AP World History Unit 3 Multiple Choice questions

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All of these influenced Europe to expand EXCEPT: (A) fear of the states and peoples Europe might encounter. (B) desire for gold and monetary gain. (C) rivalries with other European states to acquire new lands. (D) hope for personal glory by explorers and conquerors. (E) desire to spread Christianity abroad.

Along with Italy, a key center for change in the 14th and 15th centuries was Select one: a. the Iberian peninsula. b. Germany. c. Austria. d. France. e. England.

Between 1180 and 1185 the struggle between the two major provincial families, the Taira and the Minamoto, was decided in what wars? Select one: a. Gempei b. Koguryo c. Tang d. Onin e. Murasaki

Chinggis Khan was elected khagan (supreme ruler) of the Mongol tribes in what year? Select one: a. 1206 b. 1189 c. 1154 d. 1312 e. 1279

Dependence in the world economy and the consequent need to produce unprocessed goods cheaply led to the development of ________ labor systems. Select one: a. coercive b. dependant c. free d. socialist e. independent

Following the assertion of Vietnamese independence from China in the tenth century, what aspects of Chinese culture were retained by the Vietnamese rulers? Select one: a. The Chinese administrative system based on the Confucian examination system b. Chinese popular culture, such as cockfights c. A highly centralized administrative system manned by a powerful scholar-gentry d. The successful suppression of the peasantry e. Chinese family organization

In 1219 Chinggis Khan directed his troops against the Islamic territory of Select one: a. Khwarazm. b. Kubilai. c. Samarkand. d. Karakorum. e. Ferghana.

In 1271, Kubilai Khan changed the name of the Mongol dynasty in China to Select one: a. Yuan. b. Sinkiang. c. Ming. d. Qin. e. Chin.

In addition to the destruction of the Abbasid political capital at Baghdad and the weakening of the Muslim military strength, what significant impact did the Mongol conquest have on the Islamic heartland? Select one: a. The destruction of cities from central Asia to the shores of the Mediterranean devastated the focal points of Islamic civilization. b. Most areas were permanently changed to a Mongolian culture. c. Shi'ism was eliminated as a major factor within Islam. d. The successful assault on the east African city-states weakened the international trading system of Islam. e. Much of the population of the Islamic heartland was converted to the animism common among the Mongolian nomads.

In order to facilitate colonization, settlement, and exploration, the British, French, and Dutch (A) chartered companies and created commercial monopolies in given regions. (B) paid mercenaries to conquer desired lands. (C) negotiated with peoples and states to peacefully acquire holdings and trade concessions abroad. (D) encouraged private initiative because national governments were uninterested in overseas expeditions. (E) relied on missionaries to establish markets and colonies.

In order to lesson the influence of aristocrats and bolster the positions of the peasants, the Tang and Song monarchs (A) broke up large landed estates and gave the land to the peasants. (B) established courts and rural police to protect the peasants. (C) set a percentage of governmental occupations and positions reserved for peasant applicants. (D) set up free, government-sponsored schools for the peasants. (E) recruited the military officers from the peasant class.

In what region of Europe did the Renaissance begin? Select one: a. Italy b. France c. Germany d. Spain e. England

In what way were the early Dutch and British exploration and trade projects different from those of the Iberian nations? Select one: a. Dutch and British exploration owed much to private initiative of merchant groups and the formation of chartered trading companies. b. The Dutch and British operated joint explorations in the names of both governments while Portugal and Spain competed in the competition for conquest. c. Dutch and British exploratory expeditions were independent of their respective governments. d. The Dutch and British projects were financed with banking capital from Italy and the Florentines. e. The expeditions of Spain and Portugal did not enjoy government support.

Members of the elite class of China were more attracted to what variant of Buddhism? Select one: a. Chan b. Daoist c. Legalist d. Xuanzong e. Pure Land

Mongol policies in Russia (A) led to the rise of serfdom. (B) left Moscow and Kiev weak and unimportant. (C) led to the rise of Novgorod as the chief Russian town. (D) weakened Orthodox Christianity in Russia and allowed Islam to spread. (E) permitted a free exchange of ideas in eastern Europe through increased trade.

The Ming Chinese naval expeditions of the early 15th century (A) ended because they challenged Confucian values and typical expenditures. (B) were followed by the Chinese conquest of southeast Asia. (C) were stopped by Muslim navies in the Indian Ocean. (D) led to a renewed Chinese interest in scientific and geographic exploration. (E) stimulated trade between China and Africa.

The Mongol military forces were Select one: a. entirely cavalry. b. technologically inferior to most of their opponents. c. composed of a mixture of infantry and cavalry. d. armed with firearms e. entirely infantry.

The dynasty that ended the period of political chaos after the fall of the Qin-Han was the Select one: a. Sui. b. Song. c. Qing. d. Chou. e. Tang.

The era of Tang and Song rule in China was known as a(n) (A) golden age of Chinese culture and accomplishments. (B) period of Buddhist dominance. (C) time where Christianity and Islam spread widely in China. (D) time of technological and commercial stagnation. (E) era where nomadic dynasties ruled most of China.

The first Portuguese fleet rounded the Cape of Good Hope in Select one: a. 1488. b. 1519. c. 1433. d. 1291. e. 1354.

The founder of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, came from what social class in China? Select one: a. Peasantry b. Scholar-gentry c. Aristocracy d. Merchants e. Artisans

The key theme of Polynesian culture from the 7th century to 1400 was Select one: a. spurts of migration and conquest that spread beyond the initial base in the Society Islands. b. contraction as a result of the world-wide epidemic of the 14th century. c. the adoption of Japanese civilization in the island societies. d. large-scale expeditions of discovery that were aimed at establishing colonies in South America. e. the development of a uniform written script.

The major barrier to west European expansion prior to the 15th century was (A) the low level of European technology. (B) the lack of interest by western European rulers for acquiring territory. (C) the overwhelming power of Muslim and Mongol states. (D) religious civil wars that divided western Europe and made overseas expansion impossible. (E) the lack of popular interest and public funds to support expansion.

The victory of the Minamoto in 1185 led to the creation of Select one: a. the bakufu, or military government at Kamakura. b. the Tokugawa Shogunate. c. the imperial government at Heian (Kyoto). d. a new dynasty led by the first Minamoto emperor. e. the Ashikaga Shogunate.

Unlike his father, the second Sui emperor favored Select one: a. the Confucian scholar-gentry class. b. the Buddhists. c. nomadic elements in northern China. d. the Chinese peasants. e. the great Chinese aristocratic families.

What British commercial institution ruled India for much of the 18th century? Select one: a. The British East India Company b. The Calcutta and Madras Limited c. Lloyd's Bank d. The Raj Trading Company e. The British Tea and Spice Company

What Florentine painter led the way in the movement toward nature and people as the primary subject matter of Renaissance art? Select one: a. Giotto b. Boccaccio c. Petrarch d. Fra Angelico e. Masaccio

What Russian city profited most from the Mongol invasion? Select one: a. Moscow b. Kiev c. Petrograd d. Ekaterinberg e. Novgorod

What accounts for the growing political dominance of Moscow under Mongol rule? Select one: a. The princes of Moscow collected tribute for the Mongol khans and became the seat of the Metropolitan of the Orthodox church. b. Kiev had been destroyed by the Golden Horde. c. As the city located farthest south in Russia, Moscow was better able to benefit from renewed trade under the Mongols. d. Moscow became the capital of the Golden Horde. e. Moscow was the only Russian city that was not destroyed during the invasion.

What change in Islam ended the postclassical age and began a new era? (A) Islamic piety won out over rationalism and began a new era. (B) Mass conversions of Muslims to Christianity began. (C) The secularization of Islamic society began. (D) Islamic lands in central Asia and the Middle East fell to Hindu conquerors. (E) Muslims began to speak of a messiah and await his coming.

What group so threatened the security of the Japanese imperial court in the 8th century that the imperial family moved to Heian? Select one: a. Buddhist monks b. Nomadic invaders from Manchuria c. The peasantry d. The scholar-gentry e. The aristocracy

What group was responsible for the fall of the southern Song dynasty in 1279? Select one: a. Mongols b. Liao c. Tanguts d. Jurchens e. XiXia

What made possible the rapid revival of empire under the Tang? Select one: a. The rebuilding of the imperial bureaucracy using Confucian ideology b. The abandonment of Confucianism in favor of the more widely practiced Buddhism c. The brevity of the period of political dislocation d. The willingness of the Tang to abandon traditional approaches to government e. Massive grain imports from southern China led to a population increase.

What made the reunification of China under the first Sui emperor possible? Select one: a. The support of the nomadic warrior elite b. The support of the Buddhist monasteries c. The support of the ethnic Chinese aristocracy d. The threat of barbarian invasion e. The support of the Confucian scholar-gentry

What was the Western response to the problems of international trade that they experienced in 1400? Select one: a. Western nations began explorations of alternative routes to Asia that would bypass the Middle East and Muslim realms. b. They began to pull back from all but regional trade networks found in the eastern Mediterranean. c. Overland trade routes through northern Russia were established to the East. d. Many nations sought to establish alliances with the Ottoman Empire in order to restore the trade routes. e. Western nations halted trade with Asia and the East and became more dependent on European-produced commodities.

What was the impact of the rise of the samurai on the peasantry in Japan? Select one: a. Japanese peasants were reduced to the status of serfs bound to the land they worked. b. The creation of the samurai created a period of great social mobility in Japan during which people rapidly moved out of the peasantry and into the class of warriors. c. Although separated from the warriors by rigid class barriers, the peasantry achieved greater levels of personal freedom and economic prosperity. d. Peasants who were willing to be trained could become samurai. e. The samurai were critical to the development of a free peasantry on which the warriors depended for supplies of food and arms.

What was the nature of the trade between eastern and western Europe in the 17th century? Select one: a. Western Europe imported grain in increasing amounts from eastern Europe in return for art objects and manufactured goods. b. Eastern Europe provided a trade route for Asian goods because of the role Moscow played as a trade nexus. c. Eastern Europe emerged as a powerful challenger to Western domination of the global commercial network. d. Eastern and western Europe remained economically isolated, as Russia, Poland, and Prussia extended their trade relationships with the Ottoman Empire. e. The inability of eastern Europe to produce anything of value to the West frustrated attempts to establish trading connections between the two halves of Europe.

What was the primary reform enacted during the reign of the first Sui emperor? Select one: a. The creation of granaries to relieve the threat of famine b. The reconstruction of the Confucian scholar-gentry c. Persecution of the Buddhists d. The destruction of the Great Wall e. The construction of the Grand Canal

What was the relationship between the Ashikaga Shogunate and the emperor? Select one: a. The Ashikaga shoguns fought the emperor at Kyoto who refused to recognize their authority. b. The emperor and the Ashikaga shoguns formed an alliance and worked together to defeat their enemies. c. The Ashikaga shoguns brought the imperial family to Kamakura in order to more closely control their activities. d. The Ashikaga shoguns swore fealty to the emperor at Kyoto and restored imperial authority. e. The Ashikaga shoguns unseated the emperor at Heian and took the imperial title for themselves.

What was the religious policy of the Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan? Select one: a. All religions were tolerated in his empire. b. Buddhism became the state religion of the Mongol empire. c. He was converted to Islam late in his life. d. After the Russian campaign the Mongols became Orthodox Christians. e. He practiced no religious beliefs himself, but tolerated Islam only.

What was the social impact of the Mongol conquest on Russia? Select one: a. Due to the crushing burden of tribute paid to Mongols and princes, the Russian peasantry was reduced to serfdom. b. The Russian nobility was exterminated giving rise to a society largely composed of free peasants. c. The feudal system ended and was replaced by a centralized monarchy based in Kiev. d. The cessation of trade destroyed the commercial and artisan classes of Russia. e. Russian women were elevated to new levels of social prominence.

Which of the following civilizations first attempted to fill the commercial vacuum created by the decline in Arabic trade? Select one: a. China b. Japan c. Sub-Saharan Africa d. Russia e. India

Which of the following statements concerning the Ottoman Empire is most accurate? Select one: a. The expansionist power of the Ottoman Empire was very real, but it was not the sole hub of an international network. b. Turkish rulers promoted trade more actively than did their Arab predecessors. c. The Ottoman Empire had no expansionist interests or capabilities. d. The rise of the Ottoman Empire restored the full international vigor that the Islamic caliphate had possessed. e. The Ottomans competed with western Europe for Atlantic trade.

Which of the following statements concerning the Yuan social order is most accurate? Select one: a. Muslims and central Asian allies ranked directly below the Mongols. b. The Mongols ranked all other ethnic groups in a single cohort of subordinates. c. Beneath the Mongols in the Yuan social system were the ethnic Chinese. d. Below the Mongols were Japanese artisans in the Yuan social scheme. e. The Yuan social order was relatively egalitarian.

Which of the following statements concerning the cessation of state-sponsored trade by the Ming dynasty is most accurate? Select one: a. In Chinese terms, it was the brief emphasis on trading and commerce that was unusual, not its cessation. b. Because of the Chinese dependence on imports from abroad, the decision to end the state-sponsored expeditions was particularly critical in initiating cultural decline. c. The end of international trade signaled a general decentralization of government in Ming China. d. The cessation of trade severely damaged the internal economy of China and produced the inevitable peasant revolutions that overthrew the Ming dynasty. e. China had long emphasized internal development at the expense of trade.

Which of the following statements concerning the extent of the Tang empire is most accurate? Select one: a. The Tang built an empire that was far larger than the Han, an empire whose boundaries in many directions extended beyond the borders of modern China. b. The Tang extended the empire in all directions except westward, where the Turks remained entirely independent of the Chinese emperor. c. The Tang empire incorporated India and southeast Asia as well as the areas north of the Yellow River plain. d. The Tang empire was unable to recover the territorial extent of the Han, but did recover northern areas from the nomads. e. The Tang empire stopped expanding and was divided into three parts when a civil war broke out.

Which of the following statements concerning the nature of warfare among the bushi is most accurate? Select one: a. Battles hinged on man-to-man duels of great champions typical of the heroic stage of warfare. b. The bushi depended on infantry tactics, equipping the samurai initially with long spears. c. Battles depended on the Japanese phalanx of mounted samurai and massed assaults predicated on the willingness of the retainers to sacrifice themselves for their leaders. d. The introduction of gunpowder in the 11th century allowed the bushi to rely on cannon and rockets as their primary means of assault. e. The bushi made possible the building of conscript armies using new techniques of fighting obtained from the European kingdoms.

Which of the following statements concerning the relationship of the imperial court to the provincial military elite is most accurate? Select one: a. In the absence of an imperial military force, law and order broke down, leading both the emperor and high officials to hire provincial lords and their military retainers. b. The provincial military elite was rapidly subjected to the aristocratic armies of the imperial court. c. The provincial military elite was kept in check by the continued development of the imperial peasant-conscript army. d. The emperor created an alliance with the Chinese that permitted him to crush the regional military lords. e. The imperial court worked with the military elite to fight the growing civil unrest that was due to an unhappy peasantry.

Which of the following statements concerning urbanization in China during the Tang-Song era is most accurate? Select one: a. Chinese urbanization mushroomed during the Tang-Song era with a higher proportion of the population living in cities. b. The degree of urbanization reached during the Han dynasty was never achieved during the Tang-Song era, although some recovery of cities accompanied the commercial revival. c. Cities were depopulated as people moved back into the countryside due to the collapse of the Chinese economy. d. The imperial capitals were enormous, but there were few other Chinese cities of size. e. Chinese urbanization was more pronounced in northern China, but lagged in southern China.

Which of the following was NOT a difference between the Viet and Chinese cultures prior to their conquest by the Han emperors? Select one: a. Viet tendency to extended families and clan groups b. Village autonomy among the Viets c. Language d. Higher social status for Viet women e. Political institutions

Which of the following was NOT a drawback to the West's emergence as a global power? Select one: a. The West did not begin to establish key maritime and commercial links until after 1450. b. Population loss caused further economic disarray and lack of strong leadership. c. The lives and economic activities of ordinary Europeans, the artisans and peasants, were in serious disarray. d. The Catholic church, long one of the organizing institutions of Western civilization, was under attack. e. Western nations lacked the political coherence and organizing ability of imperial China.

Which of the following was NOT a result of the agricultural policies of the Sui and Tang emperors? Select one: a. The scholar-gentry were removed as landlords. b. Lands were distributed more equitably to the free peasant households of the empire. c. Numbers of free peasantry increased. d. The yields of peasant farmers greatly increased. e. Fortunes of the old aristocratic families declined.

Which of the following was NOT a technological innovation of the Tang-Song era? Select one: a. Paper b. Abacus c. Gunpowder d. Coal used for fuel e. Complex bridges

Which of the following was NOT an economic development during the period of commercial expansion during the Tang and Song dynasties? Select one: a. Military domination of the seas b. Growing sophistication in commercial organization and forms of credit c. Overland silk routes between China and Persia were reopened d. Trade increasingly carried by Chinese ships and sailors e. Enlarged market quarters found in all cities and major towns

Which of the following was NOT one of the positive aspects of Chinggis Khan's imperial rule? Select one: a. The movement of merchants and commercial goods facilitated the spread of disease. b. He promoted the growth of trade and commerce. c. He promised religious toleration for many different religious groups. d. He brought peace to much of Asia. e. He promulgated a legal code to end divisions and quarrels among the Mongol clans.

Which of the following was NOT one of the reasons that Italy emerged as the center of the early Renaissance? Select one: a. Italy was spared the Black Plague due to its geographic location. b. Italy led the West by the 14th century in banking and trade. c. Italy had closer contacts with foreign scholars, particularly those in late Byzantium. d. Italy was more urbanized than most of Europe. e. Italy retained more contact with Roman traditions than did the rest of Europe.

Which of the following was a critical factor in the failure of the Chinese to conquer or assimilate the Vietnamese? Select one: a. The Vietnamese resistance to Chinese crossed both class and gender barriers b. The widespread destruction of the Vietnamese elite c. The continued cultural impact of Indian culture in Southeast Asia, particularly among the Vietnamese d. The proximity of Vietnam to Chinese centers of power e. The failure of the Chinese to introduce Buddhism

Which of the following weapons was NOT part of the arsenal of the Mongol army under Chinggis Khan? Select one: a. Chain mail b. Bows and arrows c. Lances d. Bronze cannon e. Iron maces

Which of the khanates undertook the invasion of the Muslim heartland? Select one: a. Ilkhan khanate b. Chinese khanate c. Seljuk khanate d. Karakorum khanate e. Golden Horde

Which of these comparisons between the Turkic expansion and the Mongol one is most accurate? Select one: a. The Turkic expansion covered less territory, failed to increase trade, and provided no internal peace. b. The Turkic expansion, like the Mongol conquests, provided a period of peace and commercial expansion. c. The Turkic expansion, unlike the Mongol conquests, resulted in the creation of a lasting kingdom based on the capital at Samarkand. d. The Turkic expansion, although of briefer duration, actually covered greater territory. e. The Turkic expansion was less brutal and destructive but did lead to internal peace.

Who was the Turkic nomadic leader who began a period of conquest beginning in the 1360s? Select one: a. Timur-i Lang b. Ibn Pasha c. Ju Yuangzhang d. Muhamman Shah e. Ibn Khaldun

Who was the most prominent of the neo-Confucians during the Song era? Select one: a. Zhu Xi b. Hangzhou c. Yang Guifei d. Zhao e. Li Bo

Although the Mongols were often brutal, they were (A) no more violent than Europeans, Muslims, or the Chinese of the day. (B) tolerant of religious differences and encouraged trade. (C) unwilling to destroy art works and buildings. (D) devoted to nonviolence. (E) apt to leave enemies alive and revolting cities unpunished.

As a result of what treaty did the French lose their colony in North America to the British? Select one: a. Treaty of Versailles, 1919 b. Treaty of Paris, 1763 c. Treaty of Westphalia, 1648 d. Treaty of Utrecht, 1714 e. Treaty of Ryswick, 1705

As part of the "Colombian Exchange," which of the following was a European contribution to the Americas? Select one: a. Potatoes b. Horses c. Corn d. Bullion e. Raw materials

By what date had the Arabs been virtually excluded from European trade? Select one: a. 1000 b. 1100 c. 1350 d. 900 e. 1453

During the Early Modern Period in world history, laborers were (A) generally paid a fair wage but worked long hours. (B) largely coerced in their work, which was often unfree. (C) moved to where there was a demand for their work. (D) mostly skilled. (E) universally slaves.

Following the death of Chinggis Khan, who succeeded him as khagan of the Mongols? Select one: a. Kubilai b. Ogedei c. Batu d. Berke e. Chabi

How did the principles of warfare change under the daimyos? Select one: a. The rise of gunpowder and cannon made the fortresses and castles of the warrior elite obsolete. b. Warfare based on spying, timely assaults, wise command, and organization of massive armies replaced heroic combat. c. Peasant forces were reduced in significance, as they were replaced by professional soldiers. d. Heroic combat between champions remained the rule, but the weapon of choice changed from the bow to the curved sword. e. They introduced new military techniques and strategies learned from contacts with Islamic traders.

How was the global trade network of the 15th century different from that of previous eras? Select one: a. Trade was controlled by the Chinese due to their naval presence in the Indian Ocean. b. In previous eras, most attention was given to the development of regional economies and cultural zones, rather than a global network. c. Trade in previous eras was almost entirely in the hands of the West as a result of overwhelming advantages in technology d. Trade prior to the 15th century was limited to the Eastern Hemisphere as a result of the military dominance of Eastern nations. e. There was no significant trade between civilizations prior to the 15th century.

In Africa during the Early Modern Period, Europeans (A) controlled the slave trade. (B) had to negotiate with African leaders, who controlled the slave trade. (C) settled widely in West Africa. (D) exported gold and raw minerals. (E) started the slave trade.

In Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, the class that most welcomed Chinese influence and culture was (A) the local aristocrats. (B) the court bureaucrats (scholar-gentry). (C) peasants. (D) Buddhist monks. (E) the merchants.

In comparison to medieval culture, Renaissance culture was Select one: a. disinterested in classical models. b. more concerned with things of the earthly world. c. more other-worldly and religious. d. based less on urban vitality and expanding commerce. e. more concerned with Aristotelian philosophy.

In the early 12th century, the Qin kingdom of northern China was defeated by a Mongol confederation under the leadership of Select one: a. Hulegu. b. Kabul Khan. c. XiXia. d. Batu. e. Ogedei.

In what year did the Ming dynasty halt state-sponsored commercial voyages? Select one: a. 1405 b. 1433 c. 1358 d. 1453 e. 1487

Kubilai Khan's major concern in governing China was (A) creating integrated Chinese and military units. (B) to avoid the Mongols being assimilated by Chinese culture and practices. (C) the conversion of the Chinese to Islam. (D) educating Mongol leaders and elites in Chinese Confucian culture. (E) reestablishing the Confucian civil service exams and scholar-bureaucrats.

Russia's defeat by the Mongols (A) had little effect on Russian development. (B) led to 250 years of Mongol dominance. (C) was avoided by the willingness of Russian princes to pay tribute. (D) was meaningless because the Mongols abandoned the area for their homeland. (E) left Poland and Sweden the dominant powers in eastern Europe.

Strong regional monarchies took hold in the decades around 1400 in Select one: a. the Ottoman Empire. b. Spain and Portugal. c. Germany and Austria. d. Italy and Greece. e. Russia and Poland.

Tang military expansion into central Asia (A) led to constant warfare between the Chinese and the Muslims. (B) promoted renewed commercial contacts between China and west Asia. (C) eliminated nomadic invasions. (D) obtained land to settle large Chinese population surpluses. (E) was easily defeated by the Turks and other pastoral nomads.

The Mongol commander in the 13th-century campaigns against the Song was Chinggis Khan's grandson, Select one: a. Batu. b. Kubilai Khan. c. Ali. d. Berke. e. Ogedei.

The Renaissance in Europe (A) rejected medieval values. (B) was largely a cultural and intellectual movement. (C) was a political revolution against the power of the pope. (D) was not a rebirth of classical cultures as it borrowed little from Greek, Roman, or Islamic achievements. (E) avoided challenging medieval values.

The Tang rulers were able to control potential nomadic threats to China by (A) bribery. (B) playing one nomadic group against another. (C) settling the nomads within the Chinese borders on land to farm. (D) intermarriage between the nomadic and Chinese ruling families. (E) diverting the nomads and sending them westward, away from China

The role of the Arab caliphate in international exchange was (A) further disrupted by the rise of the Mongols. (B) not restored until the western European nations emerged as great powers. (C) restored by the rise of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East. (D) restored by the Ming Dynasty in China. (E) not restored until the 19th century when Great Britain created an empire that spanned all continents.

The ruler of the Ikhan horde was Select one: a. Ulan. b. Hulegu. c. Batu. d. Berke. e. Kubilai.

The typical pattern for relations between China and its neighbors during the postclassical period was (A) military occupation by the Chinese armies. (B) for these states to acknowledge Chinese superiority and pay tribute but remain independent. (C) incorporation of these states as provinces in the Chinese empire. (D) to form equal alliances as partners against nomadic invaders. (E) to maintain no formal relations or treaties with neighboring states.

What Italian city-state was best placed to engage in the new, Western-oriented commercial ventures of the 15th century? Select one: a. Padua b. Genoa c. Pisa d. Rome e. Florence

What Japanese ruling faction was destroyed by the full-scale civil war that raged from 1467 to 1477? Select one: a. the Fujiwara b. the Ashikaga c. the Kamakura d. the Minamoto e. the Yoshino

What caused a decline in the military reputation of the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China? Select one: a. The defeat of Yuan by forces of Marco Polo b. The failure of expeditions against the Japanese c. The defeat of the Yuan at the hands of the Golden Horde d. The invasion of northern China by the Korean Koryo dynasty e. The demolition of the Great Wall

What caused the flight of the Song dynasty from its capital in northern China? Select one: a. Extensive flooding in the Yellow River basin b. The invasions of the Jurchens who had formed the Qin kingdom c. Attempted takeover by the Khitans d. A rebellion led by a nomadic general, An Lushan e. The Huang-chao rebellion

What is the name of the nature spirits of Japan? Select one: a. Hapu b. Kami c. Genji d. Hara-kiri e. Heian

What passage in Vietnamese history might have been instructive to the French and United States as they attempted to conquer Vietnam? (A) The majority of Vietnamese literature and art depicted Vietnam's history and mocked foreign influences. (B) Vietnam had maintained its distinct Vietnamese identity despite centuries of Chinese rule. (C) Vietnam's war of independence against China and the Mongols lasted 1,000 years in order to achieve freedom. (D) The Vietnamese constantly invaded and defeated their neighbors including China. (E) Vietnam had conquered and ruled its neighbors.

What proved to be the most damaging attack on Buddhism's popularity with the people during the early Tang dynasty? Select one: a. The aristocracy's concern that the growing Buddhist monastic establishment was monopolizing land that otherwise would belong to them b. The Confucians' successful campaign to convince the emperor that the Buddhist monastic establishment represented an economic threat c. The challenge from Daoism and other polytheistic religions, which were appealing to Chinese merchants d. The Buddhists' insistence on rebellion against the emperor e. The entry of nomadic invaders who were Islamic during the ninth century

What region in the Americas was claimed by Portugal? Select one: a. Bermuda b. Brazil c. Panama d. Peru e. Mexico

What religion played a key role in the transmission of Chinese civilization to Japan? Select one: a. Hinduism b. Buddhism c. Christianity d. Daoism e. Islam

What was the capital of the southern Song dynasty? Select one: a. Changan b. Hangzhou c. Beijing d. Huining e. Loyan

What was the innovation launched by the Ming dynasty? Select one: a. Receiving tribute payments from Korea and Japan b. Mounting huge, state-sponsored trading expeditions to southern Asia and beyond c. Extending their political control over Vietnam and Korea d. Use of a centralized bureaucracy but under the direct control of the emperor e. The use of gunpowder weapons on both land and naval vessels

What was the religious preference of the Korean elite? Select one: a. Christianity b. Buddhism c. Hindu d. Confucianism e. Islam

What was the result of the imperial attempt by the Tang to suppress Buddhism within the Chinese empire? Select one: a. Buddhism was eradicated in China by the end of the Tang era and replaced by the traditional Daoist and Confucian beliefs. b. Buddhism survived the repression, but in a reduced state without the political influence of the early Tang years. c. Buddhism survived the brief imperial persecution and was restored as the primary religion of the state during the Song dynasty. d. Buddhism became a sect of minor importance but with many followers among the scholar-gentry. e. Despite official attempts to suppress Buddhism, monastic orders continued to exert political influence and control landed wealth as they did in the first decades of Tang rule.

What were the reforms enacted in 646 that intended to thoroughly incorporate Chinese culture and political structure into Japanese society? Select one: a. Yoritomo b. Taika c. Onin d. Gempei e. Heian

Which emperor's reign marked the high point of the Tang power? Select one: a. Wei b. Xuanzong c. Yang Guifei d. Gaozu e. Wu

Which of the following cultural traits was NOT introduced into Vietnam from China following the Han conquest of 111 B.C.E.? Select one: a. Chinese-style schools b. Chinese reliance on the nuclear family c. Chinese examination system and bureaucracy d. Chinese military organization e. Chinese agricultural cropping techniques and irrigation technology

Which of the following descriptions of Pure Land Buddhism is NOT accurate? Select one: a. It offered a refuge from war and turmoil. b. It appealed to upper class Chinese. c. It appealed to the Chinese commoners. d. It was founded by Chinese monks. e. It was a salvationist variant of Buddhism.

Which of the following statements about Chinese landscape painting is most accurate? Select one: a. Song subsidies to foreign painters resulted in the production of magnificent landscapes. b. Members of the ruling political elite in China produced many of the paintings in the Song era. c. Paintings never conveyed moral messages or used symbolism. d. Landscape painting was virtually unknown until after the Mongol invasions. e. As in the West, landscape painting was the special skill of the military elite.

Which of the following statements concerning entry into the Chinese bureaucracy is most accurate? Select one: a. The examination system was eliminated during the Tang dynasty, and only members of the imperial family served in the bureaucracy. b. Birth and family connections continued to be important in securing high office. c. The higher levels of the Chinese bureaucracy were dominated by many bright commoners. d. Although the examination system continued to be monitored, almost all official received positions as a result of family connections. e. Under the Tang family connections ceased to be of significance, as all candidates received office based on their score in the examination system.

Which of the following statements concerning the interaction of North American colonists with the Indians is most accurate? Select one: a. Rapid intermarriage between Europeans and the Native Americans resulted in the creation of a new class of people, the mestizos, who continued to play a significant role in North American colonial development. b. Colonists interacted with Indians, learned from them, and misused them, but did not forge a new cultural grouping as occurred in much of Latin America. c. The occurrence of disease that rapidly decimated the Indian populations of Latin America did not take place in North America, thus Indian populations remained large and intermingled with the European immigrants. d. Indian populations grew as a result of new foods and goods introduced by European settlers. e. Constant warfare between the numerous sedentary agricultural tribes and the European colonists resulted in limited immigration from Europe.

Which of the following statements concerning the political fragmentation of the Arabic world in the 1400s is most accurate? Select one: a. Following the fall of the Abbasid caliphate, the Middle East became part of the colonial empire of the emerging feudal states of western Europe. b. After the fall of the Abbasid caliphate, the emerging Ottoman Empire soon mastered most of the lands of the old caliphate plus the Byzantine corner. c. The political fragmentation caused by the fall of Baghdad lasted for several centuries under the decentralized administration of the Seljuk Turks. d. The political system was chaotic for 300 years until the rise of a new political order under the Ottoman Turks. e. The Mongol conquests eliminated any form of centralized government in the Middle East until the 17th century.

Which of the following statements concerning the society and economy of the warlord or shogun era in Japanese history is most accurate? Select one: a. The frequent combat of the warlord era suppressed the development of artisan or merchant classes in Japan. b. Despite political chaos, improvements in agricultural techniques and incentives led to occupation of previously uncultivated areas. c. The farm economy continued to improve due to the introduction of the three field system from Europe. d. Due to the incessant warfare, the Japanese economy was reduced to barbarism. e. The peasantry were further reduced in status as the agricultural economy experienced rapid reductions in the acreage under production.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the nature of the Japanese government following the death of Yoritomo? Select one: a. The successors of Yoritomo seized the imperial throne in their own name and set off a civil war between the old imperial family at Nara and the new one in Kamakura. b. Real power rested in the Hojo family, who manipulated the Minamoto shoguns, who in turn claimed to rule in the name of the emperor at Kyoto. c. Power was rapidly dissipated after the emperor was officially deposed without a successor. d. There was a two-tiered system of government with power resting with the restored emperor at Heian who commanded a body of aristocratic warriors associated with the bakufu at Kyoto. e. Japanese unity was achieved and feudal rule was ended under the leadership of the shoguns.

Which of the following was NOT a contributing factor to the economic crises of the 14th century? Select one: a. Bubonic plague b. Withdrawal from the global trading network c. Labor shortages d. Recurrent famine e. Lack of technological advance in agriculture

Which of the following was NOT a result of the European contact with sub-Saharan Africa after 1500? Select one: a. European weapons played an increasing role in the tribal conflicts between north and south. b. Regional kingdoms lost all influence in west Africa and were replaced by European governments c. Trade shifted in west Africa from Muslim to European hands d. Trade patterns in west Africa shifted from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic e. Seizure of slaves for European use affected many regions deeply

Which of the following was NOT a symptom of decline in the Arabic caliphate by 1400? Select one: a. The narrowing of intellectual life symbolized by the triumph of religion over literature, philosophy, and science b. The decline of the Sufis c. Decline of tax revenues for the state d. Landlords ceasing to experiment with new agricultural techniques. e. Landlords seizing power over peasants

Which of the following was one of the first new areas brought into the global commercial network after 1450? Select one: a. Eastern Africa b. The Americas c. Ming China d. Scandinavia e. Asia Minor

Which of the khanates undertook the task of conquering Russia? Select one: a. Karakorum khanate b. Golden Horde c. Chinese khanate d. Kipchak khanate e. Ilkhan khanate

Why did the Mongols not pursue the conquest of western Europe? Select one: a. The Mongols had no interest in western Europe. b. The death of Khagan Ogedei in Karakorum precipitated a struggle for the succession involving the khan of the Golden Horde. c. They were defeated at the battle of Bratislava by King Bela of Hungary and allied knights of eastern Europe. d. Attacks by Timur-i Lang on the southern limits of the territories belonging to the Golden Horde interrupted the Mongol assault. e. They lacked the necessary cavalry skills.

Why did the initiative in early conquest and exploration pass to northern European nations in the later 16th century? Select one: a. Conquered nations rose up against Spain and Portugal, requiring large forces to suppress them. b. The Dutch and the British improved the design of oceanic vessels, producing faster ships than their Catholic rivals. c. The Spanish defeat of the English Armada cut England off from further advances in Europe and forced English attention to foreign conquest. d. Spain and Portugal were defeated in a critical war with the Ottoman Empire. e. Famine and disease disastrously reduced the population of the Iberian peninsula after 1588.

As the power of the Heian emperors declined, (A) Chinese trained scholar officials assumed control of the government. (B) civil war broke out between branches of the imperial family. (C) local nobles carved out estates and reduced the peasants to serfdom. (D) China conquered Japan. (E) religious groups and the clergy became the effective government

By the 11th and 12th centuries, what was the status of the Japanese court aristocracy? Select one: a. The aristocracy increased in power due to the influence of the Taira and Minamoto families. b. The resuscitation of the emperor led to the destruction of the court aristocracy and the suppression of the regional warrior elite. c. Aristocratic families at the court depended on alliances with the provincial warrior elite in order to exercise any power. d. The court aristocracy succeeded by the 11th century in setting aside the emperor in favor of regionalized government. e. They continued to dominate the imperial government and to depend on their alliance with the Buddhist monasteries.

Despite Japan's official policy of isolation, the Dutch were able to gain special access to the port of Select one: a. Yokohama. b. Kyoto. c. Nagasaki. d. Nissei. e. Osaka.

During the Early Modern Era, the world economy and trade (A) spread to and linked all countries and continents except Antartica. (B) was dominated by Muslim merchants. (C) did not include areas such as China, Japan, and many Muslim regions. (D) relied heavily on the slave trade to generate capital and profits. (E) shipped primarily agricultural products.

During the Song dynasty the interest of Confucian intellectuals in nature was most apparent in their production of Select one: a. sculptures of ideal athletic figures. b. religious homilies. c. landscape paintings. d. riddles. e. devotional objects.

Following the death of Yoritomo, what family dominated the military government of the bakufu at Kamakura? Select one: a. Yoshitsune b. Fujiwara c. Hojo d. Minamoto e. Taira

Geography, environment, and movement in Vietnam (A) successfully fostered the growth of a uniform Vietnamese culture. (B) have increasingly isolated Vietnam from its neighbors. (C) divided the nation into two cultural divisions—one in the south along the Mekong River and the other in the north along the Red River. (D) have made Chinese influence in Vietnam inevitable. (E) led to the spread of Christianity and Islam throughout the country

How did the Song empire compare to the Tang? Select one: a. The Song empire was greater in territorial extent than the Tang empire. b. The Song empire and the Tang empire were virtually identical in territorial extent. c. The Song empire was smaller in territorial extent than the Tang empire. d. Although approximately the same size, the Song empire extended farther north than the Tang. e. The Song was larger than the Tang and Han.

In Asia, significant conversion to Christianity Select one: a. was limited to the Dutch holding in Indonesia. b. happened wherever the Westerners were able to establish colonies. c. occurred only in the northern Philippines. d. occurred in Korea. e. failed to occur anywhere.

In most ways, the Mongols epitomized what type of society and culture? Select one: a. Urban b. Modern c. Nomadic d. Sedentary agricultural e. Hunting-and-gathering

In what way did foot-binding serve to diminish the independence of Chinese women by the end of the Song era? Select one: a. Because foot-binding could only be afforded by the elite, poorer women were assigned to a lower social status. b. Foot-binding, although considered socially attractive, was condemned by neo-Confucians. c. Foot-binding sufficiently crippled women to effectively confine their mobility to their household. d. As foot-binding was required in order to practice certain professions, Chinese women found that occupational alternatives were diminished. e. Upper-class women considered it high status and hoarded money to pay for it.

In which of the following colonies did a deeper appreciation of Western institutions and values take place? Select one: a. Brazil b. Spanish Latin America c. French and British colonies of North America d. India e. Macao

Mounted troops owing loyalty to the military elite were called Select one: a. kata. b. Bakafu. c. samurai. d. bushi. e. Yoritomo.

The British were able to oust the French from Canada following the Select one: a. battle of Manzikert. b. Battle of Algiers. c. Seven Years War. d. Sepoy rebellion. e. Taipei rebellion.

The Mongol assault on the Middle East (A) led to the conversion of the Mongols in the area to Nestorian Christianity. (B) strengthened Muslim armies to effectively resist the Mongols. (C) led to the capture and devastation of Baghdad. (D) was supported by Muslims living in the area. (E) extended the life of the Abbasid Caliphate.

The Mongols were defeated in 1260 at Ain Jalut by the Select one: a. Ottoman Turks. b. crusader states and their Assassin allies. c. Mamluk dynasty of Egypt. d. Russian and Bulgarian forces. e. forces of the Byzantine Empire.

The development of regional power bases in Japan among the warrior elites of the countryside corresponded to what events in China? Select one: a. The period of the Six Dynasties b. The Mongol conquest of the southern Song c. The decline of the Tang dynasty d. The rise of the Tang dynasty e. The conquest of Vietnam

The first Song emperor restored the unity of China EXCEPT for what northern dynasty? Select one: a. Hangzhou b. Jin c. Liao d. Silla e. Jurchen

The first western European nation to establish an overseas empire in the 15th century was (A) the Netherlands. (B) Sweden. (C) Portugal. (D) France. (E) Spain

The high level of Chinese literacy was due to (A) free schooling for all classes of society. (B) the introduction of an alphabet during the Song dynasty. (C) the invention of movable-type printing and cheap paper. (D) the simplicity of the Chinese system of writing. (E) priests and Confucian theology, which insisted that Heaven wanted all people to be able to read and to write the Confucian classics.

The main reason European conquerors and navigators were able to sail and continue to explore, and the reason the Ming Chinese fleets in the Indian Ocean failed was (A) Europeans had superior military technologies and the Chinese did not. (B) Europe encountered no opposition, while the Chinese did. (C) European governments supported and encouraged overseas expeditions; the Ming did not. (D) European nations were wealthier than the Chinese. (E) China had a smaller population base than Europe and could not afford to send people abroad.

The most important Dutch colony in Africa was located on Select one: a. Zanzibar. b. Mozambique. c. the Cape of Good Hope. d. Madagascar. e. the island of Ceylon.

The prince of Muscovy, in alliance with other Russian princes, defeated the Golden Horde in 1380 at the battle of Select one: a. Ain Jalut. b. Cracow. c. Kulikova. d. Vladivostok. e. Bratislava.

The transformation that most immediately weakened the power and influence of pastoral nomads over sedentary civilization was due to (A) the introduction of better-organized sedentary states. (B) increased centralization of sedentary governments. (C) the devastation of nomadic populations by the Black Death. (D) newer technologies, especially weapons, used by sedentary civilizations. (E) settling of farmers on the traditional lands of the nomads.

What Florentine painter led the way in the movement toward nature and people as the primary subject matter of Renaissance art? Select one: a. Petrarch b. Fra Angelico c. Giotto d. Masaccio e. Boccaccio

What land was claimed for Spain as the result of Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe beginning in 1519? Select one: a. Macao b. New Zealand c. Philippines d. Chile e. Australia

What led to the downfall of the Sui dynasty? Select one: a. Famines, which led to a depletion of economic resources b. Widespread Buddhist rebellion c. Unsuccessful military campaigns d. The dissatisfaction of the Confucian scholar-gentry class e. Nomadic invasions

What tactic on the field of battle was employed most frequently by Chinggis Khan's forces? Select one: a. Frontal assault by massed cavalry b. Massed artillery barrage followed by infantry attacks on the flanks c. Heavy cavalry attacks on the flanks after an initial frontal attack and feigned retreat. d. Frontal assaults using massive infantry formations e. Cavalry were sent out as a decoy before massive infantry movements.

What title was given to the military leader of the bakufu at Kamakura? Select one: a. sensei b. bakshi c. shogun d. kiri e. kata

What was a primary difference between marriages, families, and households of the upper and lower classes in Tang-Song China? Select one: a. Upper-class men rarely married foot-bound women. b. Members of the elite often married before the age of puberty. c. Extended family households were more common in upper-class households than in lower-class ones. d. In the upper classes, males frequently married females of a younger generation. e. Households of the lower classes tended not to be patriarchal.

What was the Yuan policy with respect to religion during the Mongol occupation of China? Select one: a. Muslims and Buddhists were excluded from public life but were allowed to practice their religion. b. Because it was closer to the animism practiced by the Mongols on the steppes, the Yuan adopted Daoism as the state religion. c. The Yuan, like their ancestors, insisted on religious toleration. d. Despite their desire to remain separate, the Yuan emperors were converted to Buddhism under the influence of Chabi, Kubilai Khan's wife. e. Like the Chinese dynasties, over time the Yuan adopted Confucianism as the primary ideology of the state.

What was the attitude of the Tang emperors toward the Confucian scholar-gentry? Select one: a. The Tang feared the development of the scholar-gentry and continued to support the nomadic aristocracy of China. b. The scholar-gentry class began to evolve into a new merchant and trade class due to the intervention of the emperors. c. The Tang supported the rebirth of the Confucian scholar-gentry, often at the expense of the aristocracy. d. Confucianism continued to wane during the Tang dynasty and was only resuscitated under the Song. e. The Tang continued to support and patronize the growth of Buddhism in China at the expense of the Confucian scholar-gentry.

What was the impact of the introduction of American crops into Europe? Select one: a. Most Europeans rejected the new foods as uncivilized and began to import rice from China. b. Plantation agriculture fueled by slave labor became the norm in European agricultural systems. c. The introduction of corn and the potato led to major population growth in Europe. d. Although American crops were introduced around the world by European traders, they were not adopted in Europe itself. e. Fungi introduced to Europe along with American crops led to a severe decline in agricultural productivity.

What was the impact on Confucianism of the Tang repression of the Buddhists? Select one: a. Confucianism, like Buddhism, declined in popularity, and its place was taken by Daoism. b. Confucianism and Daoism blended with Buddhism to form a new philosophy. c. Confucianism emerged as the central ideology of Chinese civilization until the 20th century. d. Confucianism emerged in a strengthened condition, but still remained behind Buddhism in the sense of providing a basis for the intellectual rationale of Chinese civilization. e. Because Confucian scholar-gentry were associated with the persecution, Confucianism failed to generate much popular support outside the imperial government.

What was the military organization of the Heian government in Japan? Select one: a. Formal military organization was abandoned by the emperor as a way to control the bushi. b. The emperor formalized the creation of a peasant-conscript army on the model of the Chinese. c. Local members of the aristocracy were ordered to organize militia forces. d. The emperor accepted the introduction of Chinese troops as the basis for the Japanese army. e. Buddhist monasteries depended on the bushi for protection.

What was the nature of the Russian resistance to the Mongol invasion? Select one: a. As the leading commercial centers of Russia, Kiev and Novgorod allied to create a substantial military force that saved those cities from destruction. b. The Russian peasants conducted guerilla warfare under the leadership of the Kievan Rus. c. The princes of Russia refused to cooperate among themselves and were routed individually. d. The Russian cities allied rapidly to confront the Mongols with a united force. e. The Russians appealed to the Byzantine Empire to provide them with military assistance against the Mongols.

What was the political organization of Russia at the time of the Mongol invasion in the first half of the 13th century? Select one: a. Russia was united under the rule of the prince of Muscovy. b. Russia was ruled by Romanov tsars based in Moscow. c. Russia was divided into numerous petty kingdoms centered on trading cities. d. Russia was united under the rule of the prince of Novgorod. e. Russia was united under the rule of Kiev.

What was the purpose of the early English voyages to North America? Select one: a. To establish colonies b. To convert natives to Catholicism c. To discover an Arctic route to China d. To drive the Spanish from the Americas e. To create a fortified port and trading region

When did Chinese influence on Japan peak? Select one: a. 2nd and 3rd centuries C.E. b. 1st century B.C.E. c. 7th and 8th centuries C.E. d. 5th and 6th centuries C.E. e. 3rd century B.C.E.

When the Mongols divided their empire, the only region that did not become a center for one of their khanates was (A) Iran and Mespotamia. (B) central Asia. (C) India. (D) East Asia. (E) the steppes of Russia, the Ukraine, and Siberia.

Where was the first Spanish colony on the American mainland? Select one: a. Peru b. Florida c. Panama d. California e. Mexico

Which of the following Western trade goods was of most interest to the Japanese? Select one: a. Glassware b. Woolen cloth c. Gunnery d. Porcelain e. Cotton cloth

Which of the following civilizations was fully part of the global trading network in the 16th century? Select one: a. Mughal empire b. Russia c. China d. Ottoman Empire e. Safavid Persia

Which of the following intellectual schools was responsible for the production of most literary and artistic works during the Tang-Song era? Select one: a. Daoist b. Legalist c. Confucian d. Chan Buddhist e. Pure Land Buddhist

Which of the following represents an impact on western Europe from the development of colonies? Select one: a. Colonialism had limited impact on Europe due to the policy of natives selling free-access goods. b. Colonial development resulted in a greater sense of cooperation among European nations. c. The use of colonially produced sugar spread widely in Europe. d. The development of colonies hastened the growth of centralized governments and destroyed the growth of the merchant class in western Europe. e. The decline of the Catholic church and its power resulted from many Europeans moving to the colonies.

Which of the following statements concerning the rise of a provincial military elite during the 10th century in Japan is NOT correct? Select one: a. Provincial elite families often arose from local landowners, estate managers, or local state officials. b. The provincial elite came to control land and labor locally and to deny these resources to the imperial court. c. The rise of the provincial elite corresponded to the recovery of the imperial government and its overthrow of the aristocracy of the court. d. Within their little kingdoms, warrior leaders administered law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenue. e. A warrior code developed that stressed family honor and death rather than retreat or defeat.

Which of the following statements concerning the status of women during the era of the daimyos is most accurate? Select one: a. Women's status among the elite certainly improved during the era of the warlords, as they gained rights to inheritance. b. While the status of women among the artisan and merchant classes declined, the status of women among the warrior elite probably improved marginally. c. Women were excluded from inheritance and treated as defenseless appendages of their warrior fathers or husbands. d. The rise of the handicraft industry caused the status of women to decline throughout the period. e. Women often participated in martial training during the era of the warlords, thus improving their social status.

Which of the following was NOT a source of Western dynamism in the 14th and 15th centuries? Select one: a. The growth of cities and urban economies b. A cultural reawakening c. Two centuries of peace among the major European nations d. The strengthening of feudal monarchy e. Advances in metallurgy

Which of the following was NOT characteristic of Hawaiian culture? Select one: a. Warlike regional kingdoms b. Highly stratified social structure c. Urbanization d. Animal husbandry featuring swine e. Use of imported animals such as pigs

Which of the following was NOT one of the reforms introduced by Wang Anshi in the face of conservative opposition? Select one: a. Taxation of the landlord and scholarly classes b. The establishment of well-trained mercenary forces c. The end of tribute payments to nomadic dynasties on the northern border d. The introduction of government-assisted irrigation projects to encourage agricultural expansion e. Reorganization of university education.

All of these events led to the weakening or end of medieval western European institutions EXCEPT: (A) the Bubonic Plague. (B) political and theological attacks on the Roman Catholic church. (C) the rise of national monarchies. (D) the Ottoman Turk invasion of western Europe. (E) the rise of non-aristocratic armies loyal to national monarchs.

All of these were examples of the Columbian Exchange EXCEPT: (A) the spread of smallpox and measles in the Americas. (B) New World crops such as corn and potatoes spread around the world. (C) domesticated animals such as the horse spread to the Americas. (D) Muslim and Chinese merchants came to monopolize Atlantic trade. (E) Africans and Europeans migrated or were forcibly settled in the Americas.

Following Chinggis Khan's death, what was the provision for the administration of the empire? Select one: a. Mandarins from China were brought in to help administer the empire under the guidance of the grand khan. b. It passed as a single government with its capital at Karakorum to Chinggis Khan's oldest son. c. It was centralized with a Mongol bureaucracy located at the Chinese capital of Tatu. d. It was divided into four regional kingdoms, or khanates, ruled by his sons and grandsons. e. The empire immediately fragmented into its constituent tribes and clans.

In comparison to Spain and Portugal, the northern European states and their expeditions (A) began earlier, but conquered fewer lands. (B) were more successful. (C) had superior technologies and commercial practices but were uninterested in acquiring colonies. (D) began later and initially acquired only limited holdings outside Europe. (E) were more motivated by religion than had been Portugal or Spain.

In what year did Spanish settlement of the American mainland begin? Select one: a. 1492 b. 1588 c. 1607 d. 1509 e. 1610

In what year did the Japanese cease to send official embassies to the Chinese emperor? Select one: a. 634 b. 1232 c. 722 d. 838 e. 932

In which of the following regions was European settlement a significant factor in the establishment of colonies? Select one: a. China b. West Indies c. Indonesia d. Dutch South Africa e. Arabia

Life in the imperial court at Heian was described in what Japanese novel? Select one: a. Ashikage Analects b. Mirror of Lady Murasaki c. Romance of the Rose d. Tale of Genji e. Essential of Salvation

Local Vietnamese officials identified most with the interests of (A) Confucian scholar officials. (B) Hindu rulers. (C) the imperial court and high administrators. (D) the peasants and local village culture. (E) merchants.

One problem facing historians who study the Mongols is: (A) lack of primary sources. (B) inability to translate the Mongolian language and its literature. (C) all contemporary chroniclers used exaggeration and hyperbole to describe the Mongols. (D) the bias of historical accounts, written by those defeated by the Mongols. (E) the Mongols never wrote anything down, leaving no written records.

The British East India Company through negotiation with local Mughal princes gained a station at Select one: a. Delhi. b. Ceylon. c. Constantinople. d. Calcutta. e. Goa.

The Dutch, French, and English colonies on the North American continent (A) received few colonists. (B) remained largely unsettled and unclaimed. (C) attracted little attention because they were so vast. (D) were not initially as financially important as colonies in the West and East Indies. (E) eventually were conquered by the Spanish.

The captain of the first Portuguese fleet to reach India was Select one: a. Amerigo Vespucci. b. Ferdinand Magellan. c. Christopher Columbus. d. Vasco da Gama. e. Panfilo de Narvaez.

The first European colonial estates (A) were set up to export foodstuffs back to Europe. (B) were set up to receive excess populations and alleviate overpopulation at home. (C) were unsuccessful and failed. (D) were set up to produce cash crops like sugar to supply European markets. (E) caused very few ecological, environmental, and demographic disruptions in the Atlantic islands.

The influence of Chinese culture in Korea produced all of the following EXCEPT: (A) legal reform. (B) Chinese forms of Buddhism. (C) an greater flow of goods between China and Korea. (D) unified resistance from the three kingdoms. (E) adoption of the Chinese writing system.

The initiative for Western exploration and conquest came from the kingdom of Select one: a. Sicily. b. Venice. c. France. d. Portugal. e. Spain.

The invention of explosive powder (gunpowder) in China (A) was borrowed by the Chinese from the nomads. (B) allowed the Song to defeat the northern nomads. (C) led to the Arab conquest of China. (D) had little initial impact on warfare. (E) had no uses in Song society except for fireworks.

The major demographic change in China between 500 and 1000 C.E. was the (A) decline of cities as populations moved to the countryside. (B) widespread migration of Chinese to foreign lands. (C) population decrease in the north due to frequent nomadic raids. (D) large population increase in the south around the Yangtze. (E) internal migration of the populace from rural to urban areas.

The medieval state, which originated in the Classical Era, and whose fall in 1453 marked the end of the postclassical era was (A) the Song China. (B) the Abbasid Caliphate. (C) Kievan Rus. (D) the Byzantine Empire. (E) the Mameluk Caliphate in Egypt

The only indigenous aspect of Japanese culture during the Heian era was (A) Mahayana Buddhism. (B) the imperial administration. (C) written characters. (D) Shinto. (E) court etiquette and protocol.

The title of jinshi was reserved for those who Select one: a. traced their ancestry back to the Han. b. served in the Chinese military. c. were members of the Chinese aristocracy. d. passed the most difficult exams on Chinese literature. e. were members of the imperial family.

To administer China, the Tang and Song dynasties relied on (A) Turkish administrators. (B) the aristocracy. (C) merchants. (D) scholar-gentry. (E) Buddhist monks.

Warrior leaders in the 10th century in Japan who controlled provincial areas and ruled from small fortresses in the countryside were called Select one: a. Gempei b. seppuku. c. kata. d. bushi. e. samurai.

What admiral commanded China's great overseas expeditions between 1405 and 1433? Select one: a. Chenla Khmer b. Yan Xuanshang c. Jung Tzi Lung d. Zheng He e. Xun Xi

What artisan was responsible for the development of movable type? Select one: a. An Lushan b. Zhu Xi c. Gaozu d. Bi Sheng e. Li Bo

What economic policy encouraged the development of colonies, particularly by northern Europe countries? Select one: a. Socialism b. Free trade c. Boycotts d. Mercantilism e. Communism

What government replaced the Kamakura regime in the early 14th century in Japan? Select one: a. Tokugawa Shogunate b. Daimyo Empire c. Bushido Shogunate d. Ashikaga Shogunate e. Onin Shogunate

What ministry of the central imperial government was responsible for the administration of the examination system? Select one: a. Public Works b. Justice c. War d. Rites e. Education

What two social groups that suffered low status under the Confucian social system benefited most from the Yuan administration? Select one: a. Criminals and slaves b. Military elite and scholar-gentry c. Peasants and aristocracy d. Merchants and artisans e. Scholar-gentry and aristocracy

What was the basic unit of Mongol society? Select one: a. The guild b. The nuclear family c. The city-state d. The tribe e. Band

What was the immediate impact of the imperial move to Heian? Select one: a. Shintoism was formally suppressed following the marriage of the Empress Koken to a former monk. b. The scholar-gentry was able to assert itself through the state's acceptance of a formal examination system modeled on the Chinese bureaucracy. c. Buddhism ceased to play a major role in Japanese society. d. The aristocracy was restored to counterbalance the power of the Buddhist monasteries and took over most of the positions in the central government. e. The aristocrats gave up positions in the central government under pressure from the Buddhists.

What was the political result of the wars that destroyed the Ashikaga Shogunate? Select one: a. Restored authority for the emperor b. The China model seemed more relevant to the Japanese. c. Restored authority for the court aristocracy d. Division of Japan into 300 little states under the daimyos e. The rise of four large aristocratic states under powerful bushi

What was unique about the development of states in the Iberian peninsula? Select one: a. The states of Spain and Portugal were able to develop without emphasis on the military. b. These governments were based on city-states rather than nation-states. c. They had never participated in the feudal practices of the Middle Ages, which made them more open to change. d. Spain and Portugal developed effective new governments with a special sense of religious mission and religious support. e. Based on Castile and Aragon, the Iberian states were unique in their adoption of Islam.

Which of the following areas of trade was NOT dominated by the West after the establishment of a global trading network in the 17th century? Select one: a. The Atlantic b. The Caribbean c. The Pacific d. The Indian Ocean e. The Mediterranean

Which of the following areas was not exposed to the Turkic expansion of the 1360s? Select one: a. Persia b. Fertile crescent c. Southern Russia d. China e. India

Which of the following lists gives the correct chronological sequence for the Korean dynasties? Select one: a. Yi, Koryo, Mongol, Silla b. Silla, Yi, Mongol, Koryo c. Silla, Mongol, Koryo, Yi d. Silla, Koryo, Mongol, Yi e. Silla, Yi, Koryo, Mongol

Which of the following regions were dependents to the core zone of the global trade network? Select one: a. Spain b. England c. Holland d. Sub-Saharan Africa e. France

Which of the following represents a significant difference between New Zealand and Hawaii? Select one: a. A highly stratified society b. Art based on carved wood c. A society based on warfare d. A cold and harsh climate e. Tribal military leaders

Which of the following statements concerning leadership in Mongol society is most correct? Select one: a. The Mongols recognized two royal families, and all leaders were the oldest males of the lineages. b. Mongol leadership was based on patrilineal descent from the Kuriltai tribe. c. Mongols often recognized the leadership of females who traced their descent from female deities. d. Leaders were chosen by free males and held office for as long as they could keep it. e. Leaders were drawn from the scholar-gentry class but had to exhibit military skills.

Which of the following statements concerning the Korean bureaucracy under the influence of China is most accurate? Select one: a. Although Korea emulated the Chinese bureaucratic structure, the satellite never created a Confucian examination system as a means of qualification. b. With the establishment of the Confucian examination system, advancement within the civil service was determined almost exclusively by test scores. c. Korean absolutism depended more on a warrior elite than administrative sophistication, so a formal bureaucracy was never established. d. Korea established a Confucian examination system on the Chinese model, but admission to the bureaucracy was determined almost exclusively by birth. e. Korean nobility did not welcome Chinese bureaucratic institutions and tried to introduce Korean models.

Which of the following statements concerning the Ottoman Empire is most accurate? Select one: a. The Ottomans never mastered the full territorial extent of the old caliphate. b. Scientific and philosophical investigations reached the level of innovation that they had enjoyed under the Abbasids. c. The Turks refused to patronize the traditional Persian artists and craftsmen who had dominated the later Abbasid court. d. Turkish rulers did not promote maritime trade as vigorously as had the Arabs. e. The Ottomans were more interested in cultural patronage than in military organization.

Which of the following statements concerning the relationship between Asian civilizations and the world commercial network of the 16th and 17th centuries is NOT accurate? Select one: a. China depended on extensive government regulation to keep European activities in check. b. East Asia constituted the civilization that remained most fully and consciously external to the world economy. c. Most of the silver mined and exported by the Spanish ended up in China in order for the Spanish to purchase Chinese manufactured goods. d. China was able, thanks to the existence of its coastal navy, to prevent the establishment of European ports. e. Asian civilizations had ample political strength and economic sophistication to avoid dependent status.

Which of the following statements is most accurate? Select one: a. Without European intervention, there is no reason to believe that the Inca and Aztec empires could not have survived for several more centuries. b. Both the Inca and the Aztecs stopped exploiting subject peoples after 1500 due to the intervention of the Black Plague. c. Prior to the arrival of the Europeans, both the Inca and the Aztec empires had been replaced by other, indigenous governments. d. Because of internal weaknesses, both the Inca and the Aztec empires were receding and might not have survived, even if the Europeans had not arrived. e. Without European interference, the likelihood is that the Inca Empire would have overwhelmed the Aztecs and established a unified government in the Americas.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the impact of the development of core-dependent economic zones on state formation? Select one: a. No state government benefited from the creation of core-dependent zones. Neither core regions nor colonies were able to develop strong, centralized governments. b. Dependent regions and their governments grew stronger in response to the European threat. c. The efforts of international trade tended to enrich private commercial interests but weaken core governments who were unable to tap the wealth. Dependent zone governments, based on company organization, tended to be strong. d. Forced labor and European influence tended to generate weak governments in dependent regions, while increased trade revenues tended to generate increasing government strength in core states. e. While the profits of global trade tended to strengthen the governments of core regions, the creation of colonies extended powerful governments to dependent zones as well.

Which of the following was NOT a crop imported into Europe as a result of the "Colombian Exchange"? Select one: a. Corn b. Tobacco c. Squash d. Millet e. Potatoes

Which of the following was NOT a technological improvement introduced during the 15th century in the West? Select one: a. Gunpowder adapted to gunnery b. Deep-draft, round-hulled ships c. Use of the compass for navigation d. Lateen sails e. Moveable type

Which of the following was a major change in the administration of China under the Mongols? Select one: a. The central bureaucracy was dismissed and the Mongol dynasty ruled with a military elite. b. The Mongols divided all of China into four great khanates under separate and independent rulers. c. All of the main divisions of the empire were removed and replaced by local Mongol elites. d. The Mongols discontinued the use of the examination system to keep the scholar-gentry from gaining too much power. e. Confucianism was suppressed and Daoism became the state religion of China.

Who was the founder of the Song dynasty? Select one: a. Xi-Xia b. Taizu c. Xuanzong d. Zhao Kuangyin e. Li Bo, Duke of Song

Why did the southern colonies of the Atlantic seaboard win importance before those farther north? Select one: a. The harsh climate of the northern colonies left those regions virtually unsettled. b. Only the southern colonies were able to eliminate the native Indian population. c. Gold was discovered within the southern colonies of the Atlantic seaboard. d. Cultivation of cash crops produced by coercive labor emerged there. e. The need to defend the southern colonies against Spanish settlers.

A Spanish-led fleet defeated the Ottoman Empire in 1571 at the battle of Select one: a. Nicaea. b. the Sargasso Sea. c. Civitate. d. Cyprus. e. Lepanto.

After their independence from China, the Vietnamese (A) slavishly copied Chinese culture and ruling styles. (B) degenerated into constantly feuding clans and villages. (C) were conquered by the Khmersand Thais. (D) became a largely commercial society in southeast Asia. (E) conquered the highlands and coasts between the Mekong River and South China Sea

Buddhist successes in China during the Tang era (A) were opposed by the merchants and farmers. (B) provided the state with tax revenues and conscripted labor. (C) were counterbalanced by the introduction of Islam into China. (D) encouraged the scholar-officials, who were largely Buddhist. (E) led to persecutions and seizures of Buddhist monastic lands.

By the middle of the 9th century, what aristocratic family exerted exceptional influence over imperial affairs at the Japanese court at Heian? Select one: a. Yoritomo b. Minamoto c. Genshin d. Taira e. Fujiwara

Chinggis Khan's first campaigns were directed against Select one: a. India. b. Baghdad and the Islamic heartland. c. Korea. d. Russia. e. the Tangut kingdom of Xi Xia and the Qin kingdom of northern China.

During the period of the warring daimyos, what was the factor that led to a revival of Chinese influence on the cultural level? Select one: a. Chinese military technology b. The strength of the merchant class c. Legalism d. Confucianism e. Zen Buddhism

During what period did the nomads of central Asia impact the other global civilizations of the Eastern Hemisphere during the postclassical era? Select one: a. 1300 to 1500 b. 800-900 c. 1100 to 1300 d. 900 to 1100 e. 1200 to 1400

In comparison to the fall of the Roman Empire, changes in the Arab caliphate (A) had few repercussions on its inhabitants. (B) were not due to outside invasions by pastoral nomads. (C) produced prolonged economic and political confusion in the Middle East. (D) left no religious institutions to support the Islamic faith. (E) were not dramatic or sudden but occurred gradually over several centuries.

In what decade did open persecution of Buddhism within the Chinese empire begin? Select one: a. 720s b. 910s c. 790s d. 850s e. 840s

In what region of the world did the Dutch challenge the Portuguese for commercial dominance? Select one: a. India b. Scandinavia c. Mesoamerica d. Brazil e. Southeast Asia

In what year did the Han emperors conquer the first Korean kingdom of Choson? Select one: a. 220 C.E. b. 643 C.E. c. 476 C.E. d. 500 C.E. e. 109 B.C.E.

In which of the following Japanese periods was Chinese cultural influence most significant? Select one: a. Nara b. Heian c. Tokugawa d. Warlord e. Taika

Mongol armies were divided into units called Select one: a. tobruk. b. kuriltai. c. karakorum. d. khagans. e. tumens.

Pastoral nomads from the central Asian steppe who had threatened sedentary cultures throughout world history included all of these EXCEPT: (A) Indo-Europeans. (B) Hsiung-nu (Huns). (C) Scythians. (D) Turks. (E) Bantu.

The dominant commercial nations of northern Europe made up the ________ zone of the world economy. Select one: a. peripheral b. free trade c. negative trade d. dependent e. core

The greatest long-term impact of the Mongol unification of much of central Eurasia was the (A) introduction of new technologies. (B) facilitation of trade. (C) conversion of Mongols to Christianity. (D) destruction of old states and the rise of new ones. (E) spread of the Black Death from China to Europe and the Muslim world.

The group which most directly challenged Chinese influences in Japan and Vietnam during the postclassical era was (A) the merchants. (B) Buddhist monks and priests. (C) the emperor. (D) the imperial bureaucracy. (E) aristocrats and local provincial administrators

The man responsible for the creation of the Sui dynasty was Select one: a. Li Bo. b. Xuanzong. c. Li Yuan. d. Yang Guifei. e. Wendi.

The most important basic commodity traded in the Early Modern Period was (A) grain. (B) gold. (C) tobacco. (D) cotton. (E) sugar.

The outstanding poet of the Tang era was Select one: a. Zhu Xi. b. Gaozu. c. Zhao Kuangyin d. Bi Sheng. e. Li Bo.

The practice of judging other peoples by the standards and practices of one's own culture of ethnic group is Select one: a. aversionism. b. genocide. c. localism. d. anthropomorphism. e. ethnocentrism.

The technological advance that facilitated Chinese overseas trade was (A) the Grand Canal. (B) sericulture or the production of silk. (C) the manufacture of paper. (D) the introduction of gunpowder. (E) maritime tools such as the junk.

The victory of the Minamoto marks the beginning of what period in Japanese history? Select one: a. The Onin wars b. The Taika period c. The Fujiwara empire d. The Tokugawa Shogunate e. The feudal age

Wang Anshi, a prime minister in the 1070s and 1080s attempted to reform Song government on the basis of what Confucian school of thought? Select one: a. Shiism b. Daoism c. Constructionism d. Zhao e. Legalism

What Chinese dynasty succeeded the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China? Select one: a. Qing b. Tang c. Chou d. Han e. Ming

What Italian captain sailing for the monarchs of Spain reached the Americas in 1492? Select one: a. Ferdinand Magellan b. Dante Alighieri c. Bartolomeo Dias d. Amerigo Vespucci e. Christopher Columbus

What Tang ruler actually attempted to have Buddhism recognized as a state religion? Select one: a. Gaozu b. Yangdi c. Empress Wei d. Wendi e. Empress Wu

What appears to have been the primary concerns at the imperial Japanese court at Heian? Select one: a. Science and technology b. Military exercise c. Interpreting laws d. Commerce and trade e. Social interaction and status

What area represented a new conquest for the Ottoman Empire in the late 1400s? Select one: a. Asia Minor b. North Africa c. Russia d. Mesopotamia e. Southeastern Europe

What is the most accepted figure for the percentage of the population of American Indians who died following the European colonization? Select one: a. Over 33 percent b. Over 15 percent c. Over 25 percent d. Less than 10 percent e. Over 50 percent

What kingdom was successful in establishing a unified and independent government in Korea? Select one: a. Choson b. Khitan c. Paekche d. Kyoto e. Silla

What noble was responsible for initiating a series of expeditions along the African coast and outward to the Azores in the 15th century? Select one: a. Hugh Dupuy, Count Marechal b. Duke of Saxony c. Prince Henry of England d. Cardinal Mazarin, regent of France e. Prince Henry the Navigator

What proportion of the European population died as a result of the 14th century plague? Select one: a. One fourth b. One tenth c. One eighth d. One half e. One third

What region of the world became the dominant culture in the period after 1450? Select one: a. Africa b. The Islamic Middle East c. Central Asia d. China e. The West

What regions of Asia were most drawn to Chinese cultural and political models? Select one: a. The island societies of the Pacific rim b. Western Islamic provinces c. The nomadic societies in the North d. Indianized peoples of Southeast Asia e. The agrarian societies in the East and South

What was one of the most important but indirect and unintended impacts of the Mongol drive to the west? Select one: a. The progressive desiccation of the central Asian steppes b. The closing of the Silk Road and other major trade routes led to isolation of the East c. The expansion of overseas trade to the Americas d. The tendency of the nomadic peoples to give up their lifestyle in preference for sedentary agriculture e. The demographic blow to Eurasian populations caused by the Black Death

What was the central purpose of the reforms of 646 in Japan? Select one: a. To destroy the Confucian scholar-gentry in favor of a military aristocracy b. The destruction of the traditional peasant-conscript army c. To increase the power of the Buddhist monastic structure d. To decentralize the imperial government e. To remake the Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor

What was the most significant impact of the period of the Mongol rule on Russia? Select one: a. The Mongols aided the Russians in gaining political dominance over the peoples of the Asiatic steppes. b. Mongol rule introduced Russia to advanced Asian technology imported from China. c. The Mongol domination resulted in the destruction of Eastern Orthodoxy and the rise of Nestorian Christianity. d. The period of Mongol rule introduced many Islamic people into the region of Russia. e. The period of Mongol rule reinforced the isolation of Russia from western Europe and the developments of the Renaissance and Reformation.

What was the political result of the Vietnamese drive to conquer regions south of the Red River basin? Select one: a. Vietnamese domination of the South Pacific and the Philippines b. The defeat of the Vietnamese and the fragmentation of the kingdom into 300 small kingdoms ruled by a warrior elite c. The creation of a highly centralized kingdom with its capital at Hanoi d. The reconquest of the Red River valley by the Chinese during the Southern Song era e. The division of the Vietnamese into two kingdoms with capitals at Hue and Hanoi

What was the status of Mongolian women during the Yuan dynasty of China? Select one: a. Mongol women were increasingly prevented from participating in hunting and martial activities, although they retained some influence in the household. b. Mongolian women suffered social and political isolation as Mongol men adopted the preference for women who had undergone foot-binding. c. Mongol women wholeheartedly adopted Chinese culture including the practice of foot-binding. d. Mongolian women lost status as they fell under the social apparatus of the Confucian ideology. e. Mongol women remained relatively independent, refused to adopt the practice of foot-binding, and retained their rights in property.

Where was the capital of the Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan? Select one: a. Khwarazm b. Tatu c. Samarkand d. Cambolu e. Karakorum

Which kingdom was conquered by Wendi in 589? Select one: a. Liao b. Tibet c. Manchuria d. Korea e. Chen

Which of the following regions was NOT part of the Spanish colonial empire? Select one: a. Panama b. Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico c. Hispaniola d. Mexico e. Brazil

Which of the following statements best accounts for the Spanish failure to hold a position of dominance in world trade? Select one: a. Spain exported more finished goods than it imported due to the high quality of its artisans and craftsmen. b. The Catholic church that dominated Spanish society argued against the establishment of a commercial mentality in Spain. c. The Spanish withdrew voluntarily from the race for world trade dominance and established a policy of international isolation. d. Spain's interests were increasingly directed toward the destruction of the Ottoman Empire. e. Spain's internal economy and banking system were not sufficient to accommodate the bullion from the new world and lacked significant manufacturing capability.

Which of the following statements concerning Arabic trade after 1100 is most accurate? Select one: a. The Arab trading complex was reduced after 1100 to the Middle East. b. Arabic control of the seas was strengthened following 1100. c. The total collapse of the Islamic world in the 12th century can best be compared to the fall of the Roman Empire. d. Their economic decline could be compared to that of Rome. e. Although Arabic trade was reduced, Muslims remained active in world markets.

Which of the following statements concerning Chinggis Khan's early life is most accurate? Select one: a. He did not become leader of the Mongols until he had secured the assistance of his rival Batu. b. He fled following his father's death to the Chinese, who provided him with military support. c. Following the death of his father, he immediately enjoyed military success over rival clans. d. He succeeded to the kingship of the Mongols at an early age as the only heir of his grandfather. e. Following his father's death, he was abandoned by many followers and captured by a rival tribe.

Which of the following statements concerning the Mongol conquest of Song China is most accurate? Select one: a. The campaigns against the Song were interrupted by power struggles among the Mongols, but took slightly more than five years. b. Song China appealed to the Japanese for assistance in repelling the Mongol invaders. c. The Mongols were unable to establish political control over the Song dynasty. d. Song China, because of its relative weakness, capitulated within two years after the initiation of the Mongol conquest. e. Song China proved one of the toughest areas for the Mongols to conquer, taking from 1235 to 1279 to subdue.

Which of the following statements concerning the nature of the Korean society is most accurate? Select one: a. Korean universities fought the trend toward Sinification by using Korean examination systems. b. Korean society followed the Chinese model of a strong scholar-gentry, a weak aristocracy, and a highly regarded though politically impotent peasantry. c. Like the Chinese, a wealthy merchant class arose in Korea, but according to Confucian dictates it never achieved high social status. d. Like the Japanese during the same period, Korean society is typified by the rise of strong merchant and artisan classes. e. Because of the monopolization of all things Chinese by the tiny Korean elite, neither a merchant nor an artisan class developed in Korea.

Which of the following statements concerning the status of women in the Tang-Song era is most accurate? Select one: a. Women had more rights than ever before due to the influence of the Legalists. b. Tang-Song law recognized no women's rights. c. The condition of women in general improved during the Tang-Song era. d. The spread of Buddhism provided women with greater opportunities and career alternatives within the monastic movement. e. The assertion of male dominance within the family was especially pronounced in the thinking of the neo-Confucian philosophers.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the position of the scholar-gentry under the Song dynasty? Select one: a. The Confucian scholar-gentry continued to exist, but the examination system weakened noticeably causing the imperial bureaucracy to depend more and more on the aristocracy. b. The scholar-gentry attempted to revive warlordism, which led to the fall of the Song. c. The Song continued to rely on the Confucian scholar-gentry, but more rigorous examination systems resulted in fewer men entering the civil service as a result of education. d. The Song emperors came to rely increasingly on the military as defense of the borders placed less emphasis on the role of intellectual ideology and more on warfare. e. The domination of the scholar-gentry over its aristocratic and Buddhist rivals was fully secured in the Song era.

Which of the following was NOT a method employed by Kubilai Khan to maintain the separation of Mongols and Chinese? Select one: a. Only women from nomadic families were selected for the imperial harem. b. Mongols were forbidden to marry ethnic Chinese. c. Chinese scholars were forbidden to learn the Mongol script. d. Mongol military forces were kept separate from the Chinese. e. Chinese were forbidden to serve at any level of the Mongol administration.

Which of the following was NOT a problem during the last years of the Tang dynasty? Select one: a. The revolt of An Lushan b. The Huang-chao rebellion c. Independent rulers collected their own taxes d. The entry of nomads into large areas of the northern China plain e. A Buddhist rebellion in southern China

Which of the following was NOT a reason used by the Ming dynasty to halt the trading expeditions? Select one: a. The growing military expenses of the campaigns against the Mongols b. The traditional preference of the Chinese for Asian products c. The expense of building the new capital in Beijing d. The opposition of the scholar-gentry and bureaucracy e. The technological inferiority of Chinese ships and navigation

Which of the following was NOT an eventual impact of the development of neo-Confucian schools of thought? Select one: a. Reinforcement of class, age, and gender distinctions b. Hostility to foreign philosophical systems like Buddhism c. Historical experiences were held to be the most practical guide to life. d. The stifling of innovation and critical thinking in favor of traditionalism e. Destruction of the mandarins

Who was the founder of the Tang dynasty? Select one: a. Li Bo b. Yangdi c. Zhao Kuangyin d. Niu Su e. Li Yuan

Why did the khan of the Ilkhan horde decide to give up his plans to continue his conquest of the Islamic heartland in 1260? Select one: a. The Islamic forces were already preparing a massive counterattack. b. The khan died leaving a minor as the ruler of the Ilkhan horde. c. The Ilkhan horde dissipated into rival clan groups following their defeat at the hands of the Mameluks. d. The forces of the Christian crusader states were likely to bring the powerful armies of western Europe into the struggle against the Mongols. e. The successor of Batu as ruler of the Golden Horde, Berke, had converted to Islam and was a potential ally of the Mameluks.

Why was the construction of the Grand Canal necessary? Select one: a. The canal connected the Tang capitals Changan and Loyang with the newly acquired regions in the North. b. Chinese population was increasingly concentrated along the northern plains of the Yangtze River. c. Peasants were moving from the countryside of southern China to the urban areas of the North. d. Major river systems in China ran from north to south, and the canal was necessary to connect the coastal regions with the western frontier. e. The Yangtze River valley was becoming the major food-producing region of China by the late Tang era.

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