psych chapter 3
Our general method of dealing with the environment is known as ______.
cognitive style
A tourist at Disney World is suddenly overcome with dizziness while watching a wide-screen display of a roller coaster ride. The sense organs that contribute MOST to her feelings of disequilibrium are the ______.
eyes
Axons from the nerve cells in the nose carry messages directly to the ______ of the brain.
olfactory bulbs
Harry steps into his kitchen to find his father cooking bacon and eggs for the family's breakfast. The unique aromas of the bacon and eggs register in the receptor cells of the nose called the ______.
olfactory epithelium
Nerve fibers from the right half of each eye travel to the right hemisphere of the brain; fibers from the left half of each eye travel to the left hemisphere of the brain. The place where the fibers cross over is the ______.
optic chiasm
Bundles of axons of ganglion cells make up the ______.
optic nerve
When John drives his car at night, he finds that he can barely see traffic and street signs if he looks directly at them. He can increase his visual sensitivity by looking at the signs ______.
out of the side of his eye (using more rods) instead of focusing directly on them (using more cones)
Which of the following is NOT one of the four primary taste qualities that humans perceive?
spice
Even though a motion picture actually consists of a series of still frames, we perceive it conveying continuous movement. This is an example of ______
stroboscopic motion
Flashing a series of still pictures in rapid succession causes ______.
stroboscopic motion
Gregory has to paint a room green. He has no green paint but he does have yellow and blue paint. He mixes the blue and yellow paint together to get green paint so he can paint the room. He is using ______ color mixing.
subtractive
The primary destination of sound messages in the brain is the ______ lobe.
temporal
The autokinetic illusion is exemplified by ______.
the apparent drifting of a tiny, constantly shining light
If you stare at a pinpoint of light in an otherwise darkened room, after a few seconds the light will seem to move. This is an example of ______.
the autokinetic illusion
Size constancy explains why ______.
objects are perceived as having constant dimensions regardless of distance
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
Frequency theory alone fully explains neural coding of high frequency sounds, but only place theory can fully explain neural coding of low frequency sounds.
Which of the following is NOT true of pain?
Genetic factors account for nearly all individual differences in perception of pain
Jamie walks from a bright room into a dark room. It will take about ______ minutes for her cones to fully adjust to the dark.
10
Jamie walks from a bright room into a dark room. It will take about ______ minutes for her rods to fully adjust to the dark.
30
Which of the following statements is true?
Both the difference threshold and the absolute threshold vary from person to person over time
Jamie leaves a darkened movie theater and walks out into a bright light. Normally, it will take about ______ minute(s) for her rods and cones to adjust to the outside light.
1
If you stare for 30 seconds at a red object and then look at a blank sheet of white paper, you will see a greenish image of the object. This phenomenon BEST supports the ______ theory of color vision.
Hering opponent-process
Which of the following is NOT true of subliminal perception?
It is an effective technique for the mass manipulation of people's desires and behaviors.
Which of the following is NOT true of the blind spot?
It is the part of the retina with the greatest visual acuity
If stimulation to the rods and cones remained completely constant and the eyes adapted completely, what would happen to the image you were looking at?
It would slowly fade until it disappeared
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
Most people over age 65 completely lose their sense of smell
Which of the following does NOT represent Gestaltist beliefs?
Perception occurs in unpredictable ways
The place in the retina where the axons of all the ganglion cells come together to leave the eye is called the ______.
blind spot
The semicircular canals control the body's sense of ______.
body rotation
Which of the following statements is true?
The messages of trichromatic receptor cells for color are later translated into opponent-process form.
Which of the following is true about cones?
They are found mainly in the fovea.
Which of the following is true of rods?
They are responsible for night vision.
Flavor is ______.
a combination of taste and smell
The minimum intensity of physical stimulation required to produce any sensation at all in a person is the ______.
absolute threshold
Ashley is doing the lighting for a stage show. One scene requires yellow lighting. She has no yellow lights but decides to make a yellow lighting effect by combining a red light with a green light on the stage. This is known as ______ color mixing.
additive
The distance cue in which faraway objects appear to be hazy and have a blurred outline is called ______.
aerial perspective
You are sitting in a train and the train next to you begins to move forward. Although you are not moving, as you watch the train next to you moving forward, you begin to FEEL that the train next to you is not moving and YOU are moving backwards. This is an example of ______.
an induced movement illusion
Color constancy explains why ______.
an object is perceived as being the same color whether we see it in bright sunlight or dim candlelight
Color, shape, and size are all types of perceptual ______.
constancy
Our tendency to see objects as relatively stable and unchanging despite changing sensory information is called perceptual ______.
constancy
When we look at a white house, we can recognize it as a white house by day or night and from any angle. This is due to perceptual ______.
constancy
A person who is blind in one eye can use each of the visual distance and depth cues EXCEPT ______.
convergence
When objects are 60 or 70 feet away, ______ is not a major distance cue.
convergence
A young man enters a completely darkened room and lights a candle. Which of the following sequences best represents the path of the candle's light as it enters his eye?
cornea, pupil, lens, retina
Peter goes from bright sunlight into a dimly lit theater. At first, he can see little or nothing as he looks for a seat. Over a ten-minute period he is gradually able to see things directly in front of him more clearly. His ability to see things off to the side steadily improves for another twenty minutes. This process is called ______.
dark adaptation
The process by which rods and cones become more sensitive to light in response to lowered levels of illumination is called ______.
dark adaptation
Certain animals can change their colors to match their surroundings and thereby escape predators. This camouflage is effective because it ______.
destroys figure-ground contrast
The phenomenon of perceptual generalization, or perceptual familiarization, reflects the tendency of people's perceptions to be affected by their ______.
expectations
You are told you are going to be shown some words related to food. The experimenter then shows you the words "piazo" and you perceive the word as "pizza." This shows that your perceptions are affected by your ______.
expectations
While attending a cocktail party, you find you can clearly hear one particular conversation above all the others, even though that conversation is not very loud. To a Gestalt psychologist, the conversation represents the ______, and the rest of the party is the ______.
figure; ground
The depressed spot in the retina which occupies the center of the visual field in images are focused MOST sharply is called the ______.
fovea
The idea that large fibers in the sensory nerves can prevent impulses from reaching the brain -- and thus prevent the sensation of pain -- is part of the ______ theory of pain
gate-control
The vestibular sacs control the body's sense of ______.
gravity and movement
Tinnitus is a disorder in which sufferers ______.
hear a loud, high-pitched hum
A reason our eyes don't adapt completely to a visual stimulus is that ______.
involuntary eye movements cause the stimulus image to drift slightly on the retina
A child is asked to estimate the size of a poker chip. The child is then allowed to exchange the poker chip for candy. The child is then asked to estimate the size of an identical poker chip. This time the child's estimate of the size of the poker chip is MOST likely to be ______ the first estimate
larger than
The transparent part of the eye inside the pupil that focuses light onto the retina is the ______.
lens
Texture gradient refers to the fact that texture appears to become ______
less detailed in the distance
The process by which rods and cones become LESS sensitive to light is called ______.
light adaptation
The walls of a very long, narrow corridor appear to come together as they recede from the viewer. This distance cue is known as ______.
linear perspective
While riding on a train, David notices that the trees and telephone poles close to the tracks seem to flash by, while the buildings, trees, and mountains off in the distance seem to move by more slowly. This phenomenon is called ______.
motion parallax
You are watching a tennis match and your seat is located at the side of the court, in line with the net. If you keep your eyes on the net but move your head from side to side, the people on the other side of the court will appear to ______.
move in the same direction that your head is moving
Sally walks into a dark room and notices that she can see specific objects in the room better if she looks slightly to one side of the object rather than directly at it. This is because by looking off to the side, the light falls ______.
next to the fovea and onto light-sensitive rods
Experiencing meaningful patterns in the jumble of sensory information received by the brain is ______.
perception
The process of creating meaningful patterns from raw sensory information is ______.
perception
An illusion due to misleading cues in stimuli which cause us to create perceptions that are inaccurate or impossible is called a(n) ______ illusion
perceptual
Whether you are standing right next to it or a mile away from it, you know a tree is the same size because of ______.
perceptual constancy
Frequency determines ______.
pitch
There are two major theories of pitch discrimination: ______.
place theory and frequency theory
Placebo pills, acupuncture, and hypnosis have all been effective in reducing pain. The common element in all of these methods may be their ability to stimulate the ______.
production of endorphins
In which of the following is color vision NOT found?
rats
Adaptation is the process in which ______.
receptor sensitivity changes as a result of continued exposure to a stimulus
Rods and cones are found in the ______.
retina
The structures in the inner ear that are particularly sensitive to body rotation are the ______.
semicircular canals
After growing up in an industrial city known for its steel production, John can't understand why visitors from rural areas complain about the city's air quality. John's indifference to the air pollution is an example of ______.
sensory adaptation
After living all his life in a town that pumps its water from relatively pure underground wells, John moves to a city that gets its water from a local river and must add chlorine to purify it. He totally dislikes the taste of the city water. His friends, who are long-time city residents, cannot understand his problem because they have experienced ______.
sensory adaptation
A woman trained in natural childbirth techniques (deep breathing, muscle relaxation, and mental images) reported that her labor and delivery were considerably less painful than she had anticipated. The gate-control theory of pain explains this phenomenon by asserting that ______.
sensory nerves in the spinal cord prevented the impulse from reaching her brain
In 1972, an eleven-year-old member of a tribe that inhabits the Fiji islands walked on white-hot coals. He seemed to experience no pain. The gate-control theory of pain would explain this by maintaining that ______.
sensory nerves in the spinal cord prevented the impulse from reaching his brain
When you stand to the side of a window frame, it casts a trapezoidal (nonrectangular) image on your retina. It still seems rectangular to you, though, because of ______.
shape constancy
Peter goes from bright sunlight into a dimly lit theater. At first, he can see little or nothing as he looks for a seat. Over a ten-minute period he is gradually able to see things directly in front of him more clearly. His ability to see things off to the side steadily improves for another twenty minutes. This is because ______.
the cones in the fovea cease to get more sensitive after 10 minutes, while the rods outside continue to get more sensitive for the next 20 minutes
Frequency theory proposes that ______.
the frequency of the vibrations of the whole basilar membrane is translated into an equivalent frequency of nerve impulses
As part of an experiment, Billy is sitting in a darkened room. A light is flashed on a certain point in the room, then flashed off, and a second light is flashed on a split second later at a point a short distance away. This process is repeated several times. Although Billy is really seeing two separate lights flashed at different points on the wall, he perceives them as one light moving from one point to another. This is an example of ______.
the phi phenomenon
Jane jumps out of bed to the sound of her alarm clock. As she reaches her feet, she feels very dizzy for a few seconds. As her system readjusts to her standing, she begins to regain her sense of balance. The source of Jane's dizziness is probably in the ______.
vestibular senses
The phenomenon of paradoxical heat explains why ______.
we may think we are touching something hot when we actually touching something warm and something cool