AP Psych - Research

Response Bias

"Demand Characteristics" In research study, subtle cues or signals expressed by the researcher that communicate the kind of response or behavior that is expected from the participant.

Statistical Significance

A mathematical indication that research results are not very likely to have occurred by chance

Operational Definition

A precise description of how that variables in a study will be manipulated or measured.

Theory

A tentative explanation that tries to integrate and account for the relationship of various findings and observations.

APA Ethical Guidelines

Acceptable scientific purpose

Random Assignment

Assigning participants to experimental conditions in such a way that all participants have equal chance of being chosen.

Hawthorne Effect

Changes in behavior resulting in attention participants believe they are getting from researchers.

Stratified Sampling

Composed of subgroups that may differ.

Basic research

Conducted with intent of increasing scientific knowledge base, and find theoretical truth and understanding

Assignment

Designing a study and choosing the subjects.

Double Blind Procedure

Experimental technique in which neither the participants not the researcher interacting in the experiment is aware of the group or condition to which the participants have been assigned.

Case Study

Highly detailed description of single individual or event

Reliability "Rule of responsibility"

Identifiable evidence that could prove a claim false must be statistically significant.

Survey Method

People respond to structured set of questions;advantage is information, can be gathered from larger group

Correlation

Positive Correlation - same direction; finding that two factors vary systematically in same direction, increasing or decreasing together Negative Correlation - Opposite direction; same as above in opposite directions, one up, one down Corre3lation Study - Research strategy that allows precise calculation of how strongly related two factors are. Correlation Coefficient - Numerical indication of the magnitude and direction of the relationship between two variables. Range: -1.00 to 1.00 Number indicates strength and signs direction of relationship

Random Selection

Process in which subjects are selected randomly from a large group such that every group member has an equal chance of being selected.

APA EG (Human)

Researcher reponsible for the treatment, ethical treatment, orderly conduct, danger, and warning.

Sampling

Select segment of population used to represent the group that is being studied. See Representative Sample

Hindsight bias

Tendency to believe once the outcome is already known, that you would have for seen that even though it is over.

Hypothesis

Tentative statement that describes the relationship between two or more variables.

Experiment

Test that will those the support of deniable hypothesis.

Validity

Tests that measure what they are suppose to measure.

Applied Researcher

Type of research conducted to solve practical problems; find cures to illnesses, therapies to help

Confounding Variables

Variable that affects dependent variable and screws up results.

Experimenter Bias (effect)

phenomenon in which researcher's hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study

Naturalistic Observation

systematic observation and recording of behaviors as they occur in their natural setting.