AP Test 2
The half-life of a hormone is
-how long it lasts and affects your body before it is broken down. -depend upon whether it is bound to transport proteins or freely circulating, as well as whether it is water-soluble or lipid soluble.
Place these steps of muscle contraction in the correct order. 1. Action potential is generated along the sarcolemma 2. Nerve impulse arrives at synapse 3. Calcium is released into muscle cell cytoplasm 4. Acetylcholine is produced 5. Actin and myosin molecules continuously cross-link, with actin molecules being pulled inward
2, 4, 1, 3, 5
The hormone responsible for retaining water
ADH
Which of the following is one of the steps that ends a contraction?
Acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase.
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?
GH (growth hormone)
Hormone regulation is controlled by the
Hypothalamus
Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum?
IP3
The paraventricular nuclei synthesize
Oxytocin
Which of the following is an accurate characteristic of slow fibers?
Resting slow muscle fibers contain oxygen reserves, bound to myoglobin.
Which of the following statements describes how muscles help maintain homeostasis?
Skeletal muscle contractions help maintain body temperature.
Which statement regarding sensory reception is correct?
The CNS interprets the nature of sensory information entirely on the basis of the area of the brain stimulated.
What are hormones?
a chemical substance that is secreted into the extracellular fluid and affects target cells at a distant location
The hypothalamus orders the pituitary directly through
a nerve bundle called the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
Upon the nerve impulse arriving at the axon terminal,
acetylcholine is released.
Which is the correct order of events for hormones activating Gs proteins?
activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP
What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
A resting muscle generates most of its ATP by
aerobic respiration
Hormones can be classified as either
amino acid based hormones or steroid hormones
All of the releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus that exit the hypophyseal portal system are
amino acid-based and therefore water soluble
The supraoptic nuclei synthesize
antidiuretic hormone or ADH
You have been diagnosed with the demyelinating disease called multiple sclerosis. The areas of damage seem to be centered within the spinal cord. The demyelinated areas are most probably within the
ascending and/or descending tracts.
Hormones can change the status of a cell
by stimulating or inhibiting gene expression or enzyme action in the cell.
The active sites on actin molecules are usually covered up by other molecules. What is the critical material required to uncover the active sites on the actin molecules that will then bind to myosin heads?
calcium
Ascending pathways
carry sensory information to the brain
The gray matter of the spinal cord is dominated by
cell bodies of neurons and glial cells
Hormones act upon the cell by altering
cell membrane permeability or membrane potential by causing ion channels to open and close.
The part of the CNS that adjusts voluntary and involuntary motor activities on the basis of sensory information and stored memory of previous movements is the
cerebellum.
Think about the intricacies of ballet dancing and the coordination and balance that is required. The area of the brain most required for this activity is the
cerebellum.
You bowl with your right arm, but you write with your left hand. This is related to differences in the
cerebral hemispheres.
The region of the brain that is involved in conscious thought and intellectual function as well as processing somatic sensory and motor information is the
cerebrum.
The steroid hormones are all derived from
cholesterol
Postganglionic fibers of autonomic neurons are usually
connected to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands, and adipocytes.
What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?
control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Which of the following is a descending pathway of the spinal cord?
corticospinal
Which of these is associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
cranial nerves
The hypothalamus exhibits indirect effects by
discharging releasing or inhibiting hormones, which initiate synthesis and secretion of target hormones through the anterior pituitary.
Which of the following is the most sensitive body region?
face
The spinothalamic tracts function in
general sensation delivery.
Fast fibers
have high glycogen reserves.
Nociceptors
have large receptive fields.
As a result of a severe concussion from a car accident, you have a terrible problem with both retaining new information and recalling old information. The injury affected the
hippocampus.
Neurotransmitters are to the nervous system as ________ to the endocrine system.
hormones are
The projections of gray matter extending through the white matter toward the outer surface of the spinal cord are called
horns.
Positive and negative feedback loops determine
how much hormone will be released and for how long
Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized?
hypothalamus
Enlargements of the spinal cord occur
in the cervical and lumbar regions.
If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed,
incoming sensory information would be disrupted.
Effects produced by the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system include
increased secretion by digestive glands.
The flexor reflex
is a withdrawal reflex.
Glycolysis
is an anaerobic process.
"Anaerobic endurance"
is exemplified by contractions of fast muscle fibers.
If Broca's area is damaged, what might result?
loss of the ability to speak
High thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration in the blood indicates ________.
low concentration of thyroid hormones
During activities requiring aerobic endurance,
most of the muscle's energy is produced in mitochondria.
Neurotransmitters that cause skeletal muscle contraction are normally stored in
motor neuron axon terminals
Exhaustion of energy reserves or decline in pH due to production and dissociation of lactic acid causes
muscle fatigue.
Most hormones are regulated by
negative feedback
What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?
negative feedback
The area of sensory cortex devoted to a body region is relative to the
number of sensory receptors in the region of the body.
Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex?
oxytocin
Nociceptors are sensitive to
pain
The conscious awareness of a sensation is called
perception.
Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone?
phosphodiesterase
Which of the following enzymes are important in the deactivation of cAMP and termination of signaling?
phosphodiesterase
The spinal pathway(s) that carries/carry highly localized sensory information concerning fine touch and pressure is/are the
posterior column.
As two different hormones reach the same cell they counteract the effect of one another
preganglionic neuron.
Sensory receptors that monitor the position of joints are called
proprioceptors.
Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct order?
receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector
The perception of pain coming from parts of the body that are not actually stimulated is called
referred pain.
The hypothalamus is important in
regulating body temperature, food intake, water balance, thirst, and hormonal output of the anterior pituitary
The skeletal muscles store calcium ions in the terminal cisternae of the
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
The endocrine system is composed of glands that
secrete hormones
The hypothalamus exhibits direct effects on the body by
secreting hormones through the posterior pituitary via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
The fading of a dominant odor some time after one enters a room is an example of experiencing
sensory adaptation.
A person whose genetic makeup makes him or her a better marathon runner than a sprinter probably has more ________ in his or her leg muscles.
slow fibers
As a skeletal muscle contraction is initiated, acetylcholine binding alters the motor end plate membrane's permeability to
sodium ions.
Which of the following contains a delicate network of collagen and elastin fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid circulates?
subarachnoid space
Which of the following fibers usually release norepinephrine (NE)?
sympathetic postganglionic
The effects of neurotransmitters released by the modified neurons of the adrenal medullae resemble those produced by stimulation of
sympathetic postganglionic fibers.
Lamellated corpuscles (Pacinian corpuscles) are
tactile receptors.
The indirect response is performed through
the anterior pituitary, which manufactures and releases hormones
Which structures are related to Parkinson's disease?
the basal nuclei and the midbrain
The heart has to be able to regulate its contractions. Heart muscle, unlike skeletal muscle, cannot go into a tetanus. This is because
the heart muscle has to be able to consistently contract and pump blood in a controlled fashion.
Negative signal causes
the hormone production to stop
Positive feedback causes
the hormone to continue the effect until a dramatic event occurs, at which point it stops
Bound lipid-soluble hormones have
the longest effects, lasting over a week, while some freely circulating water soluble hormones have a half-life of less than a minute.
Hormones can affect changes in cells is dependent upon
the specific cell receptors.
What is the function of the transverse tubule?
to transmit electrical impulses to the cell's interior
Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor?
tyrosine kinase receptors
Oxytocin is responsible for
uterine contractions during labor, initiating milk release in the mammary glands, and contractions during orgasm
What type of hormones bind to receptors located on the cell membrane?
water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine
Hormones can be
water-soluble or lipid-soluble, bound to transport proteins or freely circulating
Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels?
β receptors