AP II Exam 4

Ejaculate includes

1-5 mls of sperm (about 40-500 million total), sugars, salts and proteins

Ejaculate of a healthy, fertile male contains

20 to 500 million sperm plus sugars, salts and proteins.

What is considered full term for delivery of a baby, with documented best medical and physical outcomes?

38-40 weeks

The recommended daily allowance (RDA) of a particular vitamin is

A minimum amount to eat every day to avoid illness.

Menses is triggered by

A reduction in circulating progesterone and estrogen levels

What protects the stomach from acid?

A thick mucous coat

If fertilization occurs, the embryo will arrive at the uterus

About 3-5 days after ovulation

At approximately what age does fertility begin to decrease and the incidence of genetic abnormalities of children begin to increase in a woman, regardless of how healthy she is?

About 35 years

Sertoli cells make

Androgen binding protein and inhibin

A placenta becomes fully established and capable of supporting a pregnancy to term

Around 4-5 months of pregnancy

The mechanisms for mixing up genetic material to help create a unique gamete include

Both crossing over and independent assortment of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I

Which of the following substances would be absorbed in the intestines and make its way into the lacteal for transport?

Cholesterol

The hormone that "rescues" the corpus luteum from dying and makes pregnancy possible is

Chorionic gonadotropin

The hormone that causes the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone and estrogen despite the loss of LH from the pituitary gland in the earliest stages of pregnancy is

Chorionic gonadotropin

The hormone that causes the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone and estrogen in the earliest stages of pregnancy (before a woman even knows she is pregnant) is

Chorionic gonadotropin

Spermiogenesis includes

Condensation of DNA, Production of enzymes and formation of an acrosomal vesicle, Production of large numbers of mitochondria, growth of a long flagellum for motility

What helps to create genetic diversity during meiosis?

Crossing over and independent assortment of homologous chromosomes

In males, testosterone is often converted locally into

DHT or estradiol

What is atresia?

Death of developing follicles prior to ovulation

The part of the tooth that causes sensitivity when exposed is

Dentine

Which method of contraception gives you the best chance of avoiding pregnancy in typical use?

Diaphragm and male condom together

External genitalia develop into male structures because of

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

The functions of bile include

Emulsification of lipids and removal of fat-soluble wastes from the body

The cremaster reflex occurs in response to

Environmental changes in temperature

The hormone that causes the LH surge to occur through positive feedback is

Estrogen

The major hormone produced by the ovary during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle is

Estrogen

Cryptorchidism is

Failure of testes to descend into the scrotum by birth

What is cryptorchidism?

Failure of the testes to descend from the pelvic cavity into the scrotum

Inhibin decreases secretion of

Follicle stimulating hormone

What does a primary follicle need in order to continue development and become a large antral follicle?

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

What does a secondary follicle need in order to continue development and eventually become an antral follicle?

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

The LH surge triggers

Formation of the corpus luteum

The main energy source in semen that is used to produce ATP for sperm motility is

Fructose

Which of the following hormones stimulates insulin when carbohydrates or fats enter the duodenum?

GIP

Which of the following molecules can be absorbed across the intestinal epithelium?

Galactose

Which of the phases of gastric activity and secretion is regulated by gastrin with minimal regulation by other hormones or the nervous system?

Gastric

Myenteric plexuses help regulate

Gastric motility, peristalsis, segmentation, and gastric secretions

Which of the following hormones stimulates hunger?

Ghrelin

How does GnRH cause different amounts and patterns of LH and FSH to appear in the blood?

GnRH can be released in different patterns with one pattern favoring LH release while the other favors FSH release, and each of the gonadotropins has different negative feedback hormones.

Gastric ulcers are caused by

Helicobacter pylori

Which of the following is considered the "good" cholesterol?

High density lipoproteins (HDL)

During the luteal phase, the major effect of progesterone on the uterus is

Human placental lactogen (also called chorionic somatomammotropin) and prolactin

Hypospadias is

Improper location of the urethral orifice on the ventral/inferior surface of the penis due to problems during fusion of the urogenital folds.

The antrum forms when the oocyte

Is in prophase I.

What does it mean to say a vitamin or amino acid or fatty acid is "essential"?

It means that your body cannot make that substance from other nutrients that you eat.

Gestational diabetes mellitus frequently leads to

Large, underdeveloped babies that deliver prematurely

LH stimulates

Leydig cells to make testosterone

After giving birth, does a woman always have a menstrual period before her first ovulation?

No

Oogonia divide and form new eggs

Only during fetal life

Where do bicarbonate ions for neutralizing stomach acid come from?

Pancreas and Brunner's glands

Which type of cell in the gastric gland contains carbonic anhydrase?

Parietal cell

Which of the following enzymes breaks large peptide chains into smaller peptide chains?

Pepsin, Trypsin, Chymotrypsin

Which teeth are found in adults with permanent teeth, but not in children with a full set of deciduous teeth?

Premolars

mature ovum ready for fertilization

Presence of a single polar body between cell membrane and zona pellucida

What is the key, early factor in the normal process of determination of gender?

Presence of the SRY gene and expression of its protein

fertilized ovum or zygote

Presence of two polar bodies between cell membrane and zona pellucida

The most potent negative feedback signal in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion in females is

Progesterone

Which of the following hormones stimulates synthesis of milk in the mammary glands?

Prolactin

The cremaster muscle

Raises the testes to keep them warmer in cool weather, and lowers the testes to keep them cooler in warm weather

Menopause is caused by

Running out of follicles and oocytes in the ovaries

Which of the following hormones stimulates exocrine secretion from the pancreas?

Secretin and CCK

The major effect of progesterone on the uterus during the luteal phase is

Secretion from the uterine glands in the endometrium

The process that helps to mix pancreatic enzymes, bile, intestinal secretions and chyme is known as

Segmentation

Which of the accessory glands makes the biggest contribution to semen?

Seminal vesicles

The cells that wrap around developing sperm cells, help supply them with nutrients and form the blood-testis barrier are

Sertoli cells

Unique adaptations of the alimentary canal mucosal layer including plicae, villi and microvilli, are found in which area?

Small intestine

The hormone that stimulates developmental changes in mammary glands during pregnancy to enable colostrum and milk production is

Somatomammotropin

A cell in the seminiferous tubules that is undergoing spermiogenesis is a

Spermatid

A cell in the seminiferous tubules that is undergoing meiosis is a

Spermatocyte

A cell in the seminiferous tubules that is undergoing mitosis is a

Spermatogonium

Amylase catalyzes the formation of

Sucrose, maltose, lactose

The hormone that has a negative feedback effect on GnRH and LH in males is

Testosterone

A male reproductive tract develops internally because

Testosterone stimulates Wolffian duct development while AMH inhibits Mullerian duct development

A male reproductive tract develops internally instead of a female reproductive tract because

Testosterone stimulation of Wolffian duct development and AMH inhibition of Mullerian duct development

The formation of a testis from the primordial gonad depends on

The SRY gene and protein

Women should attempt to feed their babies colostrum because

The antibodies help to provide immunity for the infant during the first 6 months of life

Digesting food and gastric juices are kept out of the esophagus during gastric churning by

The cardiac sphincter and the diaphragm

What aspect of lactation is important for helping to suppress menstrual cycles and fertility?

The frequency of nursing bouts

Which of the following are true statements about the menstrual cycle?

The menstrual cycle is regulated by interactions between hormones produced by the hypothalamus, the pituitary and the ovary.

The luteal phase of the ovarian cycle corresponds with

The secretory phase of the uterine cycle

The spermatic cord includes

The vas deferens

Following "death" and involution, the yellow corpus luteum becomes

The white corpus albicans

When a pregnancy is full term, many gynecologists encourage their patients

To have sex with their partners

What produces flatus?

Volatile organic acids released from intestinal bacteria as they consume undigested nutrients

Menses is initiated by

a decrease in estrogen and progesterone.

primary follicle

a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells around a growing oocyte

primordial follicle

a single layer of flattened cells around an oocyte

Peristaltic activity in the intestines is caused by

a wave of contraction of the smooth muscle around the intestines preceeded by a wave of relaxation of the smooth muscle around the intestines, moving from the PYLORIC SPHINCTER toward the colon.

Leydig cells

are located between the seminiferous tubules and produce testosterone which helps spermatogenesis occur in the tubules.

Sertoli cells

are located inside the seminiferous tubules and "nurse" the developing spermatocytes as they develop into spermatids.

Spermatocyte

cells undergoing meiotic divisions

Spermatogonium

cells undergoing mitotic divisions

Spermatid

cells undergoing spermiogenesis

Which cells secrete digestive enzymes?

chief cells

Which of the following choices is a protease?

chymotrypsin

Which of the following is an endopeptidase?

chymotrypsin

Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?

clears small clots that form in other parts of the body

The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by

high levels of circulating progesterone.

Mature, motile sperm, capable of fertilizing an oocyte after capacitation, are found

in the tail (cauda) of the epididymis.

A major effect of increased stomach gastrin secretion would be?

increased stomach HCl production

Fertilization typically occurs in

infundibulum

antral follicle

many layers of cells & a fluid-filled cavity around an oocyte

Milk letdown is caused by

oxytocin

Erection involves

parasympathetic release of nitric oxide to dilate arterioles and fill the corpora, and sufficient systemic blood pressure to fill the corpora and compress the veins to maintain enlargement

The so-called "alkaline tide" results from

parietal cell H+ ion production

Milk synthesis is caused by

prolactin

parietal cells

secrete HCl

G cells

secrete gastrin

mucous cells

secrete mucus

chief cells

secrete pepsinogen

CCK

stimulates bile production & pancreatic enzyme secretion

Gastrin

stimulates gastric secretion and churning

GIP

stimulates insulin release from the pancreas

Secretin

stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion & inhibits gastric activity

Digestion is controlled and coordinated by

the autonomic nervous system, the enteric nervous system and many different hormones which are secreted by the stomach and intestine.

Semen contains contributions from

the epididymis, the seminiferous vesicles, and the prostate gland.

The function of the pampiniform plexus is

to cool the blood going to the testes and warm the blood coming from the testes.

The function of the blood-testis barrier is

to prevent an autoimmune reaction to sperm.

The cremaster reflex is

to raise and lower the testes so that it will be warmer or cooler and maintain the testes at the appropriate temperature for spermatogenesis to occur.

Which is easier to reverse surgically?

vasectomy

Which of the following is not an accessory gland for the gastrointestinal tract?

vermiform appendix