AP II Exam 4
Ejaculate includes
1-5 mls of sperm (about 40-500 million total), sugars, salts and proteins
Ejaculate of a healthy, fertile male contains
20 to 500 million sperm plus sugars, salts and proteins.
What is considered full term for delivery of a baby, with documented best medical and physical outcomes?
38-40 weeks
The recommended daily allowance (RDA) of a particular vitamin is
A minimum amount to eat every day to avoid illness.
Menses is triggered by
A reduction in circulating progesterone and estrogen levels
What protects the stomach from acid?
A thick mucous coat
If fertilization occurs, the embryo will arrive at the uterus
About 3-5 days after ovulation
At approximately what age does fertility begin to decrease and the incidence of genetic abnormalities of children begin to increase in a woman, regardless of how healthy she is?
About 35 years
Sertoli cells make
Androgen binding protein and inhibin
A placenta becomes fully established and capable of supporting a pregnancy to term
Around 4-5 months of pregnancy
The mechanisms for mixing up genetic material to help create a unique gamete include
Both crossing over and independent assortment of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I
Which of the following substances would be absorbed in the intestines and make its way into the lacteal for transport?
Cholesterol
The hormone that "rescues" the corpus luteum from dying and makes pregnancy possible is
Chorionic gonadotropin
The hormone that causes the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone and estrogen despite the loss of LH from the pituitary gland in the earliest stages of pregnancy is
Chorionic gonadotropin
The hormone that causes the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone and estrogen in the earliest stages of pregnancy (before a woman even knows she is pregnant) is
Chorionic gonadotropin
Spermiogenesis includes
Condensation of DNA, Production of enzymes and formation of an acrosomal vesicle, Production of large numbers of mitochondria, growth of a long flagellum for motility
What helps to create genetic diversity during meiosis?
Crossing over and independent assortment of homologous chromosomes
In males, testosterone is often converted locally into
DHT or estradiol
What is atresia?
Death of developing follicles prior to ovulation
The part of the tooth that causes sensitivity when exposed is
Dentine
Which method of contraception gives you the best chance of avoiding pregnancy in typical use?
Diaphragm and male condom together
External genitalia develop into male structures because of
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
The functions of bile include
Emulsification of lipids and removal of fat-soluble wastes from the body
The cremaster reflex occurs in response to
Environmental changes in temperature
The hormone that causes the LH surge to occur through positive feedback is
Estrogen
The major hormone produced by the ovary during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle is
Estrogen
Cryptorchidism is
Failure of testes to descend into the scrotum by birth
What is cryptorchidism?
Failure of the testes to descend from the pelvic cavity into the scrotum
Inhibin decreases secretion of
Follicle stimulating hormone
What does a primary follicle need in order to continue development and become a large antral follicle?
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
What does a secondary follicle need in order to continue development and eventually become an antral follicle?
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
The LH surge triggers
Formation of the corpus luteum
The main energy source in semen that is used to produce ATP for sperm motility is
Fructose
Which of the following hormones stimulates insulin when carbohydrates or fats enter the duodenum?
GIP
Which of the following molecules can be absorbed across the intestinal epithelium?
Galactose
Which of the phases of gastric activity and secretion is regulated by gastrin with minimal regulation by other hormones or the nervous system?
Gastric
Myenteric plexuses help regulate
Gastric motility, peristalsis, segmentation, and gastric secretions
Which of the following hormones stimulates hunger?
Ghrelin
How does GnRH cause different amounts and patterns of LH and FSH to appear in the blood?
GnRH can be released in different patterns with one pattern favoring LH release while the other favors FSH release, and each of the gonadotropins has different negative feedback hormones.
Gastric ulcers are caused by
Helicobacter pylori
Which of the following is considered the "good" cholesterol?
High density lipoproteins (HDL)
During the luteal phase, the major effect of progesterone on the uterus is
Human placental lactogen (also called chorionic somatomammotropin) and prolactin
Hypospadias is
Improper location of the urethral orifice on the ventral/inferior surface of the penis due to problems during fusion of the urogenital folds.
The antrum forms when the oocyte
Is in prophase I.
What does it mean to say a vitamin or amino acid or fatty acid is "essential"?
It means that your body cannot make that substance from other nutrients that you eat.
Gestational diabetes mellitus frequently leads to
Large, underdeveloped babies that deliver prematurely
LH stimulates
Leydig cells to make testosterone
After giving birth, does a woman always have a menstrual period before her first ovulation?
No
Oogonia divide and form new eggs
Only during fetal life
Where do bicarbonate ions for neutralizing stomach acid come from?
Pancreas and Brunner's glands
Which type of cell in the gastric gland contains carbonic anhydrase?
Parietal cell
Which of the following enzymes breaks large peptide chains into smaller peptide chains?
Pepsin, Trypsin, Chymotrypsin
Which teeth are found in adults with permanent teeth, but not in children with a full set of deciduous teeth?
Premolars
mature ovum ready for fertilization
Presence of a single polar body between cell membrane and zona pellucida
What is the key, early factor in the normal process of determination of gender?
Presence of the SRY gene and expression of its protein
fertilized ovum or zygote
Presence of two polar bodies between cell membrane and zona pellucida
The most potent negative feedback signal in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion in females is
Progesterone
Which of the following hormones stimulates synthesis of milk in the mammary glands?
Prolactin
The cremaster muscle
Raises the testes to keep them warmer in cool weather, and lowers the testes to keep them cooler in warm weather
Menopause is caused by
Running out of follicles and oocytes in the ovaries
Which of the following hormones stimulates exocrine secretion from the pancreas?
Secretin and CCK
The major effect of progesterone on the uterus during the luteal phase is
Secretion from the uterine glands in the endometrium
The process that helps to mix pancreatic enzymes, bile, intestinal secretions and chyme is known as
Segmentation
Which of the accessory glands makes the biggest contribution to semen?
Seminal vesicles
The cells that wrap around developing sperm cells, help supply them with nutrients and form the blood-testis barrier are
Sertoli cells
Unique adaptations of the alimentary canal mucosal layer including plicae, villi and microvilli, are found in which area?
Small intestine
The hormone that stimulates developmental changes in mammary glands during pregnancy to enable colostrum and milk production is
Somatomammotropin
A cell in the seminiferous tubules that is undergoing spermiogenesis is a
Spermatid
A cell in the seminiferous tubules that is undergoing meiosis is a
Spermatocyte
A cell in the seminiferous tubules that is undergoing mitosis is a
Spermatogonium
Amylase catalyzes the formation of
Sucrose, maltose, lactose
The hormone that has a negative feedback effect on GnRH and LH in males is
Testosterone
A male reproductive tract develops internally because
Testosterone stimulates Wolffian duct development while AMH inhibits Mullerian duct development
A male reproductive tract develops internally instead of a female reproductive tract because
Testosterone stimulation of Wolffian duct development and AMH inhibition of Mullerian duct development
The formation of a testis from the primordial gonad depends on
The SRY gene and protein
Women should attempt to feed their babies colostrum because
The antibodies help to provide immunity for the infant during the first 6 months of life
Digesting food and gastric juices are kept out of the esophagus during gastric churning by
The cardiac sphincter and the diaphragm
What aspect of lactation is important for helping to suppress menstrual cycles and fertility?
The frequency of nursing bouts
Which of the following are true statements about the menstrual cycle?
The menstrual cycle is regulated by interactions between hormones produced by the hypothalamus, the pituitary and the ovary.
The luteal phase of the ovarian cycle corresponds with
The secretory phase of the uterine cycle
The spermatic cord includes
The vas deferens
Following "death" and involution, the yellow corpus luteum becomes
The white corpus albicans
When a pregnancy is full term, many gynecologists encourage their patients
To have sex with their partners
What produces flatus?
Volatile organic acids released from intestinal bacteria as they consume undigested nutrients
Menses is initiated by
a decrease in estrogen and progesterone.
primary follicle
a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells around a growing oocyte
primordial follicle
a single layer of flattened cells around an oocyte
Peristaltic activity in the intestines is caused by
a wave of contraction of the smooth muscle around the intestines preceeded by a wave of relaxation of the smooth muscle around the intestines, moving from the PYLORIC SPHINCTER toward the colon.
Leydig cells
are located between the seminiferous tubules and produce testosterone which helps spermatogenesis occur in the tubules.
Sertoli cells
are located inside the seminiferous tubules and "nurse" the developing spermatocytes as they develop into spermatids.
Spermatocyte
cells undergoing meiotic divisions
Spermatogonium
cells undergoing mitotic divisions
Spermatid
cells undergoing spermiogenesis
Which cells secrete digestive enzymes?
chief cells
Which of the following choices is a protease?
chymotrypsin
Which of the following is an endopeptidase?
chymotrypsin
Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?
clears small clots that form in other parts of the body
The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by
high levels of circulating progesterone.
Mature, motile sperm, capable of fertilizing an oocyte after capacitation, are found
in the tail (cauda) of the epididymis.
A major effect of increased stomach gastrin secretion would be?
increased stomach HCl production
Fertilization typically occurs in
infundibulum
antral follicle
many layers of cells & a fluid-filled cavity around an oocyte
Milk letdown is caused by
oxytocin
Erection involves
parasympathetic release of nitric oxide to dilate arterioles and fill the corpora, and sufficient systemic blood pressure to fill the corpora and compress the veins to maintain enlargement
The so-called "alkaline tide" results from
parietal cell H+ ion production
Milk synthesis is caused by
prolactin
parietal cells
secrete HCl
G cells
secrete gastrin
mucous cells
secrete mucus
chief cells
secrete pepsinogen
CCK
stimulates bile production & pancreatic enzyme secretion
Gastrin
stimulates gastric secretion and churning
GIP
stimulates insulin release from the pancreas
Secretin
stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion & inhibits gastric activity
Digestion is controlled and coordinated by
the autonomic nervous system, the enteric nervous system and many different hormones which are secreted by the stomach and intestine.
Semen contains contributions from
the epididymis, the seminiferous vesicles, and the prostate gland.
The function of the pampiniform plexus is
to cool the blood going to the testes and warm the blood coming from the testes.
The function of the blood-testis barrier is
to prevent an autoimmune reaction to sperm.
The cremaster reflex is
to raise and lower the testes so that it will be warmer or cooler and maintain the testes at the appropriate temperature for spermatogenesis to occur.
Which is easier to reverse surgically?
vasectomy
Which of the following is not an accessory gland for the gastrointestinal tract?
vermiform appendix
