A.P. Psychology Unit 3 Review (Parts A and B)

If a sleep researcher is examining an EEG readout, which of the following would REM be most similar to? a. Manic state b. Night terrors c. Awake state d. Deep sleep e. Hypnotic state

c. Awake state

During a typical night, each sleep cycle lasts a. 8 hours b. 1 hour c. 4 hours d. 90 minutes e. 30 minutes

d. 90 minutes

Slowed reactions, slurred speech, and decreased skill performance are associated with abuse of a. Nicotine b. Methamphetamine c. Caffeine d. Alcohol e. Ecstasy

d. Alcohol

The place in the retina where the optic nerve exits to the brain is called the a. Lens b. Sclera c. Fovea d. Blind spot e. Aqueous humor

d. Blind spot

A group of participants in a sleep study are to be deprived of sleep for four days. After their second sleepless night, participants may being reporting which of the following? a. Hunger b. Thirst c. Lack of coordination d. Hallucinations e. Increased respiration

d. Hallucinations

Which of the following is NOT a Gestalt principle of perceptual organization? a. Proximity b. Similarity c. Closure d. Intensity e. Continuity

d. Intensity

REM sleep, generally an "active" state of sleep, is accompanied by which of the following paradoxical characteristics? a. Slowed heart rate b. Slowed respiration rate c. Lowered blood pressure d. Lowered muscle tone e. Reduced eye movements

d. Lowered muscle tone

Which of the following is NOT an example of monocular visual depth perception cue? a. Texture gradient b. Motion parallax c. Interposition d. Opponent process e. Relative size

d. Opponent process

Ben normally sleeps from 10:00 PM to 7 AM. In which of the following time periods would he experience the LEAST amount of REM sleep? a. 10:00 PM to 11:00 PM b. 12:00 AM to 1:00 AM c. 1:00 AM to 2:00 AM d. 3:00 AM to 4:00 e. 6:00 AM to 7:00

a. 10:00 PM to 11:00 PM

The change in the curvature of the lens that enables the eye to focus on objects that are various distances is called a. Accommodation b. Adaptation c. Conduction d. Convergence e. Consonance

a. Accommodation

The ability of the human visual system to barely detect a candle flame at a distance of about 30 miles on a clear, dark night is an example of a. An absolute threshold b. A difference threshold c. A just noticeable difference d. Weber's Law e. Fechner's Law

a. An absolute threshold

Which of these would be the best illustration of Weber's Law? a. At a sound intensity of 20 decibels, most people can recognize that a sound of 22 decibels is louder, but at a level of 80 decibels, most people cannot recognize that a sound of 82 decibels is louder. b. At an illumination level of 40 lumens, most people can report seeing a light that is polychromatic but cannot report seeing one that is monochromatic. c. At a concentration of 100 parts per million, more people can taste a salty stimulus than a bitter stimulus. d. All auditory stimuli above a certain frequency "sound" as if their frequencies are the same. e. People cannot attend to more than a few discrete stimuli presented to a given sensory modality at the same time.

a. At a sound intensity of 20 decibels, most people can recognize that a sound of 22 decibels is louder, but at a level of 80 decibels, most people cannot recognize that a sound of 82 decibels is louder.

The tendency of most people to identify a three-sided figure as a triangle, even when one of the sides is incomplete, is the result of a perceptual process known as a. Closure b. Proximity c. Similarity d. Feature analysis e. Shape constancy

a. Closure

Which of the following is least likely to occur as a result of good sleep habits? a. Decreased concentration b. Better immune system c. Strengthened memory d. Lower serious accident rate e. Decreased obesity

a. Decreased concentration

In terms of the effect on the central nervous system, alcohol is most accurately classified in which of the following types of drugs? a. Depressant b. Narcotic c. Psychoactive d. Stimulant e. Hallucinogen

a. Depressant

If Carmen stares at a red spot for one minute and then shifts her gaze to a white piece of paper, she is likely to experience an afterimage that is a. Green b. Red c. Blue d. Violet e. Black

a. Green

Subliminal perception is a form of preconscious processing that occurs when stimuli are presented too rapidly for us to be consciously aware of them. The fact that these stimuli were perceived and processed on some level can be demonstrated by a. More rapid future recognition of these stimuli compared to the stimuli that were not presented b. The subsequent appearance of these stimuli in dreams c. The inability of the stimuli to be subject to the tip-off-the-tongue phenomenon d. Greater tendency of these stimuli to be subject to proactive interference e. Slower recall of these stimuli in a matched pairs trial

a. More rapid future recognition of these stimuli compared to the stimuli that were not presented

Hypnosis has been found useful in the treatment of a. Pain b. Autism c. Dementia d. Paranoia e. Schizophrenia

a. Pain

According to Dr. William Sears, noted authority on infants and child-rearing, infant brain development is, in part, influenced by longer and more frequent periods of active sleeping and dreaming or a. REM sleep b. NREM slepp c. Delta sleep d. Stage 3 sleep e. Stage 4 sleep

a. REM sleep

Which of the following is true about rods and cones? a. Rods facilitate black-and-white vision and cones facilitate color vision b. Both rods and cones are most concentrated at the periphery of the retina c. Both rods and cones are most concentrated at the blind spot of the retina d. Rods and cones are distributed evenly throughout the retina e. Rods are most useful than cones for perception in well-lit areas

a. Rods facilitate black-and-white vision and cones facilitate color vision

Which of the following is true of individuals who experience severe withdrawal symptoms when they abruptly stop using a drug that they have been taking for a long time? a. They are physically dependent on the drug. b. They are tolerant of the withdrawal effects. c. They are in a state of reverse tolerance. d. They are experiencing disinhibition. e. They are demonstrating projective identification.

a. They are physically dependent on the drug.

Climbing an irregular set of stairs is more difficult for an individual who wears a patch over one eye primarily because a. Some depth perception is lost b. Half of the visual field is missing c. The ability to perceive interposition is lost d. The patch disrupts the functioning the vestibular system e. The patch alters the ability of the open eye to compensate

a. some depth perception is lost

Eleanor Gibson and her colleagues have used the visual cliff to measure an infant's ability to perceive a. Patterns b. Depth c. Size constancy d. Shape constancy e. Different hues

b. Depth

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is highly correlated with which of the following? a. A lack of genital arousal b. Dreams c. Tensed muscles d. Considerable tossing and turning e. Sleep apnea

b. Dreams

"At one time in our history it was more dangerous for our ancestors to be active at night, so sleeping at night became an advantage for their survival." Which theoretical approach would be MOST supportive of this theory about why we sleep? a. Psychoanalytic b. Evolutionary c. Cognitive d. Behavioral e. Biological

b. Evolutionary

Dreams occur a. Only during REM sleep b. In any stage of sleep, but the greatest number and most vivid dreams occur during REM sleep c. Mostly during stage 4 sleep and REM sleep, depending on the individual's sleep cycle and environmental factors like diet and exercise d. More often at the beginning of your sleep cycle than at the end e. When we repress traumas during the day, according to cognitive psychologists

b. In any stage of sleep, but the greatest number and most vivid dreams occur during REM sleep

Hypnosis is best described as a state that a. Gives the hypnotist complete control over the thoughts and emotions of the hypnotized individual b. Induces heightened suggestibility in the hypnotized individual c. Is similar to an obsessive-compulsive personality disorder d. Is similar to the condition produced by excessive alcohol consumption e. Is similar to the REM stages of sleep

b. Induces heightened suggestibility in the hypnotized individual

Receptors that are especially important for helping a person maintain balance are located in the a. Gyruscinguli b. Inner ear c. Tendons d. Ossicles e. Ligaments

b. Inner ear

The most common form of color blindness is related to deficiencies in the a. Blue-yellow system b. Red-green system c. Process of visual summation d. Bipolar cells e. Secretion of rhodospin

b. Red-green system

The four basic gustatory sensations that most animals possess are a. Bitter, salty, tangy, sour b. Salty, sweet, bitter, sour c. Smooth, grainy, cold, hot d. Grain, fruit, meat, vegetable e. Salty, sharp, sour, bitter

b. Salty, sweet, bitter, sour

After constant exposure to a stimulus, our nerve cells fire less frequently. This can be explained by which of the following? a. Weber's Law b. Sensory adaptation c. Signal detection d. Absolute threshold sensitivity e. The phi phenomenon

b. Sensory adaptation

If a person needs more of a psychoactive drug after the first dose in order to get the same effects, he or she has developed a. Physical addiction b. Tolerance c. Withdrawal symptoms d. Endorphin deficit e. Habituation

b. Tolerance

The semicircular canals, located in the inner ear, provide important information about the a. Apparent distance of sound b. Air pressure of the surrounding area c. Body's posture and head position d. Frequency of sound waves e. Amplitude of sound waves

c. Body's posture and head position

A person is asked to listen to a series of tones presented in pairs, and asked to say whether the tones in each pair are the same or different in pitch. In this situation the experimenter is most likely measuring the individual's a. Sound localization ability b. Dichotic listening ability c. Difference threshold d. Echoic memory e. Attention span

c. Difference threshold

Psychoactive substances are drugs that alter consciousness by a. Inducing the secretion of excitatory hormones into the bloodstream b. imitating the behaviors of various pheromones c. Facilitating or inhibiting neural transmission at the synapse d. Increasing an individual's hypnotic susceptibility e. Flooding post-synaptic receptors with subliminal commands

c. Facilitating or inhibiting neural transmission at the synapse

Which of the following statements concerning sleep is valid? a. There are no reliable physiological indicators of sleep. b. Longer dreams usually occur during the first sleep cycle. c. Individuals do not typically act out their dreams. d. Sigmund Freud developed his theory of dreaming by waking individuals from REM sleep. e. Sleep spindles occur with greater frequency in individuals who experience night terrors.

c. Individuals do not typically act out their dreams.

The Gestalt concept of perceptual continuity refers to a. Our tendency to see other objects near to each other as belonging to the same group b. Our tendency to see objects that are closer to us as larger than objects that are further away c. Our tendency to see fluid or complete forms rather than irregular or incomplete ones d. Our tendency to see similar-looking objects as part of the same group e. Our tendency

c. Our tendency to see fluid or complete forms rather than irregular or incomplete ones

In a sleep study, a researcher observes that the participant's eyes are beginning to dart as if he were watching a sports event. The researcher notes that the participant has entered a. Stage 3 sleep b. Beta sleep c. REM sleep d. NREM sleep e. Delta-wave sleep

c. REM sleep

A person who is attempting to overcome a heroin addiction is experiencing hallucination, tremors, and other side effects. These painful experiences associated with the termination of an addiction are known as a. Denial b. Transduction c. Withdrawal d. Transference e. Psychosis

c. Withdrawal

Cats tend to notice slight movements under low lightening conditions with greater ease than do humans; they do not, however, find it easy to distinguish colors. This is primarily due to their retinas containing, in comparison to humans a. Relatively fewer numbers of amarcine cells and relatively more bipolar cells b. Relatively fewer numbers of ganglion cells and relatively more osmoreceptors c. Relatively fewer numbers of cilia and relatively more optic nerve cells d. Relatively fewer numbers of cones and relatively more rods e. Relatively fewer numbers of mechanoreceptors and relatively more ossicles

d. Relatively fewer numbers of cones and relatively more rods

When Jason practices the drums, he tends not to hear the phone. Today he is expecting a call from a record producer and answers the phone each time it rings even when he is practicing the drums. Which of the following explains why Jason hears the phone today? a. Weber's Law b. Accomdation c. Frequency Theory d. Signal detection theory e. Harmonics

d. Signal detection theory

An obese individual with a breathing-related sleep disorder most likely suffers from which of the following? a. Narcolepsy b. Hypersomnia c. Insomnia d. Sleep apnea e. Hypnotic susceptibility

d. Sleep apnea

The general function of the bones in the middle ear is to a. Convert the incoming sound from the pounds per square inch to decibels b. Protect the cochlea c. Regulate changes in the air pressure of the inner ear d. Transfer sound information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window e. Provide information to the vestibular system

d. Transfer sound information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

A coiled tube in the inner ear that contains the auditory receptors is called the a. Semicircular canal b. Ossicle c. Pinna d. Cochlea e. Oval window

d. cochlea

The minimum intensity at which a stimulus can be detected at least 50 percent of the time is known as the a. Visual cliff b. Just noticeable difference c. Perceptual set d. Receptor potential e. Absolute threshold

e. Absolute threshold

Which of the following will NOT increase behavioral and mental activity? a. Cocaine b. Caffeine c. Benzedrine d. Amphetamines e. Barbiturates

e. Barbiturates

Individuals in which of the following occupations will be potentially LEAST likely to be susceptible to health problems as a result of disrupted circadian rhythms? a. Shift nurse b. Police officer c. Flight attendant d. Medical resident e. College professor

e. College professor

The instrument that has traditionally been used in sleep research to assess activity in the brain is called the a. Signal detection device b. Computerized axial tomography (CAT) c. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) d. Positron emission tomography (PET) e. Electroencephalograph (EEG)

e. Electroencephalograph (EEG)

Lily is having trouble staying awake during the day. Several times a day, she is overcome with excessive sleepiness- so much so, it is almost impossible for her to not fall asleep. Lily probably suffers from a. Enuresis b. Cataplexy c. Night terrors d. Sleep apnea e. Narcolepsy

e. Narcolepsy

Which of the following is the correct sequence of anatomical structures through which an auditory stimulus passes before it is perceived as sound? a. Cochlea, ossicles, eardrum, over window, auditory canal b. Eardrum, cochlea, auditory canal, ossicles, oval window c. Oval window, auditory canal, eardrum, cochlea, ossicles d. Ossicles, eardrum, cochlea, auditory canal, oval window e. Auditory canal, eardrum, ossicles, oval window, cochlea

e. auditory canal, eardrum, ossicles, oval window, cochlea