AP Test 2

The half-life of a hormone is

-how long it lasts and affects your body before it is broken down. -depend upon whether it is bound to transport proteins or freely circulating, as well as whether it is water-soluble or lipid soluble.

Place these steps of muscle contraction in the correct order. 1. Action potential is generated along the sarcolemma 2. Nerve impulse arrives at synapse 3. Calcium is released into muscle cell cytoplasm 4. Acetylcholine is produced 5. Actin and myosin molecules continuously cross-link, with actin molecules being pulled inward

2, 4, 1, 3, 5

The hormone responsible for retaining water

ADH

Which of the following is one of the steps that ends a contraction?

Acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase.

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?

GH (growth hormone)

Hormone regulation is controlled by the

Hypothalamus

Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum?

IP3

The paraventricular nuclei synthesize

Oxytocin

Which of the following is an accurate characteristic of slow fibers?

Resting slow muscle fibers contain oxygen reserves, bound to myoglobin.

Which of the following statements describes how muscles help maintain homeostasis?

Skeletal muscle contractions help maintain body temperature.

Which statement regarding sensory reception is correct?

The CNS interprets the nature of sensory information entirely on the basis of the area of the brain stimulated.

What are hormones?

a chemical substance that is secreted into the extracellular fluid and affects target cells at a distant location

The hypothalamus orders the pituitary directly through

a nerve bundle called the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

Upon the nerve impulse arriving at the axon terminal,

acetylcholine is released.

Which is the correct order of events for hormones activating Gs proteins?

activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP

What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A resting muscle generates most of its ATP by

aerobic respiration

Hormones can be classified as either

amino acid based hormones or steroid hormones

All of the releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus that exit the hypophyseal portal system are

amino acid-based and therefore water soluble

The supraoptic nuclei synthesize

antidiuretic hormone or ADH

You have been diagnosed with the demyelinating disease called multiple sclerosis. The areas of damage seem to be centered within the spinal cord. The demyelinated areas are most probably within the

ascending and/or descending tracts.

Hormones can change the status of a cell

by stimulating or inhibiting gene expression or enzyme action in the cell.

The active sites on actin molecules are usually covered up by other molecules. What is the critical material required to uncover the active sites on the actin molecules that will then bind to myosin heads?

calcium

Ascending pathways

carry sensory information to the brain

The gray matter of the spinal cord is dominated by

cell bodies of neurons and glial cells

Hormones act upon the cell by altering

cell membrane permeability or membrane potential by causing ion channels to open and close.

The part of the CNS that adjusts voluntary and involuntary motor activities on the basis of sensory information and stored memory of previous movements is the

cerebellum.

Think about the intricacies of ballet dancing and the coordination and balance that is required. The area of the brain most required for this activity is the

cerebellum.

You bowl with your right arm, but you write with your left hand. This is related to differences in the

cerebral hemispheres.

The region of the brain that is involved in conscious thought and intellectual function as well as processing somatic sensory and motor information is the

cerebrum.

The steroid hormones are all derived from

cholesterol

Postganglionic fibers of autonomic neurons are usually

connected to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands, and adipocytes.

What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?

control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Which of the following is a descending pathway of the spinal cord?

corticospinal

Which of these is associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

cranial nerves

The hypothalamus exhibits indirect effects by

discharging releasing or inhibiting hormones, which initiate synthesis and secretion of target hormones through the anterior pituitary.

Which of the following is the most sensitive body region?

face

The spinothalamic tracts function in

general sensation delivery.

Fast fibers

have high glycogen reserves.

Nociceptors

have large receptive fields.

As a result of a severe concussion from a car accident, you have a terrible problem with both retaining new information and recalling old information. The injury affected the

hippocampus.

Neurotransmitters are to the nervous system as ________ to the endocrine system.

hormones are

The projections of gray matter extending through the white matter toward the outer surface of the spinal cord are called

horns.

Positive and negative feedback loops determine

how much hormone will be released and for how long

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized?

hypothalamus

Enlargements of the spinal cord occur

in the cervical and lumbar regions.

If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed,

incoming sensory information would be disrupted.

Effects produced by the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system include

increased secretion by digestive glands.

The flexor reflex

is a withdrawal reflex.

Glycolysis

is an anaerobic process.

"Anaerobic endurance"

is exemplified by contractions of fast muscle fibers.

If Broca's area is damaged, what might result?

loss of the ability to speak

High thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration in the blood indicates ________.

low concentration of thyroid hormones

During activities requiring aerobic endurance,

most of the muscle's energy is produced in mitochondria.

Neurotransmitters that cause skeletal muscle contraction are normally stored in

motor neuron axon terminals

Exhaustion of energy reserves or decline in pH due to production and dissociation of lactic acid causes

muscle fatigue.

Most hormones are regulated by

negative feedback

What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?

negative feedback

The area of sensory cortex devoted to a body region is relative to the

number of sensory receptors in the region of the body.

Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex?

oxytocin

Nociceptors are sensitive to

pain

The conscious awareness of a sensation is called

perception.

Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone?

phosphodiesterase

Which of the following enzymes are important in the deactivation of cAMP and termination of signaling?

phosphodiesterase

The spinal pathway(s) that carries/carry highly localized sensory information concerning fine touch and pressure is/are the

posterior column.

As two different hormones reach the same cell they counteract the effect of one another

preganglionic neuron.

Sensory receptors that monitor the position of joints are called

proprioceptors.

Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct order?

receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector

The perception of pain coming from parts of the body that are not actually stimulated is called

referred pain.

The hypothalamus is important in

regulating body temperature, food intake, water balance, thirst, and hormonal output of the anterior pituitary

The skeletal muscles store calcium ions in the terminal cisternae of the

sarcoplasmic reticulum.

The endocrine system is composed of glands that

secrete hormones

The hypothalamus exhibits direct effects on the body by

secreting hormones through the posterior pituitary via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

The fading of a dominant odor some time after one enters a room is an example of experiencing

sensory adaptation.

A person whose genetic makeup makes him or her a better marathon runner than a sprinter probably has more ________ in his or her leg muscles.

slow fibers

As a skeletal muscle contraction is initiated, acetylcholine binding alters the motor end plate membrane's permeability to

sodium ions.

Which of the following contains a delicate network of collagen and elastin fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid circulates?

subarachnoid space

Which of the following fibers usually release norepinephrine (NE)?

sympathetic postganglionic

The effects of neurotransmitters released by the modified neurons of the adrenal medullae resemble those produced by stimulation of

sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

Lamellated corpuscles (Pacinian corpuscles) are

tactile receptors.

The indirect response is performed through

the anterior pituitary, which manufactures and releases hormones

Which structures are related to Parkinson's disease?

the basal nuclei and the midbrain

The heart has to be able to regulate its contractions. Heart muscle, unlike skeletal muscle, cannot go into a tetanus. This is because

the heart muscle has to be able to consistently contract and pump blood in a controlled fashion.

Negative signal causes

the hormone production to stop

Positive feedback causes

the hormone to continue the effect until a dramatic event occurs, at which point it stops

Bound lipid-soluble hormones have

the longest effects, lasting over a week, while some freely circulating water soluble hormones have a half-life of less than a minute.

Hormones can affect changes in cells is dependent upon

the specific cell receptors.

What is the function of the transverse tubule?

to transmit electrical impulses to the cell's interior

Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor?

tyrosine kinase receptors

Oxytocin is responsible for

uterine contractions during labor, initiating milk release in the mammary glands, and contractions during orgasm

What type of hormones bind to receptors located on the cell membrane?

water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine

Hormones can be

water-soluble or lipid-soluble, bound to transport proteins or freely circulating

Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels?

β receptors