AP US History Practice Exam

"Resolved, That woman is man's equal... Resolved, That woman has too long rested satisfied in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs... have marked out for her, and that it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere... assigned her. Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise. Resolved, ...That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause, by every righteous means." (Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions [Seneca Falls Convention], 1848) Which other "righteous cause" would participants in the Seneca Falls Convention have been most likely to support? A. Expansionism B. Nativism C. Abolitionism D. Conservationism

Abolitionism

"Resolved, That woman is man's equal... Resolved, That woman has too long rested satisfied in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs... have marked out for her, and that it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere... assigned her. Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise. Resolved, ...That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause, by every righteous means." (Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions [Seneca Falls Convention], 1848) In the decades following the Civil War, the women's rights movement that began at Seneca Falls focused its energies most strongly on A. Achieving the right to vote B. Receiving equal pay for equal work C. Ending domestic violence D. Gaining equal access to higher education

Achieving the right to vote

https://www.fasttrackteaching.com/ffap/Unit_6_World/U6_Political_Cartoon.html The ideas addressed in the image most directly relate to A. Opposition to the United States collective security arrangement with Western Europe B. The fear of increased militarism among European and Pacific powers C. The increased visibility of women's organizations that criticized imperialism D. Debates about United States acquisition of overseas territories

Debates about United States acquisition of overseas territories

"In August 1865, the photographer Marcus Ormsbee... took a formal portrait of several groups of craft workers in their different shops... At the center of the photograph, at Outcault's carpentry shop, stands the conventional artisan trio of master, journeyman, and apprentice, still at the heart of the city's workshop world-- yet class differences mark these craftsmen's every feature... Brooding above everyone, a new brick manufacturer seals off its employees from the street and from public view. Small shop and large enterprise converge; New York remains a blend of old and new." (Sean Wilentz, historian, Chants Democratic, 1984) The conditions described in the excerpt most directly contributed to the A. Decrease in tariffs for manufactured goods B. Growth of an organized labor movement C. Expansion of government regulation of industry D. Loss of class distinctions in the United States

Growth of an organized labor movement

Compared with French and Spanish interactions with American Indians, English interaction with American Indians more often promoted A. Respect for political alliances B. Cultural blending C. Separation between the groups D. Assimilation of American Indians into colonial societies

Separation between the groups

"We, therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain... that the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities... are unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State..." (South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification) Arguments similar to those expressed in the excerpt were later employed to justify which of the following? A. The entry into the Mexican-American War B. The passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act C. The secession of most Southern states D. The ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment

The secession of most Southern states

https://www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2014/article/manufacturing.htm (Chart 1) The overall trend from 1980 to 2010 depicted on the graph most directly led to a decline in A. Income inequality B. Immigration from abroad C. Concern about the environment D. Union membership

Union membership

"We are people of this generation, bred in at least modest comfort, housed now in universities... Freedom and equality for each individual, government of, by, and for the people-- these American values we found good... As we grew, however, our comfort was penetrated by events too troubling to dismiss... The declaration 'all men are created equal' rang hollow before the facts of Negro life... The proclaimed peaceful intentions of the United States contradicted its economic and military investments in the Cold War status quo... America rests in national stalemate,... its democratic system apathetic and manipulated rather than 'of, by, and for the people.'" (Students for a Democratic Society, "The Port Huron Statement," 1962) Based on the excerpt, Students for a Democratic Society would likely support A. Greater global economic integration under United States leadership B. Expanded attempts to repress communists in the United States C. A decrease in United States intervention in Asia D. Reduced spending for government social programs

A decrease in United States intervention in Asia

https://www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2014/article/manufacturing.htm (Chart 1) The overall trend from 1960 to 1970 depicted on the graph resulted from all of the following EXCEPT the A. Growth of corporations B. Continuation of federal investment C. Adoption of digital technologies D. Development of new consumer products

Adoption of digital technologies

"In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression—everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way—everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want—which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants—everywhere in the world. The fourth is freedom from fear—which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor—anywhere in the world." (President Franklin D. Roosevelt, State of the Union address, January 1941) Roosevelt's speech was most likely intended to increase public support for A. Extending New Deal programs to guarantee unemployment benefits B. Integrating the United States armed forces C. Aiding the Allies in Europe during the Second World War D. Enhancing rights protected by the United States Constitution

Aiding the Allies in Europe during the Second World War

"The petition of a great number of blacks detained in a state of slavery in the bowels of a free and Christian country humbly showeth that... they have in common with all other men a natural and inalienable right to that freedom which the Great Parent of the Universe has bestowed equally on all mankind and which they have never forfeited by any compact of agreement whatever... Every principle from which America has acted in the course of their unhappy difficulties with Great Britain pleads stronger than a thousand arguments in favor of your petitioners. They therefore humbly beseech your honors to give this petition its due weight and consideration and cause an act of the legislature to be passed whereby they may be restored to the enjoyments of that which is the natural right of all men." (Petition for freedom to the Massachusetts Council and the House of Representatives for the State of Massachusetts, January 1777) Which of the following most likely helped to prompt the petition in the excerpt? A. American colonists' declaration of independence from Britain B. British promises of land for service in the American Revolution C. The passage of the Stamp Act, a tax imposed on the American colonies by the British Parliament D. The proliferation of religious revivals in the eighteenth century; commonly referred to as the Great Awakening

American colonists' declaration of independence from Britain

"Beginning in the 1930s and lasting into the 1950s, black Chicago experienced a cultural renaissance... Chicago had become a major destination for black southern migrants... It was also an urban industrial center. This fact gave a unique working-class and internationalist perspective to the cultural work that would take place there... A desire to live freely in 'the metropolis' continued to characterize the aspirations of migrants as second-wave Chicago migrants arrived... The 1930s and 1940s witnessed a resurgence of black working-class political radicalism that was captured and reflected in the expressive visual and literary productions of Chicago Black Renaissance artists." (Darlene Clark Hine, historian, The Black Chicago Renaissance, 2012) Which of the following most likely contributed to the decline of the "political radicalism" referred to in the excerpt? A. The drafting of young men to fight in Vietnam B. Racial discrimination in the United States armed forces during the Second World War C. Anticommunist measures during the Cold War D. Neglect of Black artists and culture during the New Deal

Anticommunist measures during the Cold War

Gerard's description of "corne" in the excerpt best reflects which of the following? A. Curiosity about American Indian ways of life B. Assumptions about the superiority of European culture C. Inability to find uses for North American crops D. Concerns about economic threats posed by North American imports

Assumptions about the superiority of European culture

https://etc.usf.edu/clipart/67400/67414/67414_ball_box.htm During the late nineteenth century, politicians such as the one depicted in the image most likely would have opposed which of the following? A. Social services provided to immigrants by local politicians B. Granting American Indians full citizenship and voting rights C. The expansion of the transcontinental railroad system D. Calls for reforms to local and states governments

Calls for reforms to local and states governments

"The National Progressive Party, committed to the principles of government by a self-controlled democracy expressing its will through representatives of the people, pledges itself to secure such alterations in the fundamental law of the several States and of the United States as shall insure the representative character of the government." (Progressive Party Platform, 1912) The excerpt suggests that Progressives in the early twentieth century most typically sought to A. Challenge political inequality B. Advocate a return to agrarianism C. Justify the inequality of wealth D. Oppose United States imperialism

Challenge political inequality

The development that brought "corne" to the attention of botanists such as Gerard is best known as the A. Columbian Exchange B. encomienda system C. trans-Atlantic slave trade D. Enlightment

Columbian Exchange

"For a few year in the 1850s, ethnic conflict among whites rivaled sectional conflict as a major political issue. The immediate origins of this phenomenon lay in the sharp increase of immigration after 1845... The average quadrupled in the 1830s. But even this paled in comparison with the immigration of the late 1840s... During the decade 1846-1855, more than three million immigrants entered the United States-- equivalent to 15 percent of the 1845 population. This was the largest proportional increase in the foreign-born population for any ten-year period in American history... Equal in significance to the increase in the foreign-born population were changes in its composition." (James M. McPherson and James K. Hogue, historians, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, 2010) Which of the following most directly contributed to "the sharp increase of immigration after 1845" referenced in the excerpt? A. The Second Great Awakening B. Crop failures and revolutions in Europe C. Removal of American Indians from the Southeast D. Tariff policies during Andrew Jackson's administration

Crop failures and revolutions in Europe

"Resolved, That woman is man's equal... Resolved, That woman has too long rested satisfied in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs... have marked out for her, and that it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere... assigned her. Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise. Resolved, ...That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause, by every righteous means." (Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions [Seneca Falls Convention], 1848) The language and themes of the excerpt were most directly inspired by the A. Articles of Confederation B. Declaration of Independence C. Northwest Ordinance D. United States Constitution

Declaration of Independence

"It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us-- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion-- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain-- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom-- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." (Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 1863) Which of the following most directly contributed to the conflict referred to in the excerpt? A. Disputes over taxation and representation B. Tensions between isolationism and international engagement C. Disagreements over whether to allow slavery in new territories D. Debates about the role of religion in society and government

Disagreements over whether to allow slavery in new territories

"The National Progressive Party, committed to the principles of government by a self-controlled democracy expressing its will through representatives of the people, pledges itself to secure such alterations in the fundamental law of the several States and of the United States as shall insure the representative character of the government." (Progressive Party Platform, 1912) Progressivism, as described in the excerpt, has the most in common with which of the following later domestic policy initiatives? A. President Lyndon Johnson's protection of voting rights during the Great Society B. President Ronald Reagan's deregulation of industries C. President Bill Clinton's changes to welfare policy D. President Herbert Hoover's support for increased tariffs during the Great Depression

President Lyndon Johnson's protection of voting rights during the Great Society

"We are people of this generation, bred in at least modest comfort, housed now in universities... Freedom and equality for each individual, government of, by, and for the people-- these American values we found good... As we grew, however, our comfort was penetrated by events too troubling to dismiss... The declaration 'all men are created equal' rang hollow before the facts of Negro life... The proclaimed peaceful intentions of the United States contradicted its economic and military investments in the Cold War status quo... America rests in national stalemate,... its democratic system apathetic and manipulated rather than 'of, by, and for the people.'" (Students for a Democratic Society, "The Port Huron Statement," 1962) Which of the following most directly contributed to the sentiments expressed in the excerpt? A. Concerns about the declining role of the United States in Western Europe B. The increasing use of federal power to combat racial discrimination C. Social inequalities exposed during the Civil Rights movement D. Support for the equality of gays and lesbians

Social inequalities exposed during the Civil Rights movement

"That a British and American legislature, for regulating the administration of the general affairs of America, be proposed and established in America, including all the said colonies; within, and under which government, each colony shall retain its present constitiution, and powers of regulating and governing its own internal police, in all cases whatsoever. That the said government be administered by a President General, to be appointed by the King and a Grand Council, to be chosen by the representatives of the people of the several colonies, in their respective assemblies, once in every three years." (Joseph Galloway, "A Plan of a Proposed Union Between Great Britain and the Colonies," proposal debated by the First Continental Congress, 1774) The excerpt most strongly suggests that in 1774 which of the following was correct? A. The American colonists were united in their desire for independence from Great Britain B. The American colonists felt the need to unite against the threat from American Indians C. Some members of the First Continental Congress sought a compromise between submission to British authority and independence. D. Some members of the First Continental Congress thought it would be relatively easy to unify the colonies and win independence from Great Britain

Some members of the First Continental Congress sought a compromise between submission to British authority and independence.

"In August 1865, the photographer Marcus Ormsbee... took a formal portrait of several groups of craft workers in their different shops... At the center of the photograph, at Outcault's carpentry shop, stands the conventional artisan trio of master, journeyman, and apprentice, still at the heart of the city's workshop world-- yet class differences mark these craftsmen's every feature... Brooding above everyone, a new brick manufacturer seals off its employees from the street and from public view. Small shop and large enterprise converge; New York remains a blend of old and new." (Sean Wilentz, historian, Chants Democratic, 1984) Which of the following most directly led to the changes described in the excerpt? A. Innovative uses of photography to achieve social change B. Technological innovations in the production of goods C. The economic hardship resulting from years of civil war in the United States D. The end of the apprenticeship system in craft work.

Technological innovations in the production of goods

https://www.fasttrackteaching.com/ffap/Unit_6_World/U6_Political_Cartoon.html The developments referenced by the image most directly contributed to United States involvement in A. Competition with Russia in opening trade with Japan B. The suppression of an independence movement in the Philippines C. Acquisition of territory from Mexico through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo D. An international monetary system that supported free trade between nations

The suppression of an independence movement in the Philippines

"For a few year in the 1850s, ethnic conflict among whites rivaled sectional conflict as a major political issue. The immediate origins of this phenomenon lay in the sharp increase of immigration after 1845... The average quadrupled in the 1830s. But even this paled in comparison with the immigration of the late 1840s... During the decade 1846-1855, more than three million immigrants entered the United States-- equivalent to 15 percent of the 1845 population. This was the largest proportional increase in the foreign-born population for any ten-year period in American history... Equal in significance to the increase in the foreign-born population were changes in its composition." (James M. McPherson and James K. Hogue, historians, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, 2010) The conflict described in the excerpt is most similar to conflict in what other period? A. The period from after the Seven Years' War through the 1820s B. The period from after the War of 1812 through the 1820s C. The period from after the First World War through the 1920s D. The period from after the Second World War through the 1950s

The period from after the First World War through the 1920s

"The National Progressive Party, committed to the principles of government by a self-controlled democracy expressing its will through representatives of the people, pledges itself to secure such alterations in the fundamental law of the several States and of the United States as shall insure the representative character of the government." (Progressive Party Platform, 1912) Which of the following groups is most credited with advanced Progressivism? A. Anarchist activists B. Recent immigrants C. Agricultural workers D. Middle-class women

Middle-class women

https://www.fasttrackteaching.com/ffap/Unit_6_World/U6_Political_Cartoon.html Which of the following most directly led to the circumstances illustrated by the image? A. The United States victory in the Spanish-American War B. The Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson C. The United States contributions to the Allied victory in the First World War D. The ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment

The United States victory in the Spanish-American War

The confederacy formed to "exasperate the Indians against the English" was motivated primarily by which of the following? A. Fraudulent trade deals between the leaders of Plymouth Colony and the Wampanoags B. Dispossession of Wampanoag land and threats to their sovereignty C. Forced religious conversion of Wampanoags by Puritan missionairies D. Intermarriage with the English, which threatened Wampanoag cultural independence

Dispossession of Wampanoag land and threats to their sovereignty

Which of the following best characterizes relations between the English and American Indians in New England following Metacom's war? A. Peaceful accommodation between both groups B. Religious freedom for the English and American Indians C. Dramatic decline and dispersion of the American Indian population D. Recognition of American Indian property and land rights

Dramatic decline and dispersion of the American Indian population

"Beginning in the 1930s and lasting into the 1950s, black Chicago experienced a cultural renaissance... Chicago had become a major destination for black southern migrants... It was also an urban industrial center. This fact gave a unique working-class and internationalist perspective to the cultural work that would take place there... A desire to live freely in 'the metropolis' continued to characterize the aspirations of migrants as second-wave Chicago migrants arrived... The 1930s and 1940s witnessed a resurgence of black working-class political radicalism that was captured and reflected in the expressive visual and literary productions of Chicago Black Renaissance artists." (Darlene Clark Hine, historian, The Black Chicago Renaissance, 2012) The "political radicalism" referred to in the excerpt was most directly a response to the experience of A. Desegregation B. Economic depression C. Mass consumption D. Nativism

Economic depression

"It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us-- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion-- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain-- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom-- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." (Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 1863) Lincoln's main purpose in the excerpt was to A. Advocate racial equality B. Encourage the punishment of the South C. Propose expanded democratic voting rights D. Gain continued support for the war effort

Gain continued support for the war effort

"[After the Second World War, Americans] wanted... a secure country. Security would enable them to take advantage of the fruits of prosperity and peach... And so they adhered to an overarching principle that would guide them in their personal and political lives: containment... Domestic containment was bolstered by a powerful political culture that rewarded its adherents and marginalized its detractors... [C]ontainment aptly describes the way in which public policy, personal behavior, and even political values were focused on the home... Vast numbers of American women and men during the early years of the cold war... got married, moved to the suburbs, and had babies... [F]ew were willing to give up the rewards of conforming for the risks of resisting the domestic path." (Elaine Tyler May, historian, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era, 1988) The rise of what the excerpt describes as "domestic containment" most directly contributed to which of the following characteristics of United States society during the period? A. White Southern resistance to school integration B. Greater cultural homogeneity C. Evangelical Protest churches' increased political engagement D. The popularity of liberal politics

Greater cultural homogeneity

"For a few year in the 1850s, ethnic conflict among whites rivaled sectional conflict as a major political issue. The immediate origins of this phenomenon lay in the sharp increase of immigration after 1845... The average quadrupled in the 1830s. But even this paled in comparison with the immigration of the late 1840s... During the decade 1846-1855, more than three million immigrants entered the United States-- equivalent to 15 percent of the 1845 population. This was the largest proportional increase in the foreign-born population for any ten-year period in American history... Equal in significance to the increase in the foreign-born population were changes in its composition." (James M. McPherson and James K. Hogue, historians, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, 2010) Which of the following could best be used as evidence to support the argument in the excerpt that "ethnic conflict among whites rivaled sectional conflict as a major political issue" of the period? A. Growing concerns about the political and cultural influence of Catholic immigrants B. Growing fear of political radicalism among southern and eastern European immigrants C. Increasing cultural influence of European Romanticism in the United States D. Increasing support for the antislavery cause among the immigrant community

Growing concerns about the political and cultural influence of Catholic immigrants

"I will not accept the excuse that the federal government has grown so big and powerful that it is beyond the control of any president, any administration or Congress. We are going to put an end to the notion that the American taxpayer exists to fund the federal government. The federal government exists to serve the American people... We are taxing ourselves into economic exhaustion and stagnation, crushing our ability and incentive to save, invest, and produce. This must stop." (Ronald Reagan, speech accepting the Republican Party's nomination for president, 1980) The excerpt reflects many Americans' belief at the time that the federal government A. Was responsible for building infrastructure such as roads and schools B. Had been unable to solve social and economic problems C. Should vigorously resist communism abroad D. Should avoid interfering in moral issues

Had been unable to solve social and economic problems

"I will not accept the excuse that the federal government has grown so big and powerful that it is beyond the control of any president, any administration or Congress. We are going to put an end to the notion that the American taxpayer exists to fund the federal government. The federal government exists to serve the American people... We are taxing ourselves into economic exhaustion and stagnation, crushing our ability and incentive to save, invest, and produce. This must stop." (Ronald Reagan, speech accepting the Republican Party's nomination for president, 1980) Reagan's administration implemented the ideas expressed in the excerpt by A. Increasing defense spending B. Reducing regulation of industry C. Expanding protection of the environment D. Eliminating major entitlement programs such as Medicaid

Reducing regulation of industry

"In August 1865, the photographer Marcus Ormsbee... took a formal portrait of several groups of craft workers in their different shops... At the center of the photograph, at Outcault's carpentry shop, stands the conventional artisan trio of master, journeyman, and apprentice, still at the heart of the city's workshop world-- yet class differences mark these craftsmen's every feature... Brooding above everyone, a new brick manufacturer seals off its employees from the street and from public view. Small shop and large enterprise converge; New York remains a blend of old and new." (Sean Wilentz, historian, Chants Democratic, 1984) Which of the following is one important continuity in urban life in the United States throughout the nineteenth century? A. Anarchism and similar radical ideologies attracted many workers B. Settlement houses assisted immigrants with adapting to life in the United States C. Workers and employers consistently maintained amicable relationships D. Immigrants formed an important part of the manufacturing workforce

Immigrants formed an important part of the manufacturing workforce

https://www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2014/article/manufacturing.htm (Chart 1) A development related to the overall trend from 1960 to 1980 depicted on the graph was the A. Increase in public concern regarding air and water quality B. Widespread replacement of male factory workers with female workers C. Creation of first trusts and monopolies D. Ban of free-trade agreements between North American countries

Increase in public concern regarding air and water quality

https://www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2014/article/manufacturing.htm (Chart 1) The overall trend from 1980 to 2010 depicted on the graph was most directly caused by the A. Reliance of the United States on fossil fuels B. Increasing integration of the United States into the world economy C. Reforms to the United States social welfare system D. Boom in the United States financial aid stock markets

Increasing integration of the United States into the world economy

https://www.fasttrackteaching.com/ffap/Unit_6_World/U6_Political_Cartoon.html The ideas expressed through the image reveal that in 1901, which of the following was most true of the United States> A. Theories of survival of the fittest had been widely rejected by the public B. Efforts to spread democracy overseas had been largely peaceful C. Interventionism had become a more prevalent feature of foreign policy D. Women were encouraged to join the armed forces

Interventionism had become a more prevalent feature of foreign policy

"That a British and American legislature, for regulating the administration of the general affairs of America, be proposed and established in America, including all the said colonies; within, and under which government, each colony shall retain its present constitiution, and powers of regulating and governing its own internal police, in all cases whatsoever. That the said government be administered by a President General, to be appointed by the King and a Grand Council, to be chosen by the representatives of the people of the several colonies, in their respective assemblies, once in every three years." (Joseph Galloway, "A Plan of a Proposed Union Between Great Britain and the Colonies," proposal debated by the First Continental Congress, 1774) The key concern that Galloway's plan was designed to address was the A. Lack of American representation in British Parliament B. Demand for back pay for veterans of the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War) C. Complaint about high tariffs imposed on colonial merchants for exports to Great Britain D. Continuing security threat posed by the French in Canada

Lack of American representation in British Parliament

"We, therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain... that the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities... are unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State..." (South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification) The excerpt most directly expresses an economic perspective that A. Prioritized regional interests B. Discouraged international trade C. Sought to protect United States manufacturing D. Supported the interests of organized labor unions

Prioritized regional interests

"It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us-- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion-- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain-- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom-- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." (Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 1863) After 1863, which of the following most fulfilled the "new birth of freedom" that the excerpt refers to? A. Ratification of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments B. The compromise that resolved the election of 1876 C. Establishment of the Ku Klux Klan and similar organizations D. Supreme Court rulings such as Plessy v. Ferguson

Ratification of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments

"We, therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain... that the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities... are unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State..." (South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification) The ideas expressed in the excerpt emerged most directly from a larger intellectual debate over the A. Balance between individual freedom and public order B. Expansion of slavery into the Western territories C. Priorities of United States foreign policy D. Relationship between the federal government and the states

Relationship between the federal government and the states

"Beginning in the 1930s and lasting into the 1950s, black Chicago experienced a cultural renaissance... Chicago had become a major destination for black southern migrants... It was also an urban industrial center. This fact gave a unique working-class and internationalist perspective to the cultural work that would take place there... A desire to live freely in 'the metropolis' continued to characterize the aspirations of migrants as second-wave Chicago migrants arrived... The 1930s and 1940s witnessed a resurgence of black working-class political radicalism that was captured and reflected in the expressive visual and literary productions of Chicago Black Renaissance artists." (Darlene Clark Hine, historian, The Black Chicago Renaissance, 2012) Before moving to Chicago, the people described in the excerpt most likely were engaged in which of the following? A. Sharecropping or tenant farming B. Gang labor on the railways C. Mining and other extraction industries D. Manufacturing in urban factories

Sharecropping or tenant farming

"The petition of a great number of blacks detained in a state of slavery in the bowels of a free and Christian country humbly showeth that... they have in common with all other men a natural and inalienable right to that freedom which the Great Parent of the Universe has bestowed equally on all mankind and which they have never forfeited by any compact of agreement whatever... Every principle from which America has acted in the course of their unhappy difficulties with Great Britain pleads stronger than a thousand arguments in favor of your petitioners. They therefore humbly beseech your honors to give this petition its due weight and consideration and cause an act of the legislature to be passed whereby they may be restored to the enjoyments of that which is the natural right of all men." (Petition for freedom to the Massachusetts Council and the House of Representatives for the State of Massachusetts, January 1777) The ideas expressed in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following? A. The extension of voting right to African Americans in the North B. The end of the trans-Atlantic slave trade C. The mass migration of African Americans from the South to the North D. The adoption of plans for gradual emancipation in the North

The adoption of plans for gradual emancipation in the North

"In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression—everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way—everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want—which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants—everywhere in the world. The fourth is freedom from fear—which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor—anywhere in the world." (President Franklin D. Roosevelt, State of the Union address, January 1941) Which of the following most immediately increased enthusiasm in the United States for upholding the freedoms outlined in the excerpt? A. The passage of a federal law providing veterans with financial aid in housing and education B. The successful detonation of an atomic bomb as part of the Manhattan Project C. The growing number of women working in defense manufacturing D. The attack on the United States at Pearl Harbor

The attack on the United States at Pearl Harbor

"What is the phenomenon of globalization...? Fundamentally, it is the closer integration of the countries and peoples of the world which has been brought about by the enormous reduction of costs of transportation... and the breaking down of artificial barriers to the flow of goods, services, capital, knowledge, and (to a lesser extent) people across borders." (Joseph E. Stiglitz, economist, Globalization and Its Discontents. 2002) Which of the following earlier trends was most similar to the pattern described in the excerpt? A. The development of Atlantic world commerce in the 1600s and early 1700s B. The appearance of economic cycles in the early 1800s C. The restrictions on immigration in the latter half of the 1800s D. The increases in worldwide tariffs during the Great Depression

The development of Atlantic world commerce in the 1600s and early 1700s

"In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression—everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way—everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want—which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants—everywhere in the world. The fourth is freedom from fear—which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor—anywhere in the world." (President Franklin D. Roosevelt, State of the Union address, January 1941) Which of the following most directly contributed to Roosevelt's view that "freedom from want" was necessary? A. The inspiration of Woodrow Wilson's vision for an international democratic order B. The experience of domestic and global economic upheavals during the 1930s C. The memory of federal agencies violating some Americans' civil liberties in the 1920s D. The fear of the Soviet threat to spread communism to nations in the West

The experience of domestic and global economic upheavals during the 1930s

https://etc.usf.edu/clipart/67400/67414/67414_ball_box.htm The image was created most directly in response to A. Social reform efforts by settlement-house workers B. Poll taxes and literacy tests that blocked African Americans from voting C. The power gained by urban political machines D. The exclusion of women from voting

The power gained by urban political machines

https://etc.usf.edu/clipart/67400/67414/67414_ball_box.htm Which of the following changes to the United States during the nineteenth century most directly contributed to the development depicted in the image? A. The rapid growth of cities B. The dismantling of the national bank C. The acquisition of the territory in the West D. The rise of the People's (Populist) Party

The rapid growth of cities

"The petition of a great number of blacks detained in a state of slavery in the bowels of a free and Christian country humbly showeth that... they have in common with all other men a natural and inalienable right to that freedom which the Great Parent of the Universe has bestowed equally on all mankind and which they have never forfeited by any compact of agreement whatever... Every principle from which America has acted in the course of their unhappy difficulties with Great Britain pleads stronger than a thousand arguments in favor of your petitioners. They therefore humbly beseech your honors to give this petition its due weight and consideration and cause an act of the legislature to be passed whereby they may be restored to the enjoyments of that which is the natural right of all men." (Petition for freedom to the Massachusetts Council and the House of Representatives for the State of Massachusetts, January 1777) Which of the following developments from the 1800s emerged from ideas most similar to those expressed in the excerpt? A. Campaigns by moral reformers to promote temperance B. Efforts by American Indians to achieve political sovereignty through treaties with the United States government C. The ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution D. The passage of legislation by southern states intended to nullify federal laws

The ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

"[After the Second World War, Americans] wanted... a secure country. Security would enable them to take advantage of the fruits of prosperity and peach... And so they adhered to an overarching principle that would guide them in their personal and political lives: containment... Domestic containment was bolstered by a powerful political culture that rewarded its adherents and marginalized its detractors... [C]ontainment aptly describes the way in which public policy, personal behavior, and even political values were focused on the home... Vast numbers of American women and men during the early years of the cold war... got married, moved to the suburbs, and had babies... [F]ew were willing to give up the rewards of conforming for the risks of resisting the domestic path." (Elaine Tyler May, historian, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era, 1988) The pattern described in the excerpt of Americans who "got married, moved to the suburbs, and had babies" most directly contributed to which of the following long-term developments? A. Increased immigration from abroad B. Greater concern about the environment C. Wage stagnation for the working and middle classes D. The rise of youth rebellion through the counterculture

The rise of youth rebellion through the counterculture

"What is the phenomenon of globalization...? Fundamentally, it is the closer integration of the countries and peoples of the world which has been brought about by the enormous reduction of costs of transportation... and the breaking down of artificial barriers to the flow of goods, services, capital, knowledge, and (to a lesser extent) people across borders." (Joseph E. Stiglitz, economist, Globalization and Its Discontents. 2002) Which of the following contributed most directly to the trend described in the excerpt? A. The implementation of protective tariffs by trading nations B. The spread of computer technology and Internet use C. The growth of labor unions' economic influence D. The increased number and size of cities in the United States

The spread of computer technology and Internet use

"[After the Second World War, Americans] wanted... a secure country. Security would enable them to take advantage of the fruits of prosperity and peach... And so they adhered to an overarching principle that would guide them in their personal and political lives: containment... Domestic containment was bolstered by a powerful political culture that rewarded its adherents and marginalized its detractors... [C]ontainment aptly describes the way in which public policy, personal behavior, and even political values were focused on the home... Vast numbers of American women and men during the early years of the cold war... got married, moved to the suburbs, and had babies... [F]ew were willing to give up the rewards of conforming for the risks of resisting the domestic path." (Elaine Tyler May, historian, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era, 1988) A desire for greater national security in the United States emerged immediately after the Second World War because of fear of which of the following? A. The spread of international communism B. Decolonization in Africa and Asia C. The emergence of detente D. Oil crises in the Middle East

The spread of international communism

"I will not accept the excuse that the federal government has grown so big and powerful that it is beyond the control of any president, any administration or Congress. We are going to put an end to the notion that the American taxpayer exists to fund the federal government. The federal government exists to serve the American people... We are taxing ourselves into economic exhaustion and stagnation, crushing our ability and incentive to save, invest, and produce. This must stop." (Ronald Reagan, speech accepting the Republican Party's nomination for president, 1980) Which of the following would be most likely to support the views expressed in the excerpt? A. White males in the Sunbelt B. Women in the Northeast C. African Americans in the Midwest D. Latinos in the Southwest

White males in the Sunbelt