AP Psychology Unit 7

18-month old Becca is in the telegraphic speech phase. Which of the following statements might she make?

"Katie fall"

Nonverbal Manual Gestures

An intrinsic part of language development that precedes, complements, and reinforces verbal communication.

Cesaire, a 4-year-old, comes into the room and his hiss parent, "I broke it", without feeling the need to tell his parent what is broken because 4-year-olds often

Are egocentric

Moro reflex

Arms are thrust out and the back is arched in response to surprise or a sudden noise or movement

Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation paradigm is typically used to test young children's

Attachment

Maksym's parents set moderate expectations about discipline, exhibit high levels of warmth, and have open lines of communication. Which of the following best describes the parenting style of Maksym's parents?

Authoritative

Sucking reflex

Babies will suck objects placed in their mouth.

Yolay wrote a story about a young girl named Neko who was raised by cats, not having any contact with humans until she was 12. In the story, Neko became a great orator who detailed her life experiences living with cats to large audiences. Which of the following explains why Yolay's story is implausible based on past psychological research?

Because Neko was not exposed to human language during the critical period, she would likely not master human language

Disorganized insecure attachment

Begins around 8 months old when children become anxious when away from their caregivers.

Decline of visual sensory acuity

Caused by a decline in the eye's ability to focus on close objects, a decrease in pupil size, and a reduced responsiveness to changes in light.

Decline of mobility and flexibility

Caused by a decrease in muscle strength, bone density, loss of cartilage, and arthritis.

Slower reflexes and reaction time

Caused by a slowing down of cognitive processes and nerve conduction velocity.

Morgan, a 3rd grader, is having trouble with math. She is starting to do poorly in other subjects because she feels she cannot master math. Based on Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which stage is Morgan in?

Competence and inferiority

Identify at least one ethical guideline applied by the researchers.

Confidentially and anonymity

Researchers repeatedly presented a picture of a goat along with other animals and asked participants to rank how closely the picture of the goat matched their prototype of a "mammal." Participants used a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 meaning "not at all like my prototype of a mammal" to 5 meaning "exactly like my prototype of a mammal." The graph depicts the rankings of each participant based on the number of exposures. What type of research has been conducted?

Correlational Study

Dr. Soq studies the tendency for people to die after major milestones, such as a birth or a holiday. What does Dr. Soq study?

Death-deferral phenomenon

Dr. Hargen believes that development progresses slowly and steadily. Dr. Hargan followed a group of individuals from birth to age 18 to test her hypothesis. Which of the following perspectives best aligns with Dr. Hargen's belief?

Development occurs continuously

Dr. Hargen believes that development progresses slowly and steadily. Dr. Hargan followed a group of individuals from birth to age 18 to test her hypothesis. Which of the following statements best supports Dr. Hargen's hypothesis?

Development occurs like a tree grows, with the branches continually growing over time

Dr. Lynelle conducts research on how people's bodies, minds, and relationships change over time. In which major area of psychology does Dr. Lynelle conduct research?

Developmental

State the operational definition of executive functioning.

Each group reported the average number out of 6 on the "love quiz."

The psychosocial theory of development assumes which of the following principles underlies development at all stages?

Each stage in the lifespan presents the task of resolving a different conflict.

In some prosperous Western societies, it is common for adolescents to graduate from high school, go to college, and still live at home with their parents. They have not yet assumed full adult responsibilities and independence. Psychologists have identified this period of time as

Emerging adulthood

In the Strange Situation experiment, infants who were classified as securely attached were more likely to do which of the following?

Express happiness when the mother returned to the room

The component of intelligence involving the ability to understand logical relationships, reason abstractly, and learn quickly is related to which of the following?

Fluid intelligence

Nayanika is 50 years old and finds her career meaningful and impactful. She enjoys mentoring new employees, which gives her a sense of purpose. Which of the following best represents Nayanika's current stage of psychosocial development?

Generatively

Which of the following is a reflex that helps infants stay close to their caregivers?

Grasping

As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. The decrease in an infant's responsiveness is called

Habituation

Which of the following did the psychosocial theory of development say was the primary conflict through which a teenager needs to work?

Identity versus role confusion

Authoritarian Parents

Impose strict rules and expect unquestioning obedience and conformity. They have little tolerance for discussing rules that the parent enforces with punishment or threats of punishment.

Dr. Longoria wants to conduct a study to examine the development of puberty across 30 different countries. Based on past research on brain development in puberty, which of the following would make the best hypothesis for this study?

In all countries, puberty follows the same sequence regardless of the country's geographic location

Children of authoritative parents tend to be

Independent

A nine-year-old girl first learning about her capabilities on the playground and in the classroom would be in which of psychosocial stage of development?

Industry vs. Inferiority

Stepping reflex

Infants move their feet up and down as if they are walking when held up over a flat surface.

Rooting reflex

Infants will turn their faces toward the stimulus when touched on the check.

According to the psychosocial theory of development, in late adulthood the individual reaches the eighth and final stage of the life span in which one reviews and evaluates one's life and the choices one has made. The theory labeled this stage as which of the following?

Integrity versus despair

According to the psychosocial theory of development, individuals in early adulthood often seek a life partner with whom they will share their most closely held secrets and hopes. This psychosocial stage of development is called

Intimacy versus isolation

Kayden just turned 14. Which of the following changes will Kayden most likely exhibit?

Kayden will distance herself from her parents and her relationships with her friends will become more important

Dr. Hargen believes that development progresses slowly and steadily. Dr. Hargan followed a group of individuals from birth to age 18 to test her hypothesis. What type of research method did Dr. Hargen use in her study?

Longitudinal

Which of the following scenarios best describes what a psychologist who applies the psychosocial theory of development would think someone might experience in early adulthood?

Mohammed has dated a few people but has not been very successful, so he has decided to give up on dating.

Janis gave a presentation on how genes and environment interact. Which of the following was Janis most likely discussing?

Nature and nurture

Babbling stage

Nonsense sounds spontaneously vocalized starting at around 4 months.

Which of the following is a current belief of researchers that differs from Piaget's original theories?

Object permanence develops earlier than Piaget believed

Stands and walks holding on

Occurs at 10-12 months. Fine motor skills include pushing car along, hitting cup with spoon, showing hand preference, scribbling with a crayon.

Sitting with support

Occurs at 16-18 weeks. Fine motor skills include carrying objects to their mouth, holding 2 objects.

Lifting head

Occurs at 4-8 weeks. Fine motor skills include grasping a toy briefly.

Sitting without support

Occurs at 5-7 months. Fine motor skills include transferring objects from hand to hand.

Crawling

Occurs at 7-9 months.

Lifting self, rolling from side to side

Occurs at 8-10 weeks. Fine motor skills include glancing from one object to another.

Imprinting of goslings

Occurs during an 18-hour critical period.

Stands and walks alone

Occurs from 12-18 months. Fine motor skills include building 3-cube towers, opening books, turning 2-3 pages at a time.

Two-year-old Jia tells her grandmother that she "sweeped" the floor yesterday. The scenario illustrates that children

Overgeneralize the use of grammatical rules

Growth spurt

Peak height velocity occurs around 12 for girls and around 14 for boys.

Compared to when he was 17, Kwame, who is now 25, has noticed that he is better able to resist the urge to play video games all evening. What development in adolescence has allowed for his greater impulse control?

Prefrontal cortex maturation

Strange situation test

Procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment. A child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and then returns. The child's reactions are observed.

When Kaev reached sexual maturity, becoming capable of reproducing, he entered

Puberty

Jeremy happily played with his colorful blocks while his mother was nearby. When his mother left the room, he became upset, but he quickly stopped crying and began to play with the blocks again. When his mother returned, he greeted her happily. Which of the following patterns of attachment reflects Jeremy's actions?

Secure

Permissive Parents

Set a few rules and allow the children to make their own decisions. Make few demands and use little punishment. While they may be caring and communicative, permissive parents give most decision-making responsibility to their children, even if their children aren't quite ready for that responsibility.

Ankit has reached menopause. What is true for her?

She likely experienced menopause around the age of 50, but men don't experience menopause.

Which of the following indicates that a child understands conservation?

She would believe that a clay snake would have the same amount of clay as the clay ball that was used to make it.

Cooing stage

Soft vowel-like sounds, typically lasts from 2-4 months

Alexandra wants to test her new baby's rooting reflex. To elicit the appropriate response, Alexandra will have to do which of the following?

Stroke her baby's cheek

Babinski reflex

The toes flare out and then curl back in when the bottom of the foot is stroked.

Dr. Quintron accurately taught her class about Vygotsky's theory. what might she say to her class?

The zone of proximal development refers to the space between what a child is capable of doing and what the child cannot yet do

Researchers hypothesize that the older a baby is when it begins to crawl, the longer it will take the baby to stop exhibiting earlier rocking behaviors. The researchers go into the infant room of a day care center every day for six weeks. Every time a baby rocks, the researchers record it. They document which babies are already crawlers and at what age each started crawling. What will help the researchers with their investigation?

Their knowledge that rocking behavior develops before crawling behavior and that rocking behavior eventually goes away once crawling behavior begins

Telegraphic speech

Also known as the two-word stage, usually begins at age 2.

A group of psychologists wanted to develop an intelligence test that would be quicker to administer than the one they were using, which was a standardized test that required answering as many questions correctly as possible in a given time. The existing test was considered valid and reliable. In the psychologists' new test, participants had to find an image hidden in a visual display as quickly as possible. The psychologists collected data to determine the relation between the number of items the participants answered correctly on the original standardized test and the time it took them to spot the hidden image on the new test. The graph below displays the results. Which of the following values best represents the value of the statistic associated with the graph?

0.00

Cat has ___ phonemes

3

A group of psychologists wanted to develop an intelligence test that would be quicker to administer than the one they were using, which was a standardized test that required answering as many questions correctly as possible in a given time. The existing test was considered valid and reliable. In the psychologists' new test, participants had to find an image hidden in a visual display as quickly as possible. The psychologists collected data to determine the relation between the number of items the participants answered correctly on the original standardized test and the time it took them to spot the hidden image on the new test. The graph below displays the results. Based on the graph, which of the following would most likely be used to assess the relation between the participants' scores on the two tests?

A correlation

Dr. Rolph believes that watching too much television leads to lower academic achievement. He surveyed his students and asked them how many hours of television they watched and what their grade point average was. The results are depicted in the table. Which of the following statistics best approximates the relation between the variables?

A correlation coefficient of -0.90

Pincer grasp

A fine motor skill that occurs at 7-9 months, allowing them to hold something between their thumb and fingers.

Startle response

A learned, not reflexive, response to unexpected noises.

Crystallized intelligence

A person's accumulated intelligence and the ability to use skills, knowledge, and experience that increases over time.

A research group conducted a study investigating the connection between self-reported number of hours slept in a given week and scores on a happiness measure. Based on the scatterplot above, the group can report that there is

A positive correlation

Dr. Rolph believes that watching too much television leads to lower academic achievement. He surveyed his students and asked them how many hours of television they watched and what their grade point average was. The results are depicted in the table. What type of graph would Dr. Rolph use to represent these data?

A scatterplot

Dr. Walsh gathers data on the number of teratogens pregnant women were exposed to in a large city and the number of weeks at which their babies were delivered. The correlation between the two measures obtained in this study would be graphically represented as which of the following?

A scatterplot

Visual cliff

A tool used to learn when young children perceive depth.

Dr. Kamara conducted a study on the transition from childhood to adulthood. Dr. Kamara is interested in what variable?

Adolescence

Dr. Raley conducted a study on a group of 1000 people who were between 65 and 85 and were experiencing difficulties remembering new presented information. Which of the following is the population of interested in this study?

All individuals in late adulthood

Holophrastic stage

Also known as the one-word stage, typically lasts from 1-2 years.

Fluid intelligence

The ability to solve problems, see relationships, and think abstractly that declines after middle age.

What is one reason the study may not be generalizable?

The ad was in a local paper, so it may need to be more generalizable to non-living locals. They are all first-year college students, so it may not be generalizable to older or younger people.

Overgeneralization

The application of grammar rules in instances to which they do not apply.

Anxious insecure attachment

The attachment style in which a child cries loudly when their caregiver leaves and remains upset when the caregiver returns.

Separation anxiety

The attachment style in which a child cries when their caregiver leaves, seeks comfort when the caregiver returns, and happily explores their new environment when the caregiver is present.

Secure attachment

The attachment style in which a child seems indifferent to their caregiver leaving and returning.

Group-oriented attachment style

The attachment style in which infants form secure connections with both primary and secondary caregivers.

Avoidant insecure attachment

The attachment style in which the child displays no consistent behavior during separations and reunions with their caregivers.

Volunteers were asked to rate the taste of foods during allergy season on a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 meaning low intensity of flavor and 10 meaning high intensity of flavor. The researchers also asked participants to rate their level of nasal congestion on a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 meaning no nasal congestion and 10 meaning complete blockage of airways with congestion. Which of the following is an appropriate conclusion to draw from the data presented in the scatterplot?

The experience of flavor is negatively correlated with levels of nasal congestion.

Stranger anxiety

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display. Begins by around 8 months.

Grasping reflex

The fingers curl around objects when the palm is touched.

Is the hypothesis supported or refuted? Explain how you know, using data from the study.

The hypothesis is that "they believed that those with a strong attachment to parental figures early in life would have stronger attachments in romantic relationships later in life." The hypothesis is supported because, in the study, those with a secure attachment reported a higher mean average in relationship satisfaction than those with an anxious/ambivalent or avoidant style.

Describe the meaning of the differences in the means of the 3 groups in relation to the study.

The mean average on the "love quiz" for people in the securely attached group was higher than that of those in the anxious/ambivalent or avoidant groups.

Identify the research method used in the study.

The research method used in the study is a correlational study.

At the end of each class period, Professor Dodgson asks each student to write on a notecard which concepts from the class period they understood, which ones they didn't understand, and a plan for how they will approach learning any confusing concepts. This is not a required activity, but Professor Dodgson collects the cards and records which students complete them. The figure depicts student scores on the most recent test, along with how many notecards (out of 20) each student completed. Which of the following is the most accurate interpretation of the data depicted in the graph?

There is a positive relationship between the use of metacognitive practices and score on the test.

Authoritative Parents

They are both demanding and receptive. They have high expectations, set rules, and consistently enforce them, but they also explain reasons and allow input from the children. Authoritative parents combine high standards with warmth and respect for the child's view.

A researcher examined the correlation between gender and the number of birds in Indonesia. Which of the following scatterplots illustrates the weakest correlation coefficient this correlation could show?

This graph indicates an almost 0 correlation because the line of best fit is flat. There is no relationship between where the data points fall on the x-axis and where they fall on the y-axis.

Dr. Harris wants to conduct a study on the formal operational stage of development. Which of the following is an appropriate operational definition of the formal operational stage?

Understanding basic physics to recognize impossible situations

Thuy-Linh's example of maturation accurately indicated that

We stand before we walk

Genetic Mutations

Whether inherited from the parents or occurring spontaneously during embryonic development, these can cause a wide range of genetic disorders and birth defects, including Down syndrome.

According to the psychosocial theory of development, which of the following represents a question that might be asked by someone who is experiencing the stage of industry versus inferiority?

Will I be able to learn to skate?