohemia

First phase of the Thirty year's war, started in the states of Habsburg's territories.

A Serious Proposal to the Ladies

First published in 1694, presents a plan for an all-female college where women could pursue a life of the mind.

Jan Van Eyck

Flemish painter, known for his famous painting of Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride

Niccolo Machiavelli

Florentine diplomat and Republican, sent into exile after Medici family returned to power, wrote The Prince

Classical music

Focus shifted to Austria, more use of orchestras and operas

Second Battle of the Marne

For germany the withdrawal of the russians from the war in March 1818 offered renewed hope for a favorable outcome. An allied counter attack, led by the french general ferdinand Foch and supported by the arrival of 140,000 fresh american troops, defeated by the germans at the second battle of Marne on July 18.

Liberals

Forced to adopt the social reforms in Great Britain due to the pressure put on them from the trade unions and Labour party. Created a social welfare program for the workers. Gave the Irish home rule.

Elector Palatinate Frederick IV

Formed a league of German Protestant states called the Protestant Union.

NATO

Formed in April 1949 when Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, & Portugal signed a treaty with the U. S. and Canada; all powers agreed to provide mutual assistance if any of them was attacked; joined a few years later by West Germany, Greece, & Turkey

Blitzkrieg

Fought against Poland by Germany using panzer divisions, Followed Hitler's "phony war"; fought using panzer divisions; fought by Germany against Denmark and Norway

Gerard Groote

Founded Modern Devotion

Saint Petersburg

Founded by Peter the Great, Imperial capital of Russia; important trade city because of location of the Baltic Sea.

diplomatic revolution of 1756

France abandoned Prussia to ally with Austria; Russia joined them; Great Britain allied with Prussia. This ___________ led to the Seven Years' War.

Leon Blum

France's first socialist Prime Minister. During his one year in office, he instituted a number of important social reforms, including the 40-hour work week. Government took a more active role in economy by increasing public spending and helping workers gain salary increases.

General Directory

Frederick William I promoted the evolution of Prussia's civil bureaucracy by establishing the ___________; it served as the chief administrative agent of the central government, supervising military, police, economic, and financial affairs.

Supply and demand

Free market makes business meet the lowest price to meet competition

Saint Bartholomew's Day

French Calvinists massacred by Duke of Guise (ultra Catholics) in 1562, created French Wars of Religion

Nobles of the Robe

French Nobles who disliked the growing centralized government. Started a series of civil wars.

Marshal Pétain

French WWI hero who established an authoritarian regime over the part of France that wasn't occupied by the Germans in 1940

French Classicism

French art style committed to the classical values of the high renaissance.

Antoine Watteau

French artist of the Rococo style. His work featured the artistocratic life; upper class pleasure and joy, with an undertone of sadness.

Jacques Chirac

French conservative president elected in 1995; pursued a plan of sending illegal immigrants back to their home countries; an outspoken opponent of the US invasion of Iraq.

Capetian Dynasty

French dynasty that went extinct

Pierre Bayle

French philosopher and writer best known for his seminal work the Historical and Critical Dictionary,[2] published beginning in 1697. As a forerunner of the Encyclopedists and an advocate of the principle of the toleration of divergent beliefs, his works subsequently influenced the development of the Enlightenment.

Parlements

French regional courts dominated by hereditary nobles. The Parlement of Paris claimed the right to register royal decrees before they could become law.

Talleyrand

French representative in the Congress of Vienna. Influenced the assembly to favor France as it redrew the lines of Europe.

Francois Mitterand

French statesman and president of France from 1981 to 1985 (1916-1996)

National System of Political Economy

Friedrich List (1789-1846). Advocated in his book ________ __________ __________ ___________ _________ for protective tariffs to stimulate a rapid and large scale program of industrialization in order to promote national strength. Felt that German industries would not grow under an inundation of British goods.

William Pitt the Elder

Furthered imperial ambitions by acquiring Canada and India in the 7 Years' War; he was dismissed by George III despite his success as prime minister.

Enabling Act

Gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for 4 years so he could "help" Germany

Social Democratic Party

German _______ _________ party espoused revolutionary Marxist rhetoric while organizing itself as a mass political party competing in elections for the Reichstag.

Battle of Britain

German air force launched a major offensive against Britain; Germany lost because Hitler decided to shift form military targets to massive bombing of cities; British inflicted major losses on German bombers; Germany lost

Ernst Rohm

German army officer and Nazi leader. He was a co-founder of the Sturmabteilung ("assault battalion"; SA) and later was SA commander. In 1934, he was executed on Hitler's orders as a potential rival.

Burning of the Reichstag

German government building set afire, Hitler blamed Jews and Communists, led to his rise to power

Albrecht Durer

German painter, known for his painting Adoration of the Magi, greatly affected by Italians

The Peasant's War, 1524

German peasants did not see economic gain like everyone else, looked for support in Martin Luther but radical Thomas Müntzer flamed peasants against their rulers, revolt erupted in Southwestern Germany in 1524; Luther had princes kill peasants, Luther supported the rulers b/c it helped him with Reformation

Max Planck

German physicist whose explanation of blackbody radiation in the context of quantized energy emissions initiated quantum theory (1858-1947)

Willy Brandt

German states who as chancellor of West Germany worked to reduce tensions with eastern Europe (1913-1992)

Aryans

Germanic people seen as the superior race by Adolph Hitler. Blonde hair, blue eyes.

Ruhr Valley

Germany's chief industrial and mining center. Rich in coal

Hitler Youth

Germany's young men and women who joined the Nazi political party and pledged their allegiance to Germany and Adolf Hitler. The Hitler Youth organization "brainwashed" the children and convinced them of German superiority.

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, Japan

From the Cape to Cairo

Goal of the British imperialists to have a system of railways that would connect British possessions from North Africa to South Africa.

Pascal's Wager

God is a reasonable bet; it is worthwhile to assume that God exists. If he does, then we win all; if he does not, we lose nothing.

Perestroika

Gorbachev's policy of "restructuring" which included reducing the direct involvement of the Communist Party leadership in the day to day governing of the nation. It was a decentralization of economic planning and controls

Pogroms

Government supported attacks against Jews in Russia, Jews had to bribe officials to stop the attacks.

Brandenburg-Prussia

Group of German territories, ruled by the Hohenzollern family, that became one of Europe's most powerful states in the seventeenth century. Its military strength was supported by its hereditary landowners who were granted autonomy in their territories.

Charlotte Corday

Guillotined for assassinating Marat; Girondist sympathizer

Vittorino

He founded a school in Mantua which provided a humanist education for children (just boys)

Francis Joseph I

He was an Austrian emperor who established an imperial diet (Reichsrat) in Austria in hopes of restoring stability, he also created dual monarchy of Hungary and Austria with his Augsleich of 1867

Silvio Berlusconi

Head of a media empire that became italian Prim Minister in 2008 to protect his own business interests.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

the Cort process

Henry Cort devised a system called puddling in which coke was used to burn away impurities in pig iron to produce an iron of high quality.

High Culture and Low Culture

High culture most commonly refers to the set of cultural products, mainly in the arts, held in the highest esteem by a culture. It is the culture of an elite such as the aristocracy or intelligentsia, and is contrasted with the low culture of the less well-educated, barbarians, Philistines, or the masses.

Gustavus III of Sweden

His economic reforms "smacked of laissez-faire"; considered to be an enlightened monarch; nephew of Frederick the Great; assassinated by nobles incensed by his reforms

invasion of the Soviet Union

Hitler became convinced that Britain was remaining in the war only because it expected Soviet support; expected to defeat Soviets quickly, but an early winter and unexpected Soviet resistance brought German advance to a halt; first time in the war that German armies had been stopped

Battle of Stalingrad

Hitler decided that Stalingrad, a major industrial center on the Volga, should be taken after the capture of Crimea; German troops were stopped, then encircled, & finally forced to surrender on Feb 2 1943; The entire German Sixth Army was lost

Battle of Kursk

Hitler gambled in this battle by making use of newly developed heavy tanks; German forces were soundly defeated in the greatest tank battle of WWII; Germans lost eighteen of their best panzer divisions.

Anschluss

Hitler wanted all German-speaking nations in Europe to be a part of Germany. To this end, he had designs on re-uniting Germany with his native homeland, Austria. Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, however, Germany and Austria were forbidden to be unified.

Lebensraum

Hitler was a firm believer in the doctrine of _______ (living space), espoused by Karl Haushofer, a professor of geography at the University of Munich. The doctrine maintained that a nation's power depended on the amount and kind of land it occupied.

Peace of Augsburg

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V attempted to settle Lutheran problem in Germany at this event in 1530, Charles wounded up demanding that Lutherans return to Catholic Church.

Natural law idealogy

If Isaac Newton could discover the natural laws regulating nature, they could find the natural laws governing society. Less focus on god.

Malacca

In 1511, Albuquerque sailed into this harbor on the Malay peninsula in search of spices. Malacca had previously been transformed by its Muslim rulers into a major port for spice trade; Albuquerque wanted to control this port because it would destroy the Arab spice trade and would provide Portuguese a station on the route to the Spice Islands; after a short and bloody battle, the Portuguese ruled the port

Hanoverian; Hanover

In 1714, the ______________ dynasty was established. The British crown was offered to the Protestant rulers of the German state of _________.

Louis XVIII

In 1814, restored to the French throne to the Bourbons. Accepted the Napoleonic code and its policies.

Wilbur and Orville Wright

In 1903, at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, these guys made the first flight in a fixed wing plane powered by a gasoline engine.

Verdun and the Somme

In 1916 and 1917, millions of young men were killed in the search for the elusive breakthrough. In the German offensive at Verdun in 1916, the British campaigns on the Somme in 1916 and at Ypres in 1917, and the French attack in Champagne in 1917, the senselessness of trench warfare became all too obvious. In ten months at Verdun, 700,000 men lost their lives over a few square miles of terrain.

Bay of Pigs

In 1961, an American-supported attempt to invade Cuba via the ______ and overthrow Castro's regime ended in utter failure. The next year, the Soviet Union decided to station nuclear missiles in Cuba.

Falklands War

In 1982, when Argentina attempted to take control of the Falkland Islands (one of Britain's few remaining colonial outposts) 300 miles off its coast, the British successfully rebuked the Argentina, Had a great economic cost, and lost 225 lives, but had much popular patriotic support for Thatcher.

cotton industry

In Britain, the _______ _______ boomed with the development of the flying shuttle, spinning jenny, water frame spinning machine, mule, power loom, etc.

Enclosure Movements

In England, where small land holders resisted the end of the open field, Parliament enacted legislation allowing agricultural lands to be legally enclosed as a result, England became a land of large estates, and many small farmers were forced to become wage-laborers or tenant farmers working farms of 100-500 acres.

unrestricted submarine warfare

In January 1917,however,eager to break the deadlock in the war, the Germans decided on another military gamble by returning to unrestricted submarine warfare. German naval officers convinced Emperor William II that the use of unrestricted submarine warfare could starve the British into submission within five months.

El Alamein

In North Africa, British forces had stopped Rommel's troops at _____________ in the summer of 1942 and then forced them back across the desert.

dechristianization

In its attempt to create a new order the National Convention also pursued a policy of ________. The word "saint" was removed from street names, churches were pillaged and closed by revolutionary armies, and priests were encouraged to marry.

older

In northwestern Europe, the average age for marriage was _______ because the couple would first save up what they needed to run a household.

ideology; confrontation; withdraw

In the 18th century, war was no longer guided by ______; clever and elaborate maneuvers rather than direct _________; allowed defeated opponents to ________ without being captured or destroyed

plutocrats

In the 19th century, aristocrats merged with the most successful industrialists, bankers, and merchants to form the ________, members of the wealthy elite

policy of appeasement

In the Anglo-German Naval pact, the British acted based on a _________________, which was based on the belief that if European states satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied powers, the latter would be content, and stability and peace would be achieved in Europe.

Lawrence of Arabia

In the Middle East, the British officer T.E. Lawrence (1888-1935), who came to be known as Lawrence of Arabia, incited Arab princes to revolt against their Ottoman overloads in 1916.

viceroy and audiencias

In the New World, Spanish developed an administrative system based on rulers who exercised authority on behalf of a higher ruler. Spanish possessions divided into two major administrative units: New Spain and Peru. Each viceroy served the king and was aided by advisory groups.

cottage industry

In the countryside, textiles were produced by the putting-out or domestic system, in which a merchant-capitalist bought the raw materials and put them out to rural workers, who spun the raw material into yarn and then wove it into cloth in simple looms. Capitalist-entrepeneurs sold the finished product, made a profit, and used it to manufacture more. This system became known as the ___________ because spinners and weavers did their work in their own cottages.

Inca

In the late 1300's, these people were located in Cuzco, Peru. In 1440's the powerful ruler Pachakuti launched a campaign of conquest that brought the entire region under Inca control; Inca Empire expanded to Ecuador, Chile and Amazon basin; divided into four quarters, each ruled by a governor, usually related to royal family; these people were great builders, roadways, houses

the July Revolution

In this 1830 event, French liberals responded to an attempt by King Charles X to restore complete control over the government to the monarch -- Following popular uprisings, Charles X fled France and was replaced as king by Louis Philippe of the House of Orléans.

phase in human development

In upper classes, toys were developed especially for children; books aimed to please as well as teach children; childhood was being viewed more as a ____________.

Mein Kampf

In which Hitler indicated where a National Socialist regime would find the land it needed to occupy to gain power; he concluded that Germany must prepare for its inevitable war with the Soviet Union

Economic Imperialism

Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments.

Charles VI

Insane king of France

principle of intervention

Instituted during the congress of Vienna that established the right the great powers of Europe had to send armies into countries where there were revolutions, in order to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones. Pissed off Britain

Legacy of Locke and Isaac Newton

Intellectuals thought Newtons ideas of reason can be used to unlock the laws of politics, economy and arts Their ideas seemed to offer hope of a new world build on society

Women's suffrage movement

International Movement of the 1880's, that sought to challenge the legal, political, and economic disabilities towards European and American women. This is historically significant because the women eventually gained the right to vote and the right to hold a job. The extension of enlightenment ideas onto women.

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

It is impossible to simultaneously determine the position and energy (or velocity) of an electron.

Pan-German league

It stressed strong German nationalism and advocated imperialism as a tool to overcome social divisions and unite all classes. They were also anti-Semitic.

Pamela

It tells the story of a beautiful 15-year-old maidservant named Pamela Andrews, whose country landowner master, Mr. B, makes unwanted advances towards her after the death of his mother. After Mr. B attempts unsuccessfully to seduce and rape her, he eventually rewards her virtue when he sincerely proposes an equitable marriage to her. In the novel's second part, Pamela marries Mr. B and tries to acclimatize to upper-class society. The story, a best-seller of its time, was very widely read but was also criticized for its perceived licentiousness.

Brunelleschi

Italian architect, designed the Dome of the Duomo and the Church of San Lorenzo

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer; thought circumference of Earth was smaller than people thought, therefore thought Asia could be reached by sailing West from Italy instead of around Africa; funded by Queen Isabella of Spain; reached Bahamas then went to Cuba; believed he had reached Asia; told King and Queen he would go back and find gold and convert natives; made three voyages

Francesco Guicciardini

Italian historian, wrote History of Italy and History of Florence

Raphael

Italian painter and architect, known for his work School of Athens

Botticelli

Italian painter whose interest in Greek and Roman mythology is reflected in his famous Primavera

Giotto

Italian painter, forerunner to Italian Renaissance

Michelangelo

Italian painter, sculptor, and architect, known for painting the Sistine Chapel and creating the Statue of David

Maria Montessori

Italian physician who gained international fame for her philosophy of teaching, which allowed students to learn in a noncompetitive and relaxed atmosphere.

Donatello

Italian sculptor, created life-size statue David, shown with the head of Goliath at his feet

Baldassare Castiglione

Italian writer who wrote The Book of the Courtier

House of Fugger

Jacob Fugger arranged large loans for Charles V and in return was given a monopoly over silver, copper and mercury mines in the Habsburg possessions in Central Europe; example of relationship between government and entrepreneurs; House of Fugger went bankrupt at the end of the 16th century when the Habsburgs defaulted their loans

Pearl Harbor

Japanese carrier-based aircraft attacked the U. S. naval base at ____________; Japanese leaders had hoped to destroy the U. S. Pacific Fleet and persuade Roosevelt administration to accept Japanese domination of the Pacific; they were wrong—Americans broadly supported Roosevelt's war policy & the U. S. joined European nations and Nationalist China in effort to defeat Japan

Karl Rahner

Jesuit theologian; believed we come to know God through the universe; god is absolute mystery ("horizon of our being")

Alfred Dreyfus

Jewish military captain who was falsely accused of treason due to french anti-semitism.

Ferdinand

King of Aragon who fought to dominate Naples

Edward III

King of England from 1327 to 1377 who had a claim to the French throne. Quarrel between him and the french king began the Hundred Years' War.

Charles VIII

King of France who brought army and occupied Naples

Louis XI

King of France, also known as the Spider, he generated a sound source of revenue for the government with the Taille

Philip II

King of Spain, "the Most Catholic King", wanted to make Spain a dominant power in Europe

Ferdinand

King of Spain, husband of Isabella

Gustavus Adolphus

King of Sweden during the 30 years war. Made Sweden a great military power. Aided Protestants in Germany.

Richard II

King who was 14 during the Peasant Revolt of 1381, promised to accept their demands but later arrested the rebels

al-Qaeda

Known as "the Base" terrorist organization run by Osam Bin Laden. Responsible for the 9-11 terror attacks in the U.S.

The Enlightenment

Known as the Age of Reason

Hungarian uprising

Krushchev's revelations about Stalin at the Twentieth Congress caused turmoil in Communist ranks everywhere and encouraged a spirit of rebellion in Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe. Soviet troops reacted by crushing a _________________ in 1956, and Krushchev and the Soviet leaders downplayed their destalinization campaign.

Francisco Pizarro

Landed in South America with a band of 180 men when the Inca were still flourishing; had steel weapons, gunpowder and horses plus Inca were suffering from smallpox and their emperor died which created a civil war for the throne between two sons-- all of these factors making it easier for him to beat Inca; established capital at Lima for a new colony of the Spanish Empire

Jean Chretien

Lawyer, politician, Prime Minister of Canada 1990-2003.

Prince Klemens von Metternich, Austrian Prime minister

Leader at the Congress of Vienna. Was guided at Vienna by the Principle of Legitimacy and heavy supporter of conservatism.

Konrad Adenauer

Leader of the CDU who served as chancellor from 1949 to 1963; became the "founding hero" of the Federal republic; sought respect for West Germany by cooperating with Western nations; sought reconciliation with France

Claus von Stauffenberg

Led the only plot against Hitler & the Nazis that came remotely close to success; believed only the elimination of Hitler would bring the overthrow of the Nazi regime; planted a bomb in Hitler's East Prussian headquarters; bomb exploded but failed to kill Hitler

Natural Rights

Life, Liberty, and Property. Idea formed by John Locke.

Cardinal Fleury

Louis XIV had left France with enlarged territories, an enormous debt, an unhappy populace, and a five-year-old great-grandson as his successor. The governing of France fell into the hands first of the regent, the duke of Orléans, whose good intentions were thwarted by his drunken and immoral behavior, and later of ______________, the king's minister. The budget was even balanced for awhile.

Louis XVI

Louis XV's twenty-year-old grandson who became __________ knew little about the operations of the French government and lacked the energy to deal decisively with state affairs.

War of Spanish Succession

Louis' final war, fought over the right to the Spanish throne and hegemony over Europe.

95 Theses

Luther's explanation of the abuse of church in selling indulgences, his reaction to Pope Leo X selling to support financially; nailed to church door or sent to superior; translated and spread

Quadruple Alliance

Made up of Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, & Russia the four countries, which restored the Bourbon monarchy in France and agreed to meet at the Congress of Vienna to arrange a peace settlement. Will continue working together in the Concert of Europe in order to ensure a European balance of power

founding of the League of Nations

Major American concern at Yalta; Roosevelt hoped to ensure the participation of the Big Three in a postwar international organization before difficult issues divided them into hostile camps; After anumber of compromises, both Churchill and Stalin accepted Roosevelt's plans for a United Nations organization and set the first meeting.

cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

patrician oligarchies

Many cities in Western and central Europe had ___________ that continued to control their communities by dominating town and city councils. They constituted a small minority of the urban population

enlightened absolutism (enlightened despotism)

Many historians once asserted that a new type of monarchy emerged in the late eighteenth century, which they called _________. These monarchs supposedly followed the advice of the philosophes and ruled by enlightened principles, establishing a path to modern nationhood.

The Seven Years' War

Maria-Theresa refused to accept the loss of Silesia to Prussia, so she rebuilt her army to prepare for another war with them. France abandoned Prussia and allied with Austria; Russia joined them; Great Britain allied with Prussia. 3 major areas of conflict were Europe, India, and North America.

Ptolemy's Geography

accepted as the most accurate map of its time; did not become available to Europeans until the late 15th century; includes "wind faces" that show wind currents around the earth; printing of the map was important; dramatically underestimated circumference

Protestant Education

adopted classical emphasis of humanists schools but broadened base of people people being educated; all children were educated with public money

the Edict of Worms

after Emporer Charles V was angry that Luther did not recant his beliefs, this made Martin Luther an outlaw in the empire, burned his works and captured Martin Luther

of Nations' mandates

after the war France took control of lebanon and syria and britain received Iraq and palestine. both acquisitions were called mandates. the system of mandates officially administered a territory on behalf of the league of nations.

laissez-faire

Means "let people do as they choose" The idea that a state should not interrupt the free play of natural economic forces through regulations

Tehran Conference November 1943

Meeting with Stalin, Roosevelt, & Churchill to decide the future course of the war; Stalin & Roosevelt decided on an American-British invasion of the Continent through France

Ludovico Sforza

Milanese duke who invited French to intervene in Italian politics, allowing the French bring an army and occupy Naples

Gulf War

Military action in 1991 in which an international coalition led by the United States drove Iraq from Kuwait, which it had occupied the previous year.

Spice Islands

Molucca Islands; Indian islands that provides Portuguese with lots of spices; controlling Malacca made it easier for Portuguese to launch expeditions here

The 3 French Giants

Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot

Methodism

Movement begun by John Wesly which revived Christianity

March on Rome

Mussolini and army of fascists Black Shirts marched on Rome and demanded the resignation of the existing government. The king was compelled to place Mussolini as the dictator for a year, meaning he had achieved his high status and position "legally".

Black-shirts

Mussolini's private army for scaring opposition and intimidating them.

Mein Kampf

My Struggle' by hitler, later became the basic book of nazi goals and ideology, reflected obsession

Catherine of Siena

Mystic who convinced Gregory XI to return to Rome

prefects

Napoleon kept the departments but eliminated the locally elected assemblies and instituted new officials, the most important of which were the _______. As the central government's agents, appointed by the first consul (Napoleon), the _____ were responsible for supervising all aspects of local government. Yet they were not local men, and their careers depended on the central government.

Christian Humanism

aka Northern Renaissance Humanism, focused on sources of Early Christianity; most important characteristic was its reform program; belief in power of education

invasion of Russia

Napoleon's downfall began in 1812 with his _________. The latter's defection from the Continental System left Napoleon with little choice. Although aware of the risks in invading such a large country, he also knew that if the Russian were allowed to challenge the Continental System unopposed, others would soon follow suit.

FLN

National Liberation Front; organized by a group of Algerian nationalists, who in 1954 initiated a guerrilla war to liberate their homeland

Fuhrerprinzip

Nazi leadership principle; entitled a single-minded party under one leader.

David

Neoclassical Painter

the "weekend"

New York patterns established the _________ as a distinct time of recreation and fun, and new forms of mass transportation railroads and streetcars enabled even ordinary workers to make excursions to amusement parks.

Glastnost

New policy of openness for USSR

Mass leisures

New work patterns after WWI gave people more leisure time. The 8-hr day was the norm. Pro sporting events were especially prominent.

Principia (Mathematica)

Newton demonstrated the mathematical proofs for his universal law of gravitation and completed the new cosmology begun by Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo

Sun King

Nickname given to Louie XVI

Average man

No less religious Skepticism only impacted wealthy educated

Georges Clemenceau

Not until the end of 1917 did the French war government find a strong leader in George Clemenceau. Declaring that "war is too important to be left to generals," he established clear civilian control of a total war government

Bohemia and Moravia

Occupied by Hitler while the Slovaks declared their independence and became a puppet state under Nazi Germany

Aryan Race

Occupied countries considered related to the _______ (e. g. Norway, Sweden, Denmark, & the Netherlands) treated better than those considered inferior (e. g. French & lands in the East)

July Ordinances

On July 26, 1830, Charles issued a set of edicts that imposed rigid censorship on the press, dissolved the legislative assembly, and reduced the electorate in preparation for new elections. Charles's actions produced an immediate rebellion, the July Revolution. Barricades went up in Paris as a provisional government led by a group of moderate, propertied liberals was hastily formed and appealed to Louis-Phillipe, the duke of Orléans, a cousin of Charles X, to become the constitutional king of France. Charles X fled Britain; a new monarchy had been born.

Tennis Court Oath

On June 17, 1789, the Third Estate deputies voted to constitute itself a "National Assembly" and wanted to draw up a Constitution. However, they arrived three days later to find the doors of their meeting place locked; they moved to a nearby tennis court and swore the "________" to keep meeting until they produced a French Constitution.

National Assembly

On June 17, 1789, the Third Estate deputies voted to constitute itself a "___________" and wanted to draw up a Constitution. However, they arrived three days later to find the doors of their meeting place locked; they moved to a nearby tennis court and swore the "Tennis Court Oath" to keep meeting until they produced a French Constitution.

Rhineland

On March 7, 1936, buoyed by his conviction that the Western democracies had no intention of using force to maitain all aspects of the Treaty of Versailles, Hitler sent German troops into demilitarized _______. (According to the Versailles treaty, France had the right to use military force against this, but France wouldn't act without British support)

Dunkirk

On May 10, 1940, Germany's maneuver across the Maginot Line split the Allied armies and trapped French troops and the entire British army on the beaches of ________.

March on Versailles

On October 5, after marching to the Hôtel de Ville, the city hall, to demand bread, crowds of Parisian women numbering in the thousands set off for Versailles, 12 miles away, to confront the king and the National Assembly and described how their children were starving for lack of bread. Louis XVI promised them grain supplies for Paris, but the women's action had forced the Paris National Guard under Lafayette to follow heir lead and march to Versailles. The crowed now insisted that the royal family return to Paris. On October 6, the King complied.

Suez canal crisis

On Yom Kippur 1973, Egyptian forces suddenly launched an air and artillery attack on Israeli positions in the Sinai just east of the Suez Canal. This conflict was ended in 1974 by a cease-fire agreement negotiated by the United Nations.

Vesalius' Book

On the Fabric of the Human Body

Copernicus' Books

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

Advantages of Industrialization

On the positive side, once the Napoleonic wars settled down, the Continent did try to take some of Britain's ideas. Because governments in the Continent were more accustomed to taking an active role in economic affairs, they took action such as building canals, building railroads, establishing and paying for schools for engineers and mechanics, awarding grants to inventors, sometimes even financing factories. Also joint-stock banks

the Grand Tour

One important aspect of 18th century travel, in which the sons of aristocrats completed their education by touring Europe's major cities

Republican calender

One manifestation of dechristianization was the adoption of a new ________ in 1793. Years would no longer be numbered from the birth of Jesus but from September 22, 1792, the day the French Republic was proclaimed.

Madame de Pompadour

One mistress of Louis XV--probably the most famous eighteenth-century Europe--was ________. An intelligent and beautiful woman, she charmed Louis XV and gained both wealth and power, often making important government decisions and giving advice on appointments and foreign policy.

Petrarch

One of Europe's greatest lyric poets

Petrarch

One of Europe's greatest lyric poets. Wrote in vernacular Italian, known as the Father of Humanism

Guillaume Dufay

One of the most important composers of the 1400s

Warsaw Pact

Organized by Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, & the Soviet Union as a formal military alliance in 1955

limitations to industrialization

Other countries did not share Britain's easy access to transportation - lack of good roads, problems with river transit such as tolls and customs barriers. More prevalent guild restrictions, further adherence to traditional business attitudes, dislike of competition, thriftiness, unwilling to take risks in investment, and perhaps most importantly - War. Wars also disrupted communications between Britain and the Continent which made it harder for the Continent to utilize the British advances. The Continental System destroyed prosperous ports.

Witchcraft Craze

Over 100,000 peopler were charged with witchcraft during the 16t and 17th centuries.

Battle of Agincourt

Overwhelming victory for the English against the French in the Hundred Years' war, in 1415.

Worldwide Web

Part of the Internet. Used for communication

Hindenburg and Ludendorf

Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff came to control of government by 1916 and virtually became the military dictator of Germany.

dowry

Payment or property that is brought to a marriage by the bride's family to give to the groom's

Revolution of 1905

Peaceful worker led protest in Russia due to food shortages at the Winter Palace, where troops shot and killed hundreds of peasants.

Five Year Plans

Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state.

neoplatonism

Platonic philosophy, based on the ideas of hierarchy of substance and spiritual love

Lord Tennyson's The Princess

Poem written to describe the women's position as much more than just working at them home and being inferior to men.Wanted to be equal to men

Containment

Policy favored by American diplomat George Kennan in an article in Foreign Affairs; "adroit and vigilant application of counter-force at a series of constantly shifting geographical political points, corresponding to the shifts and maneuvers of Soviet policy"

Solidarity

Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe.

Indulgence controversy

Pope Leo X issued the sale of special indulgence to support the construction of Saint Peter's Basilica; Luther offered his 95 theses, explain abuses of church in sale of indulgences; Leo did not take it seriously so the controversy was on-going; theses were translated and spread

Martin V

Pope elected by Council of Constance, ended Schism

Clement VII

Pope elected by French, competed against Urban V

Pope Pius IX

Pope from 16 June 1846 to his death in 1878

Boniface VIII

Pope who began the Great Schism, said spiritual authority was superior over secular authority

Clement VI

Pope who crushed Flagellant movement

Clement V

Pope who moved from Rome to Avignon

Star Wars

President Reagan's proposed weapons system to destroy Soviet missiles from space

Slobodan Milosevic

President of Serbia from 1989 to 1997 and of Yugoslavia 1997 to 2000. A key figure in the ethnic conflicts in the Balkans in the 1900's.

Boris Yeltsin

President of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign.

Destalinization

Process by which Krushchev abolished some of the violent policies of Stalin; he extended this process by reducing the powers of the secret police & closing some of the Siberian prison camps.

Utopian Socialist

Product of intellectuals who wanted to introduce equality into society. Believed human cooperation superior to competition.

House of Medici

Prominent banking family from the Republic of Florence, founded most successful European bank of the 15th century

new aristocracy

Promotion in civil or military offices under Napoleon was to be based not on rank or birth but only on demonstrated abilities. This was, of course, what many bourgeois had wanted before the Revolution. napoleon, however, also created a _____ based on merit in the state service.

Personality cult

Promotion of the image of an authoritarian leader not merely as a political figure but as someone who embodies the spirit of the nation and possesses endowments of wisdom and strength far beyond those of the average individual.

Taille

Property tax that more than doubled under Richelieu's reign.

Jean-Paul Sartre

Proponent of existentialism who explained that "existence precedes essence"

Albert Camus

Proponent of existentialism who said that God's death, though tragic, meant man must determine his own destiny

ecomienda

Queen Isabella of Spain declared the natives of the New World to be subjects of Castille and instituted this system that permitted the Spaniards to collect tribute from the natives and use them as laborers; in return Spaniards should protect Indians, pay them, and supervise their spiritual needs. This system was greatly ignored by the Spaniards and harshly used Indians to pursue their own economic desires

INF Treaty

Reagan and Gorbachev signed this treaty, which provided for the dismantling of all intermediate range nuclear weapons in Russia and all of Europe

Edwin Chadwick

Reformer who called for more sanitary fresh water and sewer systems. Secretary of the Poor Law Commission. Wrote "Report on the Condition of the Laboring Population of Great Britain."

Britain's Navigation Acts

Regulated what was brought to the English colonies from England; theoretically, the system was supposed to favor the mother country

History in the Enlightenment

Removed god even more anti-religious ideas emerged Criticized religious influences on society

ABM Treaty of 1972

Restricted development and deployment of antibalistic missles for US and USSR

agricultural revolution

Revolutionized agriculture during the 18th century in Britain. Began during the 16th and 17th centuries in the Low Countries, where Dutch landlords and farmers devised better ways to build dykes and to drain land so they could farm more extensive areas.There, new methods of farming, new crops, and new modes of landholding eventually led to greater productivity. Dutch go to England and their expertise is used for reclaiming English land. Enclosure acts make agriculture more productive. Also invention of the hoe and drill.

Developed Nations

Rich nations that are usually found in the northern hemisphere. Nations that are primarily found in the southern hemisphere. They tend to have an agricultural economy and little technology.

French Popular Movement

Rightist organization established by de Gaulle in opposition to the Fourth Republic; blamed the parties for France's political mess & called for an even stronger presidency

Neumann

Rococo architect

Watteau

Rococo artist

Evil empire

Ronald Reagan's description of Soviet Union because of his fierce anti-communist views and the USSR's history of violation of human rights and aggression.

Intendants

Royal officers sent by Cardinal Richelieu to execute the orders of the central government. Strengthened the power of the crown by defeating local governors.

Great Northern War

Russia, Poland, Denmark vs. Sweden

Decembrist Revolt

Russia, a protest against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne after his elder brother Constantine removed himself from the line of succession. Alexander I died in 1825 and restless groups in Russian army supported Constantine (Brother - Next in line) as Tsar over Nicholas I (in line after Constantine), but Constantine had declared in favor of Nicholas. Five officers were hung. This was the first modern revolutionary movt in Russia.

New thinking

Russian Foreign policy involving integration of the USSR into a global economy and emphasizing the common challenges facing East and West

the Romanovs

Russian family that came to power in 1613 and ruled for three centuries

Ivan III

Russian king, formed the Principality of Moscow, expelled Mongols from the land

Fyodor Dostoyevsky

Russian novelist, short story writer and essayist; works included Crime and Punishment, The Idiot and The Brothers Karamazov.

Chechnya

Russian province which was a Muslim region that wanted independence. Vladimir Putin bombed the citizens into submission

Leon Trotsky

Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin build up the army.

Vladimir Putin

Russian statesman chosen as president of the Russian Federation in 2000

Rousseau

Said that man is born free but everywhere he is in chains, people are corrupted by society. Said all men should be treated equal pro-democracy and pro-education

Hundred Years' War

Series of conflicts from 1337 to 1453 in dispute over the right of succession to the French throne

Smith's measure of wealth

Service and work

Dutch East Indies; Pacific; southeast Asia

Shortly after American entry into the war, japanese forces invaded the ____________ and occupied a number of islands in the ____ Ocean. In some cases, as on the Bataan peninsula and the island of Corregidor in the Philippines, resistance was fierce, but by the spring of 1942, almost all of ______________ and much of the western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands.

Bayle

Skeptic who attacked superstition and religious intolerance

Battle of Plassey 1757

Small British force defeated a Mughal-led army more than ten times its size; allowed the British East India Company to receive authority to collect taxes from the lands surrounding Calcutta

Calais

Small, coastal town in France that was captured by the English during the 100 years' war and remained in its possession for an additional century.

Jesuits

Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius of Loyola; determined to carry Catholic banner and fight Protestantism

Berlin Airlift

Solution invented by the western powers when the Soviets imposed a blockade of West Berlin; flew 13,000 tons of supplies to Berlin daily at its peak

Francis I

Son of Charles VIII, continued to fight to dominate Naples

William Pitt the Younger

Son of William Pitt the elder; appointed by George III and managed to stay in power through the French revolutionary and Napoleonic eras

Fabian socialism

Sought to bring communist goals by means of gradual change and negotiation.

Gorbachev

Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931)

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931)

Cuba and the Philippines

Spain's defeat in the Spanish American war in 1898 and the loss of cuba and philippines to the united states increased the discontent with the status quo.When political and social reforms were called for, liberals and conservatives sought to expand the electorate to win support for their policies. Reform was not to be easily accomplished because of the tie to the conservative order

Charles I

Spanish king who continued to fight to dominate Naples after Ferdinand's death, his armies led the Sack of Rome

El Greco

Spanish painter (born in Greece) remembered for his religious works characterized by elongated human forms and dramatic use of color (1541-1614)

The Poor Law

Stated that giving aid to the poor only bred laziness. Those unable to support themselves crowded together in workhouses.

Lusitania

Strong American protest over the German sinking of passenger liners, especially the British ship Lusitania on May 7, 1915, when more than one hundred American lost their lives, forced the German government to modify its policy of unrestricted submarine warfare starting in September 1915 and to briefly suspend unrestricted submarine warfare a year later.

Burschenschaften

Student societies dedicated to fostering the goal of a free, united Germany - Liberal and Nationalist ideals

Louis XV

Succeeded Louis XIV; was lazy and weak, and ministers and mistresses began to influence his rule once Fleury died.

Order of the planets in heliocentric conception

Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn

Whig party

Support of the middle class rising. Liberal party

Nuremberg Trials

Surviving Nazi leaders were tried and condemned as war criminals at the ________________ in 1945 and 1946.

Jacob Burckhardt

Swiss historian who studied art and culture, crediting Italians with birth of the Renaissance. Wrote The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy

Collapse of the Berlin Wall

Symbolic end of the Cold War, 1989

tanks

Tanks were also introduced to the battlefields of Europe in 1916. The first tank- a British model- used caterpillar tracks, which enabled it to move across rough terrain. Armed with mounted guns, tanks could attack enemy machine- gun positions as well as enemy infantry. But the first were not very effective and it was not until 1918,with the introduction of the British Mark V model, that thanks had more powerful engines and greater maneuverability.

New Women

Term used to describe career-oriented women in western Europe and the United States in the 1920s; they sought increased social and political rights.

day-trippers

Thanks to the railroad, seaside resorts, once the preserve of the wealthy, became accessible to more people for weekend visits, much to the disgust of one upper class regular, who complained about the new "day trippers"

peers

The 18th century British parliament was dominated by a landed aristocracy historians divided into 2 groups: ____, who sat for life in the House of Lords, and the landed gentry, who sat in the House of commons and served as justices of the peace in the counties.

landed gentry

The 18th century British parliament was dominated by a landed aristocracy historians divided into 2 groups: peers, who sat for life in the House of Lords, and the _________, who sat in the House of commons and served as justices of the peace in the counties.

House of Lords; House of Commons

The 18th century British parliament was dominated by a landed aristocracy historians divided into 2 groups: peers, who sat for life in the ________, and the landed gentry, who sat in the _________ and served as justices of the peace in the counties.

increases; improved; open-field

The 18th century saw ______ in food production, farmland, yields per acre, and livestock, and an ________ climate (little ice age declined) as well as an abandonment of the _________ system.

Bauhaus School of art

The Bauhaus teaching staff consisted of architects, artists and designers who worked together to blend the study of fine arts(sculpting) with the applied arts

Nagasaki and the Dutch

The Dutch, unlike the Spanish and Portuguese, had not allowed missionaries to interfere with their trade interests in Japan so Japan allowed a small trading community to stay; other European trading posts were closed down because the Christian religion interfered with politics

Paris Commune

The French Revolution entered a more radical stage after power passed from the assembly to the new ______, composed of many who called themselves sans-culottes, ordinary patriots without fine clothes.

Final Solution

The Nazi's term for their plan to annihilate the Jewish people

loyalist; counterrevolutionary

The Revolt in the Vendée was a ______ rebellion with _________ motives.

Schlieffen Plan

The Schlieffen Plan called for a minimal troop deployment against Russia while most of the German army would make a rapid invasion of western France by way of neutral Belgium. After the planned quick defeat of the French, the German army expected to redeploy to the east against Russia. Under the Schlieffen Plan, German could not mobilize its troops solely against Russia and therefore declared war on France on August 3 after issuing an ultimatum to Belgium on August 2 demanding the right of German troops to pass through Belgian territory.

Galileo's Books

The Starry Messenger

British

The United Kingdom of Great Britian came into existence in 1707 when the governments of England and Scotland were united; the term ______ came to refer to both English and Scots.

Vendeé Revolts

The authority of the Convention was repudiated in western France, particularly in the department of the Vendeé, by peasants who revolted against the new military draft. The _______ soon escalated into a full-blown counterrevolutionary appeal.

Maastricht Treaty

The basis for the formation of the European Union, which set financial and cultural standards for potential member states and defined criteria for membership in the monetary union.

Divine Right Monarchy

The belief that a monarch's power derives from God and represents Him on earth. King holds absolute power.

Mutual Deterrence

The belief that an arsenal of nuclear weapons prevented war by assuring that if one nation launched its nuclear weapons in a preemptive first strike, the other nation would still be able to respond and devastate the attacker; belief clung to following the Soviet Union's detonation of its first atomic bomb in 1949

Tenochtitlán

The capital of the Aztec people... on an island in Lake Texcoco

Elba

The defeated Napoleon was allowed to play ruler on the island of ____, off the cost of Tuscany, while the Bourbon monarchy was restored to France in the person of Louis XVIII, brother of the executed king, But the new king had little support, and Napoleon, bored on ____, slipped back into France.

Weimar Republic

The democratic government which ruled over Germany form 1919 to 1933. Was Germany's first democracy and it failed miserably. It had leaders such as Stresseman and Hindenburg.

Economic liberalism

The economic philosophy that government intervention in and regulation of the economy should be minimal

Vatican Council II

The ecumenical or general council of the Roman Catholic Church that Pope John XXIII (1958-1963) convened in 1962 and that continued under Pope Paul VI (1963-1978) until 1965.

William II

The emperor of Germany from 1888-1918, who cashiered out Bismarck, eager to pursue his own policies.

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

The exodus of the Huguenots in France started by Louie XVI in an effort to mantain religios harmony. Many Huguenots fled France and opposed Louie XVI.

internal combustion engine

The first _________ ________ ______, fired by gas and air, was produced in 1878. It proved unsuitable for widespread use as a source of power in transportation until the development of liquid fluid -petroleum and its distilled derivatives.

Cosimo de'Medici

The first of the Medici political dynasty, he took control of the Republic of Florence and made it his oligarchy

Sputnik I

The first space satellite, launched by the Soviet Union & causing fears of a "missile gap" between the U. S. & the Soviet Union

Auschwitz

The largest and most infamous of the Nazi death camps

Spain's parliament, Cortes

The legislature of Spain. It is a bicameral parliament, composed of the Congress of Deputies (the lower house) and the Senate (the upper house). It has the power to enact any law and to amend the constitution.

the Reichstadt

The lower house of the german parliament, that elected based on universal male suffrage but did not have ministerial responsibility. It presented the opportunities for the growth of real political democracy, though it failed to develop before WWI

Britain's Ministry of Munitions

The need to ensure adequate production of munitions led to the creation in July 1915 of the Ministry of Munitions under a dynamic leader,David Lloyd George. The Ministry of Munitions took numerous steps to ensure that private industry would produce war materiel at limited profits.

Night of the Long Knives

The night that Hitler ordered Gestapo to assassin or capture the SA leaders in order to gain more power

Cultural Relativism

The position that the values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect

Globalization

The process by which peoples and nations have become more interdependent.

total war

The prolongation of World War I made it a total war that affected the lives of all citizens.

Renaissance slavery

The purchase, ownership, or other trafficking of humans as property during the Renaissance

Unification of Germany

The result of the fall of the Berlin Wall

Nicholas I

The revolt transformed him from a conservative into a reactionary determined to avoid another rebellion. Strengthened his control by building on to the bureaucracy and creating a secret police.

Charles X

The successor to Louis XVIII; wanted to reestablish Catholic control of education system; Tried to repay nobles for lands lost during the revolution, but the liberals in the legislative assembly opposed him. Eventually, he issued the July Ordinances, which ultimately led to his downfall.

Maastricht Treaty

The treaty, signed in 1992, creating the European Union, the world's largest trading bloc, and moving to adopt a common currency (the Euro).

Vienna and the Ottoman Empire

The turks and Suleiman I were stopped at Vienna after they had taken Begrade and Hungary.

pogroms

The worst organized massacre of Jews in Germany during the Black Plague

Chechens

These Muslim people desire a homeland from Russia in the Caucasus Mountain region

Carlsbad Decrees of 1819

They banned nationalist fraternities ("Burschenschaften"), removed liberal university professors, and expanded the censorship of the press.

Charles XII

This Swedish king was the primary opponent of Peter the Great in the Great Northern War of the early 1700s

the Hohenzollerns

This dynasty long provided the electors, kings, and emperors who ruled Prussia and unified Germany until the end of World War I

Nicolae Ceausescu

This militant communist leader of Romania attempted to keep his power by force, but was defeated and sent to the Hague to be executed by demand of a military court

One king, one law, one faith

This motto of Louis XIV is a declaration of his intention to be the uncontested ruler of a French kingdom united by a single religion

French Third Republic

This republican governmental system was established after the fall of the Second French Empire (Napoleon III) in the Franco-Prussian War and which lasted until the German occupation of 1940.

Grunge Music

This type of music is a subgenre of alternative rock that emerged during the mid-1980's and popularized in 1990's in Washington

Pietism

This was a movement within Lutheranism that revived Protestantism that called for an emotional relationship, allowed for the priesthood of all believers, and the Christian rebirth in everyday affairs

SA

This was the Nazi paramilitary force which protected Hitler and played a key role in his rise to power. One of the first SA leaders was Hermann Goering. The SA was important because they were responsible for most of the violence against Jews as well as allowing Hitler to rise to power.

The house of Orange

This was the most powerful, dominant family in the Dutch Republic, that provided many of the stadtholders who headed the executive branch of government, including the man who became King William III of England

Guest Workers

To maintain its economic expansion, Germany under Adenauer imported hundreds of thousands of "_________," primarily from Italy, Spain, Greece, Turkey, & Yugoslavia.

Principle of Legitimacy

To reestablish peace and stability in Europe, Metternich considered it necessary to restore legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions. - Necessary to restore the legitimate monarchs and traditions

Think globally, act locally

To successfully implement a global strategy requires that correct balance between central control and local management be obtained.

the Columbian Exchange

Trade between old world and New World; tobacco, sugar etc to old world, farm animals, technology to New World

Anglo-German Naval Pact 1935

Treaty that allowed Germany to build a navy that would be 35 percent the size of the British navy, with equality in submarines; in which the British moved toward an open acceptance of Germany's right to rearm

Nicholas II and Alexandra

Tsar Nicholas II relied on the army and bureaucracy to uphold his regime. But World War I magnified Russia's problems and severely challenged the tsarist government.

Grand Alliance

U. S., Soviet Union, & Great Britain

First Consul

Under Napoleon, executive power was vested in the hands of the three consuls, but article 42 said that "the decision of the ________"--Napoleon--"shall suffice."

Nationalization

Under the rule of de Gaule, the ___________ (government ownership) of traditional industries, such as coal, steel, and railroads, led to large government deficits.

Magyarization

Unlike Austria, Hungary had a working parliamentary system, but it was controlled by the great ______ landowners, who dominated both hungarian peasantry and other ethnic groups in Hungary. They attempted to solve their problems by systematic ________ The language was imposed on all schools and was the only language that could be used by government and military officials.

Flight to Varennes

Upset with the turn of revolutionary events, Louis XVI sought to flee France in June 1791 and almost succeeded before being recognized, captured at Varennes, and brought back to Paris.

Rococo

Very elaborate and ornate (in decorating or metaphorically, as in speech and writing); relating to a highly ornate style of art and architecture in 18th-century France

Volkish thought

Volkish thought was rooted in extreme nationalism and racism; the belief that German culture is superior and that the German people have a universal mission to save Western civilization from inferior races.

deism

Voltaire's idea of a religious outlook built on Newton's world-machine Believed god had no role in the world and only created natural laws to govern it. He created the universe and then left man to govern it.

Anabaptists

Wanted complete separation of church and state in Protestant reformation... government not even supposed to execrise power over real Christians; advertised adult rather than infant baptism; radical reformers; interpreted Lord's Supper as remembrance

Persian Gulf War

War between US and Iraq. First major test of U.S. Soviet relations after the Cold War.

Monroe Doctrine

Warning put out by the American government against European intervention in the New World

Policy of Coercion

Was founded primarily on a strict enforcement of the Treaty of Versalles. It began with the issue of reparations( payments that the Germans were supposed to make to compensate for the damage done to the civilian population)

Louis-Napoleon

Was not only the first president of the French Republic (for two terms), but was also the last emperor. As emperor, he was called Napoleon III and he was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Dachau

Was the first of the Nazi concentration camps opened in Germany, intended to hold political prisoners. It is located on the grounds of an abandoned munitions factory northeast of the medieval town of Dachau,

Consuelo Vanderbilt

Wealthy american heiresses were in special demand. when _______ _______, married the duke of marlborough, the new duchess brought $10 million to her husband

peace for our time

When Chamberlain returned to England from Munich, he boasted that the Munich agreement meant "__________."

siege of Leningrad

When Hitler invaded the Soviet Union, one German army swept through the Ukraine while a second engaged in the _____________; a third approach within 25 miles of Moscow, the Soviet capital. But they were all stopped by an early winter.

Amiens; 1802

When Napoleon became consul in 1799, France was at war with a Second Coalition of Europe, composed of Russia, Great Britain, and Austria. Napoleon realized the need for a pause. The peace he sought was achieved at _____ in march _____ and left France with new frontiers and number of client territories from the North Sea to the Adriatic. but the peace did not last because the British and French both regarded it as temporary and had little intention of adhering to its terms.

Second Coalition 1799

When Napoleon became consul in 1799, France was at war with a _______ of Europe, composed of Russia, Great Britain, and Austria.

Hiroshima & Nagasaki

When President Truman and his advisers became convinced that American troops might suffer heavy casualties in the invasion of the Japanese homeland, they made the decision to drop the newly developed atomic bomb on __________________, and the Japanese surrendered unconditionally.

Chiang Kai-shek

When clashes between Chinese and Japanese troops broke out, the Chinese nationalist leader, __________, sought to appease Tokyo by granting Japan the authority to administer areas in North China. But as Japan moved steadily southward, popular protests in Chinese cities against Japanese aggression intensified. Hostilities spread. Even after the Rape of Nanking, _______ refused to capitulate, and moved his government upriver to Hankou.

war of liberation

When the Russians did stop to fight at Borodino, Napoleon's forces won an indecisive and costly victory. When the remaining troops of the Grand Ary arrived in Moscow, they found the city ablaze. Lacking food and supplies, Napoleon abandoned Moscow late in October and made the "Great Retreat" across Rusia in terrible winter conditions. Only forty thousand troops managed to straggle back to Poland in January 1813. This military disaster then eld to a _____________ all over Europe, culminating in Napoleon's defeat in April 1814.

Catherine of Aragon

Wife of Henry VIII - made new church and divorced b/c she produced no sons

Anne Boleyn

Wife of Henry VIII - mother of Elizabeth, beheaded by husband.

Catherine Parr

Wife of Henry VIII - outlived Henry

Ostpolitik

Willy Brandt's policy of "opening toward the east" that increased relations between West and East Germany in 1972

phony war

Winter of waiting by Hitler following the 1st Bitzkrieg; ended by the 2nd Blitzkrieg

Cell phones

Wireless technology in the 1990's that caused a boom in the use of these items

Ciompi

Wool workers in Florence's most prominent industry, who revolted in 1378

Treatise on Toleration

Work by Voltaire that argued for religious toleration

Plurality of Worlds

Written by Frontenelle. The story of a man explaining the ideas of Scientific revolution to a woman. Made their ideas easy to understand.

Spirit of Laws

Written by Montesique talking about the seperation of powers and how government should be divided up into separate branches of government

"The Spirit of the Laws"

Written by Montesquieu, Applied the Scientific method to the social and political world Presented his 3 Types of Government

"Treatise on Toleration"

Written by Voltaire argued religious tolerance had not created problems in England "All men are brothers under God"

"Philosophical Letters on the English"

Written by Voltaire, expressed his admiration of the English press, social freedom, and religious tolerance criticized royal absolutism in france

Erasmus's The Praise of Folly

Written in 1511, reform meant spreading understanding of inner piety and understanding the abuses of the church... this book made such ideas evident; criticized church's abuses in society

Simone de Beavoir

Wrote The Second Sex, in which she argued that as a result of male-dominated societies, women had been defined by their difference from men and consequently received second-class status

Lope de Vega

Wrote more than 1,500 plays, including witty comedies and action-packed romances.

Tito

Yugoslavian leader of the Communist resistance movement; moved toward the establishment of an independent Communist state in Yugoslavia after the war

Tito

Yugoslavian who led a band of guerrillas against German occupation forces; had a partisan army of 250,000 by 1944, including 100,000 women

diplomacy; reason of the state

_____ of the 18th century focused mainly on the dynastic interests or the desire of ruling families to provide their dependents and extend their dynastic holdings; it also focused on the _________, which was based on long-term future of states.

Heinrich Himmler

______ and the SS organization was given responsibility for what the Nazis called their "Final Solution" to the Jewish problem.

allied states

_______, one of the three major parts of Napoleon's Grand Empire, were thoe defeated by Napoleon and forced to join his struggle against Britain; they included Prussia, Austria, and Russia.

dependent states

_________, one of the three major parts of Napoleon's Grand Empire, included Spain, the Netherlands, the kingdom of Italy, the Swiss Republic, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and the Confederation of the Rhine (a union of all German states except Austria and Prussia).

Venice

a "republic" located in what is now northeastern Italy, began to conquer more land to expand its food and trade

Abstract Expressionism

a New York school of painting characterized by freely created abstractions

Gustavus III of Sweden

a benefactor of arts and literature. He founded several academies, among them the Swedish Academy, created a National Costume and had the Royal Swedish Opera built.

The Travels of John Mandeville

a book of fantastical nature about "other worlds" filled with precious stones and gold; encouraged Europeans to travel

Rotten boroughs

a borough able to elect a representative to parliament though having very few voters; choice representative usually in the hands of one person or family.

longbow

a bow invented by the Welsh, used by the English in the Hundred Years' War.

Milan

a duchy located in what is now northwestern Italy, conquered by Francisco Sforza

Leon Trotsky

a fervid revolutionary as chairman of the petrograd soviet, the bolsheviks were in a position to seize power in the name of the soviets. The provisional government quickly fell with little bloodshed.

Court jews

a few Jews helped finance the wars of major rulers. Their position at court and their financial abilities may have brought them privilege and fame, but court Jews, failed to have their loans repaid.

USSR

a former communist country in eastern Europe and northern Asia

the Lollards

a group John Wycliffe's followers

KLA

a group that fought against Serbian attempts to control the region of Kosovo in the 1990s

Ulster

a historic division of Ireland located in the northeastern part of the island

Anticlericalism

a historical movement that opposes religious (generally Catholic) institutional power and influence, real or alleged, in all aspects of public and political life, and the involvement of religion in the everyday life of the citizen.

Microcosm

a human being was a small replica of the larger world

Naples

a kingdom located in what is now southern Italy. Known for its weakness; France and Aragon fought to dominate it

Kristallnacht

"Night of Broken Glass" -the night of November 9, 1938, on which Nazi troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues throughout Germany

The Balkans

"The Powder Keg of Europe"—territory that used to be part of the declining Ottoman Empire—Ottoman, Austrian, and Russian empires all want control of this territory

Isabella

"she-wolf" of France

Catherine II

"the Great"; claimed that she wished to reform Russia along the lines of philosophes; had policy of favor toward the landed nobility that led to revolt

Article 231

also known as the war guilt clause which declared germany and austria responsible for starting the war and ordered germany to pay reparations for all the damage to which allied governments and their people were subjected as a result of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of germany and her allies.

John Wilkes

ambitious middle-class member of the House of Commons; outspoken journalist who publicly criticized the king's ministers; arrested and soon released, but expelled form his seat in parliament

Sinn Fein

an Irish republican political movement founded in 1905 to promote independence from England and unification of Ireland

Marburg Colloquy

an attempt to resolve the differences between Zwinglian and Lutheran faiths to create a strong alliance against the Holy Roman Empire; Zwingli believed the Lord's Supper was only a meal of remembrance, Jesus was not actually present in bread and wine; Luther believed his spirit was present in the bread and wine; failed to reach agreement

Perestroika

an economic policy adopted in the former Soviet Union

Pugachev

an illiterate Cossack who succeeded in wielding the disparate elements of discontent into a mass of revolt in Russia by the peasantry

Ship money

an impost levied in England to provide money for ships for national defense

Florence

an oligarchic "republic" located in what is now western Italy, conquered by Cosimo De'Medici

Black Hole of Calcutta

an underground prison for holding prisoners, many of whom died in captivity; the Bengal ruler attacked Fort William and imprisoned the local British population here

Mass society

any society of the modern era that possesses a mass culture and large-scale, impersonal, social institutions. a society in which prosperity and bureaucracy have weakened traditional social ties.

First Estate

approximately 130,000 people; Clergy; owned approximately 10% of the land; exempt from the taille but had to pay "voluntary" contribution to the state

Second Estate

approximately 350,000 people; the nobility; owned 25-30% of the land; held positions in government, military, law courts, and higher church offices; had tax exemptions, especially from the taille

nationalism

arose out of an awareness of being part of a community that has common institutions, traditions, language, and customs. This community constitutions a "nation," and it, rather than a dynasty, city-state, or other political unit, becomes the focus of the individual's primary political loyalty.

French Royal Academy of Sciences

arose out of informal scientific meetings in Paris during the 1650s; recognized in 1666; received abundant state support and remained under government control; members appointed and paid by the state

Petrograd

at the beginning of march, a series of strikes broke out in the capital city of petrograd. here the actions of the working class women helped change the course of the Russian history.

domestic servants

at the bottom of the working class hierarchy stood the largest group of workers, the unskilled laborers. The _______ _______ were a part of this group. One out of every seven employed persons in Great britain was one, most were women.

treatment of women and children

bad and overworked, but legislation throughout the 19th century slowly began to ameliorate this

Charles III of Spain

banished the Jesuit and circumscribed the activities of the Inquisition (brought Catholic church under control)

Alexander III and Nicholas II

believed that reform was a mistake and instituted exceptional measures. powers of the secret police were increased. advocates for constitutional monarchy and social reform, and revolutionary groups were persecuted. Districts placed under martial law and the powers of the zemstvos were curtailed. His son took over after his death, and adopted the the conviction that absolute powers should be preserved. with industrial growth it was not realistic.

tabula rasa

blank slate

Peace, land, and bread

bolshevik slogan also 'worker control of production' and 'all power to the soviets' lenins program of power and revolution

The Prince

book written by Niccolo Machiavelli, giving concrete expression to Renaissance political power

Isaac Newton

born in Woolsthorpein in 1642; invented calculus; investigated the composition of light; inaugurated the law of universal gravitation

Scientific Revolution

brought about a dissolution of the medieval world view; educated Europeans took intense interest in the world around them ("God's handiwork")

Henry Ford

by 1906, Americans had overtaken the initial lead of lead of the French. It was an American, _________ __________, who revolutionized the car industry with the mass production of the Model T.

Irish Home Rule

charles parnell called for this. Soon irish peasants were responding to british inaction with terrorist acts, forcing the british do react with more force, causing the irish catholics do demand independence.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

charter of basic liberties provided by the Assembly that reflected the ideas of philosophes, French Enlightenment, and the American Revolution

absenteeism

church officeholders ignored their duties and hired people who were sometimes not appropriately qualified; complaints about ignorance became widespread

joint-stock trading companies

commercial expansion of the 16th and 17th centuries was made easier by new forms of commercial organization like this; individuals bought shares in companies and received dividends while board of directors ran company and made important decisions

On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres

completed between 1506 and 1530; timidity and fear of ridicule from fellow astronomers kept Copernicus from publishing it until May 1543

Society for Revolutionary Republican Women

composed largely of working class women, this Parisian group viewed itself as a "family of sisters" and vowed "to rush o the defense of the Fatherland."

Third Estate

composed of commoners--the majority of the French population; mostly peasants

World-machine

conceived as operating absolutely in time, space, and motion; dominated the Western worldview until the 20th century

balance of power

concept designed to prevent the enlargement of one state at the expense of others

Jacques Chirac

conservative president of France, cut government spending, allowed popular vote on France's future relationship with a united Europe.

Estates-General

consisted of representatives from three orders of French society. The Third Estate got double representation, so the commoners had 600 representatives instead of 300.

France's bicameral legislature

consisting of the Chamber of Peers (chosen by the king) and the Chamber of Deputies (chosen by an electorate).

Samuel Crompton

cotton industry: mule

Robert Owen (1771-1858)

cotton magnate and social reformer. Believed that the creation of voluntary associations would demonstrate the importance of cooperative rather than competitive living. Helped plan the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union (formed in Feb 1834, collapsed the same summer amidst a failed strike for unrealistic goals, such as an eight-hour working day).

soviets

council of workers and soldiers deputies. The soviet of petrograd had been formed in march 1917, around the same time soviets sprang up spontaneously in army units and towns.. THey represented the more radical interests of the lower classes and were largely composed of socialists of various kinds

Boris Yelstin

democratically elected Russian leader that brought the Cold War to an end

Food and Drug Act of 1875

designed to prevent addition of harmful additives to food.

James Hargreaves

developed the spinning jenny to assist production of cotton yarn

portolani

did not take into account the curvature of the Earth and were of little use for long oversea voyages; charts made by medieval navigators in the 13th and 14th centuries... more useful than schematic and symbolic medieval maps; details on coastal contours, distances between ports, compass readings

Treaty of Tordesillas

divided up the New World into separate Portuguese and Spanish spheres of influence

transubstantiation

doctrine denied by Martin Luther... regarding the Lord's Supper, Luther didn't believe that the substance of bread and wine is miraculously transformed into the body and blood of Jesus

De Rerum Novarum

document issued by pope leo XIII in 1891 condemning socialism and the exploitation of workers and calling for cooperation between classes

population growth in Europe

drop in death rate from epidemics, famines, war. Increased food. Industrialization, though not directly affecting population growth, increased population in sectors outside of agriculture More people meant less land to go around/severe congestion problems in the countryside. People went to cities to find work or emigrated.

Military Revolution

during 30 years war, there was an increase in firearms & canoons; greater mobility in tactics; better trained armies

iron industry

during the Industrial Revolution, the process for producing iron that had essentially remained the same since the Middle Ages was simplified and improved (such that the resulting iron was higher quality). In part it was a result for the increased demand for machinery (and metal for locomotives/track/nascent railway industry) of the Industrial Revolution, and perhaps in part it was due to the cleverness of some engineers at the time.

Vladimir Putin

elected president of Russia in 2000, launched reforms aimed at boosting growth and budget revenues and keeping Russia on a strong economic track.

Coal Mines Act of 1842

eliminated employment of boys under ten and women in mines.

Law of the General Maximum

established price controls on goods declared of first necessity, ranging from food and drink to fuel and clothing. The controls failed to work very well because the government lacked the machinery to enforce them.

English Royal Society

evolved out of informal gatherings of scientist at London and Oxford in the 1640s; received charter in 1662

Bosnian War

example of how US gets involved in war, but not on the side of the authoritarian government. An example of "military humanism", change from previous foreign intervention, as Bosnian Serbs tried to ethnically cleanse their territory by putting Muslims into concentration camps and having mass executions.

Linen

flax (what fabric is produced from it?)

Shift of Education

focus more on real world applications, math, medicine, etc.

Gulags

forced labor camps; regular feature of Soviet life under Stalin; ended by Krushchev

cartels

formed to decrease competition internally. independent enterprises worked together to control prices and fix production quotas, thereby restraining the kind of competition that led to reduced prices. strong in Germany, where many banks moved to protect their investment by elimination the "anarchy of competition"

Meister Eckhart

founder of mysticism

cholera

frequent intestinal infection that is in part what garnered support for Chadwick's reform proposals

Ten Hours Act of 1847

further legislation to reduce abusive child labor, this time included women

Postmodernism

genre of art and literature and especially architecture in reaction against principles and practices of established modernism

Novels

great for storytelling and fiction

French and Indian War

greatest conflict of the seven years' war, fought in North America

Frankfurt Assembly

had the purpose of preparing a constitution for a new united Germany; was dominated by well-educated, articulate, middle class delegates; assembly that claimed to be the government of all of Germany; their attempt to create a German state, but ultimately failed. Austria and Russia frightened by the German unification forced Prussia to un-unify Germany and reset up the confederation.

Cesare Beccaria

he objected to harsh practices such as torture, that were common in his day. He was also opposed to trials being held in secret, as well as to corrupt judges and capital punishment. his ideas about rights and punishment influenced reform movements throughout Europe

Guglielmo Marconi

he sent the first radio waves across the Atlantic in 1901. Although most electricity was initially used for lighting, it was eventually put to use in transportation.

Eduard Bernstein

he was a member of the German Social Democratic Party who had spent years in exile in Britain, where he had been influenced by moderate English socialism and the British parliamentary system. he challenged Marxism with his book Evolutionary Socialism.

Archbishop Laud

he was the archbishop of Canterbury and he supported King Charles I but opposed radical forms of Puritanism, and this resulted in his beheading.

Marie-Therese de Geoffin

held gathering in Paris that became the talk of Europe

pluralism

high church officials held more than one office for the purpose of increasing their revenue. This led to absenteeism.

Separation of powers

ideas of checks and balances. This provided security for a state and freedom for it's people

Individualism

ideology that stressed the goals, desires, and moral worth of the individual

standard of living

improved for the rich and middle class as a result of the Industrial Revolution, but was slower at reaching the workers themselves

George Stephenson

improved steam engine locomotives built by Richard Trevithick. Rocket.

Bismarck's welfare legislation

in 1878 he got parliament to pass a stringent anti socialist law that outlawed social democratic party and limited social meetings and publications, although socials candidates were permitted to run for reichstag. He also enacted social ________ _________. a full pension was payable only at age seventy after 40 years of contribution. no benefits were paid to widows or their children.

urbanization

in part spurred by population growth it was then spurred by industrialization. Factories needed people - in the cities, there were many unemployed people looking for work. Thus factories ended up in cities, which had traditionally been for princely courts, government, military, churches, and commerce.

the Orthodox Church

in russia; had merchant and peasant revolts as well as a schism; very unsettled conditions of the religion in this area

infanticide; foundling homes; hospitals

in time soy economic crisis, children proved such a burden to some families that they resorted to ______ or abandonment to ______________ or _________, which became a favorite charity of 18th century rich people.

League of Nations

in view of the many conflicting demands at the conference table it was inevitable that the big three would quarrel. Wilson was determined to create a league of nations to prevent future wars. on january 25 1919 the conference adopted the league of nations principle.Woodrow wilson compromised on territorial arrangements to guarantee the establishment of the league.

Battle of Rossbach

in which Frederick the Great defeated Austria, France, and Russia during the 7 years' War

Legislative Assembly

in which sovereign power was vested; was to sit for 2 years and consist of 745 representatives chosen by an indirect system of election that preserved power in the hands of the more affluent members of society

Battle of the Plains of Abraham, 1759

in which the French under General Montcalm were defeated by the British under General Wolfe during the French and indian war

Cossacks

independent tribes of fierce warriors who had at times fought for the Russians against the Turks but then resisted government's attempt to absorb them into the empire; support the revolt of Russian peasantry against Catherine the Great

Frederick II the Great

influence by Enlightenment thinking (against the will of his father); king during the War of Austrian Succession and the 7 Years' War

Frederick William III

instituted political and institutional reforms in response to Prussia's defeat at the hands of Napoleon. - After 1815, grew more reactionary and was content to follow Metternich's conservative lead. - did not agree to rule the german confederation

Philosophes

intellectuals who came from nobility middle class and sometimes even lower class They wanted to change the world, not just discuss it

Richard Arkwright

invented the water frame spinning machine powered by water or horse that increased yarn production in England

James Watt

invented/perfected steam engine in 1782

Poor Law Commission

investigated living conditions of the poor. Also tried to avoid incentives for laziness.

hosier, mercer, draper - what do they do?

involved in the cottage textile industry

industrial entrepreneurs (types, not proper names)

iron manufacturers, bankers, brewers

the April Theses

issued on April 20, lenin presented a blueprint for the revolutionary action based on his own version of marxist theory. According lenin, it was not necessary for russia to experience bourgeois revolution before it could move toward socialism. The soviet of soldiers workers and peasants were ready made instruments of power.

Kulturkampf

it was a struggle for civilization who distrusted catholic loyalty to the new germany.

May Day

it was made an international labor day to be marked by strikes and mass labor demonstrations difference often wreaked havoc at the organization's congresses.

Isabella d'Este

known as "the first lady of the world," she was widely known for her wisdom, intellect, and clever negotiations

Michael Bakunin and anarchism

lack of revolutionary fervor drove some people from Marxist socialism into a movement that was especially prominent in less industrialized and less democratic countries. The Russian _________ _________ believed that small groups of well trained, fanatical revolutionaries could perpetrate so much violence that the state and all its institutions would disintegrate.

Geradus Mercator

late in exploration period, made maps with wide countries on top and thin countries on bottom; lines drawn on map were useful for direction but proportion was off

Frederick William the Great Elector

leader of Prussia (a German state), built a large and efficient army that became the forth largest army in Europe and made Prussia a major power

Quesnay

leader of physiocrats, said land was only source of wealth, claimed he would discover natural economic laws

Denis Diderot

leading philosopher who created a large set of books to which many leading scholars of Europe contributed articles and essays; called it the Encyclopedia

Eugene Delacroix

leading the French Romantic Movement and for his expressive brush strokes and emphasis on color rather than clarity of outline and form. the most famous French Romantic artist. Largely self-taught, he was fascinated by the exotic and had a passion for color. He painted The Death of Sardanapalus.

General Wolfe

led the British forces to victory on the Plains of Abraham

General Montcalm

led the French and was defeated on the Plains of Abraham

wet nurses

lower-class women often served as ________ for children of the aristocratic and upper middle classes. Mothers from these higher social strata considered breastfeeding undignified.

woolen cloth

made up 75% of Britain's exports in the early 18th century

Public Health Act

mandated plumbing/sewage/running water. Designed to combat cholera and other sanitation problems

lower middle-class, petty bourgeoisie

master artisans, shopkeepers, small traders

Calculus

mathematical means of calculating rates of change

Natural Philosophers

medieval scientists

Old Bolsheviks

members of original October Revolution of the Bolsheviks, first targets of Stalin; First victims of Great Purges

Girondins

members of the National Convention who came to fear the radical mobs in Paris and were disposed to keep the king alive as a hedge against future eventualities

Black Death

mid-14th century pandemic, most devastating natural disaster in European history

Millicent Fawcett

middle class British woman, brought together 16 organizations to form "National Union of Woman's Suffrage Societies"

Catholic Reformation

mixture of old and new Catholic elements; Jesuits emerged

joint-stock banks

mobilized the savings of thousands of small and large investors, creating a supply of capital that could be plowed back into industry.

Galileo's Observations with the Telescope

mountains and craters on the moon, four moons revolving around Jupiter, phases of Venus, sunspots

Baroque music

music centered in Germany, elaborate techniques

industrial middle class

new people were made rich from the Industrial Revolution

The Roaring Twenties

nickname given to the 1920s which emphasized social, artistic, and cultural change

the Protestant Minister and Family

no more celibacy, allowed to have children and marry

upper middle-class

non noble office holders, financiers and bankers, merchants, important professionals (like lawyers)

NGOs

non-governmental organizations; groups not affiliated with any government

slave trade

not new, existed in other countries; at first, Portuguese simply replaced European slaves with Africans, but as the New Would was discovered, the New World settlers found sugar and needed slaves to work for them; led to depopulation of African countries; African chiefs increased their raids and war to maintain a constant supply of slaves

Chernobyl

nuclear power plant in Russia that had an explosion in 1986 & released radioactive materials into the air

inflation

occurred in Europe in the 16th and early 17th centuries; "price revolution"; more people = more resources need = higher prices; wage earners (laborers) struggled from this, but landed aristocrats and industrial entrepreneurs prospered because they could raise rent/prices; believed this was the beginning of capitalism in Europe

The Great Lisbon earthquake of 1755

occurred in Poland on All Saints' Day

Wilson's Fourteen Points

on January 9, 1919 Woodrow Wilson submitted the fourteen points. his proposals included open covenants of peace, openly arrived at instead of a secret diplomacy;the reduction of national armaments do a point consistent with domestic safety; and the self determination of people so that all well defined national aspirations shall be accorded the utmost satisfaction.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

on march 3,1918, the new communist government signed the treaty of Brest Litovsk with germany and gave up eastern poland, ukraine, Finland and the baltic provinces. Lenin said it made no difference since the spread of socialist revolution throughout Europe would make the treaty largely irrelevant.

Batavia

on the island of Java, Asia; where the Dutch established a fort to consolidate their political and military control over the Southeast Asia area

Urbino

once a city-state in central Italy, became a center of culture and intellect

V.A. Huber and Octavia Hill

one of the first German housing reformers. Believed that the construction of model dwellings renting at a reasonable price would force other private landlords to elevate their own housing standards. actually built these model dwellings and inhabited 3500 tenants.

Societé Générale

one of two Belgian banks that were allowed limited liability for investors and thus spurred growth when they invested heavily in railroads, mining, and other 'heavy' industry. They were a form of joint-stock corporation. This new continental banking system allowed greater investment for more sophisticated, advanced machinery than the British capital system, which simply utilized investment from private successful individuals.

Gustavus Vasa

overthrew Christian II of Denmark after Denmark, Norway and Sweden were united, became king of independent Sweden and took the lead in establishing a Lutheran Reformation in his country... by the 1530's the Swedish Lutheran Nation Church had been created

Qing Dynasty

overthrow of Ming created opportunity for Manchus, farming and hunting people who lived Northeast of China; conquered Beijing and Li Zicheng's army fell; blessed with strong rulers and restored peace

Jackson Pollack

painter who spontaneously dripped paint on a canvas which was known to be the essence of America

Flagellants

people who wandered from town to town, whipping themselves to win the forgiveness of God, whom they thought had sent the plague as punishment for sins

Monism

philosophy of pantheism

Olympe de Gouges

playwright and pamphleteer who wrote the "Declaration of the Rights of Women," claiming they should be given equal rights.

madrigal

poem set to music, originating from 14th century Italian courts, written for 5 to 6 voices

Wilhelm Liebknect and August Bebel

political career was a pioneering project combining Marxist revolutionary theory with practical, legal political activity. the SPD grew from a tiny sect to become Germany's largest political party.German socialist politician, writer, and orator. best remembered as one of the founders of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany

Mass politics

political order resting on the emergence of mass political parties. The emergence of this generally associated with the rise of mass society coinciding with the Industrial Revolution in the West.

Green parties

political organizations throughout Europe that have focused attention on the ecological issues, women's rights, and the need for a greater welfare states

Edmund Cartwright (1787)

power loom

salvation by faith

primary doctrine of Protestant Reformation (also known as justification by grace of faith)

Frederick William I

promoted the evolution of Prussia's civil bureaucracy by establishing the General Directory

Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems: Ptolemaic and Copernican

published 1632; written in Italian vs. Latin; dialogue among Simplicio, Sagredo, and Salviati; quickly perceived as a defense of the Copernican system; Inquisition found Galileo guilty of teaching the condemned Copernican method and forced him to recant and placed him under house arrest

Mary Wollenstonecraft

published and essay called "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" believed that women should learn the same thing as men, but that men's education should be put first

On the Fabric of the Human Body (The Structure of the Human Body)

published in 1543; based on his Paduan lectures; presented a careful examination of the individual organs and general structure of the human body

On the Motion of the Heart and Blood

published in 1628; demonstrated that the heart was the beginning point of the circulation of blood, not the liver

Journal des Savants

published weekly beginning 1665; printed results of experiments as well as general specific knowledge; appealed to scientist and educated public

Purging and Bleeding

purging and bleeding to remedy the imbalance were often harmful to patients, treatments with traditional herbal medicines sometimes proved beneficial

Chartism

radical campaign for parliamentary reform. The Chartists' six main demands were: 1 votes for all men; 2. equal electoral districts; 3. abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament be property owners;, 4payment for M.P.s; 5. annual general elections; and 6. the secret ballot.

Jean-Paul Marat

radical journalist; defended sans-culottes; Jacobin

the Commune

radical republicans created an independent republican government in Paris known as ____ _________. Working class men and women supported this. thousands of it's defender's were massacred by the government. bequeathed a legacy of hatred that continued to plague French politics

Johann Tetzel

reacted to Pope Leo X's indulgences, "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."

sweatshops and "sweating"

referred to the subcontracting of piecework usually, but not exclusively, in the tailoring trades; it was done at home poorly paid and worked long hours.

Women's movement

refers to a series of campaigns for reforms on issues such as reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, women's suffrage, sexual harassment, and sexual violence

God, glory, and gold

religious and secular goals in exploring; Europeans wanted money and wanted to serve God as well

reparations

reparations were a logical consequence of the wartime promises that allied leaders had made do their people that the germans would pay for the war effort. They treaty did not establish the amount to be paid but left that to be determined later by a reparations commission.

Congress of Vienna

representatives of all states that had fought Napoleon; goal was to arrange a final peace settlement by restoring the old order. Conservatism. Quadruple alliance (United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia, and Russia) met to arrange a final peace settlement in 1814 Established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, liberal revolutions would be repressed, as would imperial expansion, and the creation of new countries in Europe.

the Mountain

represented the interests of the city of Paris and owed much of its strength to the radical and popular elements in the city, although members of __________ themselves were middle class. Members of the National Convention in favor of killing the king.

Ming Dynasty

ruled China from 1369 to 1644, extended China's rule into Mongolia and Central Asia; ruled at the time the first European (Portuguese) fleet dropped anchor off the coast; peasant revolt led by Li Zicheng killed off this dynasty

Silesia

seized by Prussia during the War of Austrian succession; Prussia was allowed by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle to keep it

working class (types or groups)

servants, artisans and craftspeople (shoemaking, glovemaking, bookbinding, printing, bricklaying... upper working class might make luxury items such as coaches or clocks

Marquis of Pombal

served as chief minister to a series of Portuguese kings; the nobility and Catholic church were temporarily curtailed

Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner

set monism; not published until after his death; humans are not "situated in nature as a kingdom within a kingdom" but are as much a part of God or nature or the universal order as other natural objects

Aletta Jacob and "family planning"

she founded the first birth control clinic Initially family planning was the suggestion of reformers who thought that the problem of poverty could be solved by reducing the number of children among lower classes. The practice spread quickly among the propertied class rather than impoverished.

Rasputin

siberian peasant whom tsarina thought was a faith healer capable of healing alexis' hemophilia.his influence made him a power behind throne and interfered in government affairs, assassinated by conservative aristocrats in december 1916

compass and astrolabe

since the position of the Pole Star was useless below the equator, European explorers used these new navigational aids

Luddites

skilled craftspeople whose jobs were threatened by industrialization. Attacked the machines. Largely supported (12000 troops unable to find the culprits)

the triangular trade

slave trade connecting Europe, Africa and the Americas; Europe brought goods to Africa, Africa brought slaves to America, America brought tobacco, molasses, sugar, rum, coffee, cotton etc to Europe

John Locke Two Treatises of Government

social contract- the duty to protect natural rights

Joseph II

son of Maria-Theresa; wanted to govern based on reason, but sought to enhance Habsburg power within the monarchy and Europe

spinning jenny (perfected in 1768)

sped up production of yarn production

flying shuttle

sped up the process of weaving on a loom, thereby increasing the need for large quantities of yarn

cahier de doléances

statements of local grievances which were drafted throughout France during the Estates-General elections; advocated a regular constitutional government to abolish the fiscal privileges of the church; advocated the nobility as the major way to regenerate the country

liberal studies

studies offered at Vittorino's school including history, philosophy, eloquence, language arts, math, astronomy, and music

Amalgamated Society of Engineers

successful union that procured generous unemployment benefits in return for a small weekly payment

Football Association - National-American Leagues

team sports developed into a form of mass leisure. The rules were products of these organized athletic groups. New team sports soon became professionalized. The national and american leagues had a monopoly over professional baseball. Teams became object of mass adulation by crowds of urbanites who compensated their lost sense of identity in mass urban areas by developing these new loyalties.

British East India Company

the British presence in the spice trade in India; competition of French and Dutch

Robert Clive

the British were saved during the French and Indian War by the military genius of _________, an aggressive British empire-builder who eventually became the chief representative of the East India Company in India; said to have laid the foundations of the British empire in India; "conquerer of India"

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

the Catholic Church was reformed in this document because it was an important symbol of the old order; bishops and priests were elected by the pope and paid by the state; all clergy were to swear an oath of allegiance to the ___________, but the pope wouldn't stand for that.

John law

the French company under ________ was tied to his attempt to create a national bank and paper currency for France. When people went overboard and drove the price of stock to incredibly high levels, the bubble burst.________'s company and bank went bankrupt, leading to a loss of confidence in paper money that prevented the formation of a French national bank.

Environmentalism

the activity of protecting the environemnt from pollution or destruction

Euro

the basic monetary unit of most members of the European Union (introduced in 1999)

Terrorism

the calculated use of violence (or threat of violence) against civilians in order to attain goals that are political or religious or ideological in nature

war communism

the communists succeeded in translating their revolutionary faith intro practical instruments of power. This policy was used to ensure regular supplies for the red army. It included the nationalization of banks and most industries, the forcible requisition of grain from peasants and the centralization of state administration under Bolshevik control.

France's Third Republic

the defeat of France by the prussian army in 1870 brought the downfall of Louis Napoleon's second empire French republicans initially set up a provisional government, which soon became a government chosen by universal male suffrage.The constitution of 1875 intended only as a stopgap measure, solidified the republic which lasted 65 years. The hands of the republicans were strengthened, instituting ministerial responsibility and establishing power of the chamber of deputies.

the assembly line

the development of precision tools enabled manufacturers to produce interchangeable parts, which in turn led to the creation of the this thing for production.first used in United States for small arms and clocks, moved to Europe by 1850

Ethnic cleansing

the elimination of an unwanted ethnic group or groups from a society, as by genocide or forced emigration.

Treaty of Versailles

the final peace settlement of paris consisted of five separate treaties with the defeated nations. Germany, austria, hungary, bulgaria and the ottoman empire. the treaty of versailles with germany signed on June 28 1919 was by far the most important. The germans considered it a harsh peace, conveniently overlooking that the treaty of brest-litovsk which they had imposed on bolshevik russia was even more severe.

John Paul II

the first Pope born in Poland (born in 1920)

the Middle Passage

the middle leg of the triangular trade route; one reason for the astonishing number of slaves was their high death rate which was caused by this. 300-400 slaves per ship, 100 days, diseases

the machine gun and poison gas

the noise, machine gun fire, and exploding artillery shells often caused them to panic and lose their bearings; they went forward only because they were carried by the momentum of the soldiers beside them

Pravda

the official Communist Party newspaper

mulattoes

the offspring of African slaves brought to America and whites

Nazi Party

the political party founded in Germany in 1919 and brought to power by Hitler in 1933

primogeniture

the practice of treating the first son as favorite; came under attack in the 2nd half of the 18th century

Consciousness raising

the process of achieving greater awareness, as of one's own needs or of a political or social issue

standing army

the professional ____________, initiated in the 17th century, became a standard feature of 18th century Europe.

Scientific Method

the proper means to examine and understand the physical realm; crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world

Yugoslavia

the separate peace treaties made with other central powers extensively redrew the map of eastern Europe. Serbia formed the nucleus of the new state Yugoslavia.

The Gold Coast

the southern coast of the hump of West Africa; the Portuguese found a new source of gold here in 1471

sugar factories

the sugar plantations in the Caribbean; played a prominent role in keeping up with Europe's increasing demand on New World goods.

diplomatic system

the system of negotiations between ambassadors from different states

mercantilism

the total volume of trade was unchangeable; came to dominate economic practices in the 17th centuries; wealth depended on trade and resources; government protection on trade

Green-house effect

the trapping of heat by carbon dioxide and other gasses in the air

War of Austrian Succession

the war involving a pragmatic sanction instituted by Charles VI on behalf of Maria Theresa, whose vulnerability inspired Frederick II and France to invade.

Plato, Ptolemy, Galen, Archimedes

their works were made available when Renaissance humanists mastered Greek; writings made it apparent that even the unquestioned authorities of the Middle Ages, Aristotle and Galen, had been contradicted by over thinkers

Video games

these are electronic games

revolts in Lyons and Marseilles

these cities favored a decentralized republic to free themselves from the ascendancy of Paris. In no way did they favor breaking up the "indivisible republic."

music halls and dance halls

they appeared in the second half of the nineteenth century. the first music hall in London was constructed in 1849 for a lower class audience. by 1880 there were 500 of them. promoters gradually made them more respectable and broadened their fare to entice both women and children to attend the program.The new dance halls which were all the rage by 1900 were more strictly oriented towards adults.

cantons

thirteen self-governing states that were part of the Swiss Confederation, theoretically they were part of the Holy Roman Empire but had become virtually independent

Tokugawa shoguns

this line of leaders helped achieve the unification of Japan; gained power in 1603; these rulers completed the restoration of central authority and remained in power until 1868

Spanish Popular Front

this party won the Spanish election in 1936 and was the legitimate successors, however, the Falangists wanted power and Franco began the Civil War

dictated peace

through the treaty of versailles germany had to reduce its army to 100,000 men, cut back its navy, and eliminate its air force. German territorial losses included the cession of alsace and lorraine to france and sections of prussia do the new polish state. Outraged by the dictated peace, the new german government vowed to resist rather than accept the treaty but it had no real alternative.

Mass education

to impart knowledge to children that they need to effectively function as a member of society. This includes literacy, basic arithmetic and a basic understanding of civics in order to participate in our republic. The second function is a sifting process It recognizes that not everyone can become a doctor, lawyer or engineer. It gives employers a basis for choosing the most appropriate employees for various jobs.

Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg and the Free Corp

took radicals from the Socialist Party and formed the German Communist Party; started rebellion which was quelled by Friedrich Ebert and the Free Corps who were anti revolutionary volunteers.

Camille Desmoulins

tried and executed alongside Danton in response to Dantonist opposition to the Committee of public safety

Gustavus III of Sweden

tried to maintain Sweden's eastern borders, even hoping to expand them, through a war against Russia which was not completely successful. He was assassinated by a conspiracy of noblemen claiming thus only to commit tyrannicide, but it has been shown that they also had more personal motives.

Theatre of the Absurd

tries to capture the absurdity of the human condition; man is in charge and god is absent, lack of humanity-no meaning to life, actors are clown-like, no hope

Vladimir Lenin

turned into a dedicated enemy of tsarist russia when his older brother was executed for planning to assassinate the tsar. his search for a revolutionary faith led him to marxism and in 1894 he helped organize an illegal group known as the liberation of the working class.. the bolsheviks became a party dedicated to a violent revolution that would destroy the capitalist system, under Lenin.

lateen sails and square rigs

two renovations to European ships that made them more seaworthy; mobile enough to sail against the wind and engage in warfare and large enough to mount heavy cannons and carry goods

Black Hole of Calcutta

underground prison in Fort William for holding prisoners

trade unions

unions aimed at securing benefits for their members

Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam

used 60 illustrations to show the reproductive and developmental cycles of Surinam's insect life

Cartesian Duelism

using mind or human reason, the path to certain knowledge, and its best instrument, mathematics, humans can understand the material world because it is pure mechanism, a machine that is governed by its own physical laws because it was created by God, the great geometrician

Physiocrats

viewed as the founders of modern discipline of economics, rejected mercantilism

Liberum Veto

voting in Polish parliament had to be unanimous for changes to be made; thus, little could be done to systematically strengthen the kingdom

Thomas Cook

was a british pioneer of mass tourism. Secretary to a british temperance group, had been responsible for organizing the railroad trip do temperance gatherings in 1841. this experience led him do offer trips on regular basis after he found that he could make substantial profits by renting special trains, lowering prices and increasing the number of passengers. in 1867 he offered tours to paris and by the 1880's to switzerland.

Black Hand

was a terrorist organization that was dedicated to the unification of all south Slavs, or Yugoslavs, to form a greater Serbia. The assassin of Archduke Ferdinand, Gavrilo Princip, was a member.

National Convention

was called to draft a new constitution, but also acted as the sovereign ruling body of France; soon split into factions over the fate of the king.

George III

was determined to strengthen monarchial authority and to wield power of the patronage personally; had periodic bouts of insanity

Coney Island and Blackpool

was only 8 miles from central New York City; ______ in England was a short train ride from nearby industrial towns. With their Ferris wheel and other daring rides that threw young men and women together, amusement park offered a whole new world of entertainment

Maria-Theresa

was stunned by the loss of Silesia; resolved to reform her empire in preparation for the next conflict with rival Prussia

September Massacres

wave killing of prison population of Paris because of fear of a prisoners' revolt if a foreign country invaded

The Brothers Grimm

were German academics, linguists, cultural researchers,and authors who together specialized in collecting and publishing folklore during the 19th century.

Geneva

where Calvin took up a ministry, success allowed the city to become a vibrant center of Protestantism

yellow press

with a dramatic increase in literacy after 1871 there was the rise of mass circulation newspapers. newspapers that shared common characteristics. they were written in easily understood style and tended toward the sensational

Women's studies

with its origins in the feminist movement, rests on the premise that changing what we know about women will change women's and men's lives, a field of study established in the late 1960's and early 1970's to correct the inattention given to women in most academic fields

Mary Astell

women should educate themselves, A Serious Proposal to the Ladies

Renaissance

word meaning rebirth, a significant cultural movement from 14th to 17th centuries with huge innovations in art, music, literature, and intellect

industrial workers

workers in factories/mines. The cotton industry and mines had especially awful working conditions

Reflections on the Revolution in France

written by Burke in response to the French Revolution (displayed conservative ideology)

Persian Letters

written by Montesquieu; described a Persian in France writing to another back in the middle east and compared Louis XIV to the Persian ruler; criticized French government

Thomas More's Utopia

written in 1516, utopia means "nowhere" in Greek; an account of an idealistic life on an imaginary island; reflects More's concerns with the economic, social and political problems of his day; in book, cooperation and reason replaced power and fame, communal ownership rather than private property

Discourse on Method

written in 1637; starting point for Descartes' new system was doubt; decided to set aside all he had learned and begin again; beyond doubt was his own existence

J.R.R. Tolkien

wrote The Hobbit and The Lord of the Ring

Leeds woolen workers

wrote a petition asking that machines no longer be used to prepare wool for spinning

Hans Christian Anderson

wrote fairy tales

Jean-Baptiste Racine

wrote tragedies set in Greece or Rome that celebrated the new aristocratic virtues that Louis aimed to inculcate: a reverance for order and self-control, characters regal or noble, lofty language, aristocratic behavior

Saint-Just

young member of the Committee of Public Safety, who attempted to justify their violent measures.