Breast Anatomy and Physiology

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what are the margins of the breast?

lies anterior to and courses along the pectoral muscle. Its margins can reach the clavicle superiorly, the latissimus dorsi muscle laterally, and the sternum medially; it extends into the axilla

hormone responsible for lobular proliferation and growth

progesterone

triangulation

render the quadrant and approximate clock time of the abnormality

A layer of adipose tissue and connective fascia that separates the breast from the pectoral muscle and allows breast motion over the chest wall

retromammary fat space

scientific term for all of the tissue on the breast that is not part of the parenchyma

stroma

the presence of one or more "extra" nipples that might be present on a person's body

supernumerary nipple *accessory nipples*

a small gland that secretes sweat, situated in the dermis of the skin

sweat gland

the intralobular terminal ducts end at the?

terminal ductules, numbering anywhere from 10 to 100 in any lobule

Four named quadrants that describe location in the breast

• Upper outer quadrant • Upper inner quadrant • Lower inner quadrant • Lower outer quadrant

when the breast increases in size during pregnancy or by weight gain then weight loss..what happens to cooper's ligament

Cooper's droop *ligaments that maintain the position of the mammary glands against the chest, are stretched and gradually lose strength*

fibrous membranes supportive structures of the breast that incompletely sheathe, but support the lobes of the breast

Cooper's ligaments.

what separates the breast from the pectoral muscle?

A layer of adipose [fat] tissue and connective fascia [ fibrous tissue enclosing a muscle or other organ]

area of skin that is darker than the rest of your breast skin

Areola

specialized sebaceous type glands providing lubrication during lactation

Montgomery's glands *Sebaceous glands are microscopic exocrine glands in the skin that secrete an oily or waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair of mammals*

Small bumps on the areola may be?

Montgomery's glands or hair follicles.

elevations formed by the openings of the ducts of the Montgomery glands located near the periphery of the areola

Morgagni tubercles aka Montgomery tubercles

hormone present only during initial breast growth, pregnancy, and lactation

Prolactin

what occupies the skin of the body of the breast?

Sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands, and hair follicles that open to form pores

most types of breast cancer, arises from the

TDLU

an extension of breast tissue that extends into the axilla

Tail of Spence or axillary tail

Extending from the nipple orifice, the duct starts as a collecting duct that immediately widens into the lactiferous sinus (ampulla), a pouch-like structure that again narrows as it joins one or more segmental ducts

lactiferous sinus (ampulla)

the pouch-like structure that narrows as it joins one or more segmental ducts

lactiferous sinus (ampulla-a flasklike dilatation of a tubular structure)

what does the extralobular stroma hold?

larger ductal structures

external landmarks of the breast

nipple, inframammary fold, and axilla

resting breast means

no pregnancy or lactation

Because the pattern and distribution of the glandular tissue is essentially the same bilaterally. The tissue from one breast will __________ the opposite breast with minor variations

"mirror"

breast parenchyma include

- milk ducts and the glands that produce the milk *glandular tissues* -Lymphatic network

margins of the breast

-anterior to and along the pectoral muscle -can reach the clavicle superiorly, the latissimus dorsi muscle laterally, and the sternum medially; it extends into the axilla

copper's ligaments attach where and travels where?

-base of the breast -extend outward, -attaching to the anterior superficial fascia of the ski

where is the skin thickest and thinnest of the breast?

-thickest at base -thinnest at nipple

the functional unit of the breast

20-40 terminal ductal lobular units (TDLU)

common location for accessory nipples

6:00 o'clock position near or below the inframammary fold

the place where the breast and the chest meet

Inframammary fold *IMF* {6th or7th rib}

a band of fatty tissue apparent posterior to the glandular island in most women

Retroglandular fat space

a small gland in the skin which secretes a lubricating oily matter (sebum) into the hair follicles to lubricate the skin and hair

Sebaceous gland

ducts that join together like branches of grape stems, gradually forming into larger ducts.

Small milk ducts are attached to the lobules

2 layers of breast fascia

Superficial layer (superficial fascia) within the premammary layer. Deep layer (deep fascia) lies posterior to the mammary layer within the retromammary space

what lines the lumen [inside space] of the ducts and smaller ductal structures

Two layers of epithelial cells *changes that take place in the breast mostly occur here*

where does the breast lie along the pectoralis major muscle?

anterior

The outer layer that lines the lumen [inside space] of the ducts and smaller ductal structures

basement membrane

shapes of the nipple

flat, inverted or prominent

The _______ layer of breast fascia sits immediately on top of the pectoralis muscle, and the_________ layer sits just under the skin

deep superficial

hormone responsible for ductal proliferation [rapid reproduction of a cell]

estrogen

two most prominent hormones active in breast physiology

estrogen progesterone

Other tissues that give the breast structures support are?

extralobular and intralobular stroma

small duct just outside and leading to the lobule

extralobular terminal duct

connective tissue that surrounds all mammary tissues and separates the breast into superficial and deep tissues

fascia

include ligaments, supportive tissues (stroma), and scar tissues and can become more prominent than the fatty tissues in an area of the breast, possibly resulting in a firm or rubbery bump

fibrous tissue

which direction does the pectoralis major muscle lie?

in an oblique line from the humerus to midsternum

what happens to the TDLU during life cycle changes, menstrual cycle, and hormone fluctuation

increases and decreases in number and size

what is a specialized tissue that gives the lobule its shape and definition

intralobular stroma *this extensive capillary network allows the exchange of hormones into and secretions out of the lobule and is in close contact with the lymphatic system which also provides for transmission of cancer cells to the lymphatic network and blood stream

the extralobular terminal duct divides into the?

intralobular terminal ducts

Adult women have 15-20 _______ in each breast

lobes

the minute (1 to 2 mm) portion of the duct that holds the milk-producing elements of the breast

lobule

Each lobe has 20-40 ________

lobules

the breast is called a

mammary gland

what is the TDLU [terminal ductal lobular unit] responsible for?

milk production and hormonal and nutritional exchange

a type of smooth muscle that contracts the acini [functional epithelial cells that produce milk] and ducts to empty these structures of milk produced during lactation

myoepithelium

the layer beneath the epithelial layer?

myoepithelium

There are about 10 duct systems in each breast, each with its own opening at the ________

nipple

center part of the breast at the apex

nipple

Atrophy [wasting away] of glandular tissue begins medially and posteriorly, working its way to the________

nipple *"new" tissue or growth of tissue in these areas in an aging woman may signal the presence of malignancy*

the crevices on the nipple are called

orifices *collecting ducts*

Abnormal growth and change in the breast are partially due to

over- or underproduction of hormones

location of the base of the breast

portion adjacent to the chest wall

The 15 to 20 lobes extend from the nipple in a radial pattern allowing normal milk flow. What might be indicated if the flow looks changed

possible pathology

location of the apex of the breast

the nipple

all the cells of that area that have an essential function.

the parenchyma of an body part

function of collecting ducts

transfer milk from the lactiferous ducts


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