AP World History Unit 6 Questions

Describe the 'new imperialism' at the end of the Industrial Revolution. Who is involved? Where are they taking over and why?

After the Industrial Revolution and Napoleonic Wars, Britain was the leading economic power and had a large colonial empire. It got cotton, wool, jute, vegetable oils, rubber, wheat, tea, coffee, cocoa, meat, and butter from its colonies, which included New Zealand and South Africa, which had markets for manufactured goods. Other nations looked to Asia, Africa, and the Pacific to challenge Britain's success.

What changed and led to the Indian Rebellion or Sepoy Mutiny?

In 1857, the British began using rifle cartridges that had been greased with a mixture of cow and pig fat. This infuriated many of the sepoys because many of them were Hindus, who viewed the cow as sacred, and Muslims, who refused to slaughter pigs. The Indian Rebellion began in 1857, which the British crushed, but the event resulted in the emergence of Indian nationalism.

How did the US imperialize American lands?

In the 19th century, the U.S. took lands from indigenous peoples, just like the Europeans did. This caused the Trail of Tears, a forced migration to present-day Oklahoma where many died on the journey.

What was the major reason behind Indian migration?

Poverty

What was economic imperialism? What is exploited?

Where foreign business interests have great power or influence. People, raw materials, and refined materials were the most common resources exploited.

People usually became indentured for which two reasons?

To pay for their transportation from a poor community to one with more opportunity or forced to do so in order to pay off their debt.

Who was Cecil Rhodes? What company did he form?

After him and his brother joined the diamond rush in South Africa in 1870, they went to Kimberley, the center of mining activity. Cecil completed a degree at Oxford University, later acquiring some of the De Beers mining claims and forming the De Beers Mining Company in 1880.

Why was there a lack of trade between China and Britain early on?

China was not interested in obtaining British goods, which caused Britain to run low on silver.

What was Egypt's cash crop? What did it replace as a chief export?

Egypt's leading cash crop was cotton, which accounted for 93 percent of Egypt's exports. It was the leading cash crop in Sudan, as well as in Uganda when the British colonized it, and cotton replaced enslaved people and ivory as the chief export.

What is diaspora and what causes it during the 16th-19th centuries?

It applies to the mass emigrations from a country or region that may take place over many years. Most diasporas were the result of poverty, political conditions, or famine.

What did Australia and South Africa (and West Africa and Alaska) produce?

Large deposits of gold

How does Manifest Destiny connect to imperialism?

Manifest Destiny was the natural right to expand to the Pacific Ocean. The United States bought Alaska from Russia in 1867, and the completion of a transcontinental railway encouraged white settlers to move to the rapidly developing west and take advantage of offers of free land there.

What mineral did Mexico produce?

Silver

Why did most of the convicts stay in Australia?

Some sent to penal colonies were not allowed to return to Great Britain, and transportation back home was expensive.

How did plague impact the Qing government?

The bubonic plague also broke out around this time, adding more deaths until there were 20 million.

List the locations of and impact on those imperialized overseas.

In British West Africa and the Belgian Congo, the exploitation of indigenous labor, loss of indigenous culture, creation of non-native elite, mixed native, and non-native middle class, and rule by corporations or states following Western policy took place. In British South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, as well as French Algeria, the loss of indigenous culture, genocide, spread of disease, forced conversion to Western business, political, and religious ideas, exploitation of indigenous labor, and extreme poverty and addiction of indigenous populations took place. In the British and French rule in China, as well as U.S. rule in Latin America, social destabilization based on economic exploitation, lack of agricultural and cultural diversity, and soil depletion and environmental damage occurred.

How did colonizing countries force their culture on the places they took over?

Many colonies combined peoples from several cultures who usually spoke different languages and had different customs into one colony. Colonizers also introduced their own language, which helped to unify the colonies. Lastly, they introduced their political, educational, and religious institutions.

What was the impact or result of the Boer Wars?

The British won, forcing many Afrikaners and Africans into refugee camps, or concentration camps, where medical care and sanitation were very poor. They were segregated by race, so while some activists tried to improve the conditions of concentration camps, conditions in black camps remained terrible. The British added the settler colonies of British, Afrikaners, and black Africans to its main empire.

Who were those in the Balkan Peninsula inspired by? Who won independence from Ottoman rule?

They were inspired by the French Revolution to introduce ethnic nationalism. Serbia and Greece won independence after long wars, while Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Bulgaria needed assistance from Serbia and Russia to free those countries through the Treaty of Berlin.

What was the Great Game? Explain Russia's role in it.

As Russia expanded into Central Asia, an intense rivalry between Russia and Britain was created, which became known as the Great Game, where the two nations competed for control of Afghanistan.

Where did Britain start to get their cotton from? What event disrupted this?

Britain's colonies began to provide the raw materials, while England would manufacture textiles. During the Industrial Revolution, Britain's textile mills got 80 percent of their cotton from the U.S. The American Civil War disrupted this because northern warships blockaded Confederate ports, cutting off the supply of cotton.

Where was it found?

It originated in West Africa, where it was used as a staple food product for 5,000 years. It sometimes was so valued that it replaced money in African societies.

How did Spain try to assert their national pride through settlement?

Spain had led the quest for colonies in the first wave of imperialism during the 16th and 17th centuries. However, its power was diminished by the 19th century, so it did not play a significant role in the second wave of imperialism.

How did France and Germany try to assert their national pride through settlement?

As newly unified states in the late 19th century, Italy and Germany wanted colonies for economic and strategic reasons, as well as prestige, but neither started building up an empire until the mid-1880s.

How did Britain try to assert their national pride through settlement?

In 1788, British settlers arrived in the colony of New South Wales on the east coast of Holland. Britain also gradually took control of India from the East India Company, and by 1857 they controlled the subcontinent completely. They took over Ceylon, Burma, the Malay states, and parts of Borneo.

How was Britain using Australia and New Zealand? Describe the resistance movements that occurred in these locations.

In 1788, the British began establishing colonies in New South Wales in Australia, but the colonial government did not recognize indigenous land ownership. Indigenous inhabitants were not protected by British law and thousands of aboriginal people were killed as they fought back. Under the Treaty of Waitangi, Britain had to protect the property rights of the Maori, but the Maori were alarmed by British settlement patterns, causing the Maori Wars. The British won in 1846 but the Maori remained reluctant to sell more land to settlers, so the British government pressured them to in 1861 by sending troops, which resulted in another decade of fighting, leaving the Maori without most of their land.

Describe the impact of Siam.

Being Thailand today, it was the only Southeast Asian nation that was not affected by European imperialism. Their government instituted a series of modernizing reforms, and began to industrialize by building railroads, establishing Western-style schools to fill the ranks of an efficient bureaucracy.

What is Guano? Why was it mined?

It is bat and seabird excrement, which made an excellent natural fertilizer. Vast quantities of Guano had accumulated before people began mining it in the 19th century because of the dry climate in Peru and Chile.

Describe how the Dutch East India Company is an example of economic imperialism.

Also known as the VOC, the dutch government gave them a monopoly on trade between the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa and the Straits of Magellan at the southern tip of South America. It focused on the islands around Java, replacing the Portuguese who had ruled there.

How did the Boxer Rebellion impact the Qing government?

An anti-imperialist group called the Boxers were attacking Chinese Christians and Western missionaries. Empress Dowager Cixi encouraged the Boxers and ordered that all foreigners be killed, but 100,000 Chinese Christians and 200-250 foreigners died, which hurt the legitimacy of the Qing court.

Describe the colony of Gamba in West Africa.

Established in 1816, it and Sierra Leone served as bases to stop the export of slaves from the region.

In general, summarize the relationship Europe had with Africa prior to this point.

Europe had a strong relationship with Africa because of the slave trade, and after it was banned, they continued to trade guns, alcohol, and other manufactured goods for in exchange for palm oil, gold, and ivory.

European presence was specifically limited in Africa at first. Why did this change?

European nations were able to expand further into Africa because of improved military technology. Quinine treated the tropical disease of malaria, and the steamship transported individual explorers and business owners.

What items do Europeans want from South Asia? How does this lead to the Seven Years' War?

India's spices, gems, and trade with eastern regions. Portugal established a coastal trading port in Goa, but never expanded inland, and France established trading posts, but lost control of India to Britain.

Describe the colony of Lagos in West Africa.

It became a crown colony in 1861 and served as a base for annexation of much of the remainder of present-day Nigeria.

Why did imperial attention focus on tropical climates?

Many colonies became export economies as a result of the demand for raw materials that could be processed into manufactured goods and shipped away, often back to the providers of raw materials. Tropical climates were conducive to the presence of raw materials, unlike some imperial countries.

Explain what led to the Boer War conflict. Why was there tension between these groups?

The Boer Wars were caused by the fight for land between the British and Afrikaners, the descendants of 17th-century dutch settlers. During the Napoleonic Wars, the British replaced the Dutch in the Cape Colony, so the Afrikaners moved east of the Cape Colony, creating conflict with indigeneous groups.

Explain what the 'Scramble for Africa' was.

The competition between European countries to colonize resource-rich Africa, which would lead to war.

Why is Britain gaining so much power during the era of industrialization?

The cottage industry it created, its location on the Atlantic Ocean with many seaways for trade, its wealth from the Atlantic slave trade, as well as its abundant rivers, strong navy, and protection of private property made Britain successful.

Who were the Xhosa people? Why did they kill their cattle?

They did not want to be ruled by Europeans, and in 1856-1857, in Cape Colony, some of their cattle were getting sick and dying. In response, the Xhosa killed their cattle and destroyed their crops with hopes that it would cause spirits to remove the British settlers from their lands. The result of this was widespread famine and death, and the British not being driven out.

Who are the Aboriginal people?

They have lived in Australia for about 50,000 years and have the oldest continuous culture on Earth.

How did Europeans use railroads to justify imperialism? Who did railroads actually help the most?

They used railroads as evidence that imperialism benefited the peoples of Africa and Asia. However, providing new transportation technology to the colonies primarily helped colonizers.

Where is Japan imperializing/setting up colonies? How could this help them successfully colonize further?

Through a Colonization Society established in 1893, leaders planned to establish colonies in Mexico and Latin America. Japan set up an empire in East Asia that included parts of China, Korea, Southeast Asia, and Pacific Islands that lasted from the 1890s to the end of World War I.

What was palm oil used for?

To lubricate machinery in Europe's factories and for candle making.

Explain how the telegraph impacted communications.

With the invention of the telegraph in 1832, news could now travel instantaneously. Telegraph lines often followed railroad routes, and submarine telegraph cables soon crossed oceans. It was available between England and Australia in 1872, and in 1874 telegraph service between Portugal and Brazil enabled instant communication between Europe and South America.

Why was Argentina called the "Jewel in the Crown" of the British Empire? Who settled there and why?

Because Britain invested more into Argentina than it did in India. Unlike most people who emigrated there to make a new life for themselves, British settlers in Argentina were not trying to escape poverty or persecution. They were businessmen, traders, bankers, and engineers, and they founded banks, developed the export trade in agricultural products, built infrastructure, and imported luxury goods.

Who was Charles Goodyear and what products did he impact?

Charles Goodyear developed the process of vulcanization, which eliminated the problems introduced with latex sap softening when it gets warm and hardening when it gets cold, and also helped create the modern rubber industry. Rubber was used to produce tires, hoses, gaskets, waterproof clothing, shoe soles, and other items.

What was Asian contract labor?

Chinese and Indian workers used as a substitute for slavery; often times were tricked into servitude.

What mineral did Chile, Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) and the Belgian Congo produce and what was it used for?

Copper, which was used for telegraph cables and electrical power lines.

How did the Taiping Rebellion impact the Qing government?

Failed civil servant applicant Hong Xiuquan, along with starving peasants, workers, and miners attempted to overthrow the Qing Dynasty in 1850. With the help of warlords and the French and British, the Qings prevailed in 1864.

What characterized most of the 1800s? Why are countries wanting colonies?

In Western Europe, revolutions, the rise of nationalism, and the creation of nation-states characterized much of the 1800s. Countries wanted colonies because of their strong sense of identity and loyalty to a state.

Explain the challenges faced by the East India Company.

It engaged in the lucrative spice trade, but was soon opposed by the Dutch.

How did the introduction of railroads impact transportation of raw materials to Europe and markets in colonies?

It lowered the cost of transporting raw materials to be shipped to Europe and helped open colonial markets for manufactured goods.

How did the Monroe Doctrine give the US power in the Americas?

It stated that European nations shall not intervene in the affairs of the countries in the Western Hemisphere. The desire implied in the document to be an imperial power in the Americas was conveyed in the war with Mexico, through which the U.S. gained vast territories in the Southwest from Mexico.

Explain the significance of the United Fruit Company in Central America and the Caribbean.

It was a U.S. corporation that traded tropical fruit, primarily bananas, grown on Latin American plantations and sold in the United States and Europe. It allied itself with large landowners to pressure governments to maintain conditions favorable for the company. Patterns of imperial control over territories and transportation networks in Central America and the Caribbean continued as companies sought political dominance in order to establish monopolies on natural resources.

Why was the Proclamation of 1763 significant?

It was the first time a European government had recognized the territorial rights of indigenous peoples as the land between the Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River was given to Native Americans. After gaining independence, citizens of the new U.S. overran the Ohio and Illinois river valleys.

What was it used specifically for? How did many companies react?

It was used to produce many cash crops, particularly oil palms, coffee, and cocoa. Some companies felt that they should oppose the use of slaves in the production of raw materials that they used.

How did Japan try to assert their national pride through settlement?

Japan asserted its national pride through incursions into Korea, which irritated China because it had exerted a strong presence in Korea for centuries. This led to the Sino-Japanese War, which Japan won and gave them control of Korea. They also controlled Taiwan, known as Formosa until World War II.

What began the Philippine Revolution? Why were they upset and why did they expect freedom?

José Rizal, one of the sons of wealthy Filipinos who sent their sons to Europe for education, started a reform movement called Liga Filipina. Though it was loyal to Spain, Rizal was arrested and executed, which shocked many Filipinos. The Spanish American War broke out in 1898, and after an American victory, exiled Filipino revolutionaries returned, expecting freedom granted by U.S. sympathy.

What else was traded from West Africa?

Palm oil, palm kernels, and peanuts, or groundnuts, were already major exports of West Africa before colonization, and they were valuable as lubricant for the machines of the industrial revolution.

Explain the difference between subsistence farming and cash crops.

Subsistence farming provided just enough food to live on, with maybe a little left over to sell, which is still common in parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. Cash crops, such as tea, cotton, sugar, oil palms, rubber, and coffee, were grown mainly for commercial value. Imperial demands for cash crops had a highly damaging effect on subject nations.

What was the Columbian Exchange? How did it lead to colonization?

The Columbian Exchange was the result of the interaction between indigenous American, European, and African culture, where the Eastern and Western Hemispheres became linked, sharing disease, food, and animals. When Europeans arrived in the Americas to establish colonies, the indigenous people had no immunity to them, wiping out most of the population.

What was the role of the East India Company?

The EIC encroached on the Mughal Empire until Britain controlled the entire subcontinent. The EIC's small forces initially protected the firm's employees, but began recruiting native Indian soldiers as well, called sepoys, into the British colonial army.

What was the Chinese Emperor's response? Explain how effective it was.

The emperor criminalized the use of opium in 1729, but it was not effective, leading to the first Opium War.

What was the outcome of the Yaa Asantewaa War?

The first four attempts of the British to subjugate the Asante Empire were unsuccessful, and the fifth and final one is known as this war. Yaa Asantewaa, a mighty warrior queen, led a rebellion against the British, which resulted in the deaths of 2,000 Asante and 1,000 British, higher than the first four wars combined. The war ended in September 1900 when the British won. Yaa Asantewaa was exiled and Asante became part of the Gold Coast Colony.

Who was Cecil Rhodes?

The founder of De Beers Diamonds.

What was the goal of Japan's Colonization Society? Describe how well it did or did not fulfill this goal.

The goal of the Colonization Society was to export Japan's surplus population and commercial goods. In 1892 there was an unsuccessful attempt to establish an agricultural settler colony in Mexico, but 790 Japanese were sent to Peru anyway in 1899 for contract work. As more young Japanese men went to study in the U.S., tensions and anti-immigrant sentiment toward Japanese intensified. The Gentlemen's Agreement included the U.S. not restricting Japanese immigration, and Japan not allowing further emigration to the U.S., but the agreement was never ratified.

Most of the Irish immigrants during the Great Famine came to North America. What were their experiences like?

The majority of Irish immigrants to the U.S. experienced many hardships, but continued strong after the Great Famine until the 1880s. Many immigrants were single women who came to find work and husbands, more than half becoming domestic servants, and men were usually unskilled laborers.

Why did the anti-Chinese groups form in Australia? How did this lead to the White Australia Policy?

They formed because resentment increased when Chinese artisans and laborers would work for less than white Australians. Many Chinese left Australia and became concentrated in Melbourne and Sydney. The six British colonies in Australia united under a central government, which instituted the White Australia Policy to preserve a white Australia.

How did improvements in transportation technology impact migration?

They gave those who migrated for work reasons the option to return home, either temporarily or permanently. In 1885, an agreement between Japan and Hawaii allowed Japanese laborers to work on the sugar plantations in Hawaii for three years. 29,000 Japanese went to Hawaii over the next nine years, and thousands more to Australia, New Caledonia, and Fiji, under similar contracts.

Who usually came to North America from Ireland before the American Revolution? What was their role?

They were often Protestant descendants of Scots who had previously migrated to Ireland, and are also known as Scots-Irish. Most came as indentured servants.

What were the lives of these workers like specifically? What changed it?

They were unskilled laborers or porters who were exploited as substitutes for slave labor, and they often worked for subsistence wages. The media exposing the brutal treatment of these workers caused Britain, United States, Portugal, and China and Spain's trade of Chinese workers to be stopped.

How did treaties and company charters lead European powers to take over other countries? How did this impact other nations?

Wanting to maximize profits, companies chartered by British, French, and Dutch governments signed commercial treaties with local rulers in India, East Africa, and the East Indies, which gave Europeans the right to establish trading posts and forts. This caused many companies to raise an army and conquer territory in order to form colonies.

Describe the unequal trading structure between European and African markets.

Whereas before colonization in Africa, where most farming was to raise food crops, after colonization, that land was converted to cash crop production to provide raw materials for European industries and goods for European markets. The Africans received cotton textiles, canned food, and alcoholic beverages in return, but it caused the colonies to be economically dependent on imperial powers.

Explain the contextual importance of cotton and opium for Britain.

Although India was the world's leading supplier of finished cotton textiles, with the Industrial Revolution and a new source of cotton from America, Britain sold numerous inexpensive textiles, pushing independent Indian textile artisans out of business and forcing them to produce only raw cotton instead of cotton textiles. Britain's textile factories then sold textiles to India at inflated prices.

How was Italy influential in Argentinian culture?

Argentine Spanish has adopted numerous Italian words, and Italian is widely spoken in Buenos Aires.

How was Brazil impacted by the rubber industry's shift?

Brazil's booming rubber industry declined after people began growing rubber in Malaysia at a lower cost. This shift in production showed how trade was organized to the advantage of companies based in Europe and the U.S.

How did they become successful?

By the mid-1600s cotton and silk textiles from India replaced spices as the East India Company's major import, leading them to dominate the world textile trade in the 1700s. As Indian weavers learned to create fabrics that appealed to Europeans, the Industrial Revolution caused India to supply raw cotton to Britain's textile mills, so the demand for finished Indian textiles decreased.

Why did the province of Victoria pass a Chinese Exclusion Act in Australia in 1855? Why did they want to limit the Chinese?

During the gold rush, the Chinese population in Australia grew to 50,000, so the act was passed that limited the number of Chinese that could come into the country.

What were the environmental reasons leading to Irish migration?

Evictions of tenant farmers increased after the Corn Laws were repealed in 1846, which had regulated the import and export of grain. The Great Famine that destroyed the potato crop for four years caused almost 3 million people from Ireland to emigrate to England, Scotland, Canada, or Australia.

What is imperialism and where do we see it happen during this era?

Imperialism refers to the establishment of colonies, and it occurs mostly in Asia and Africa where European countries are trying to gain colonies.

We know his dream of building a railroad failed, but how did his role as prime minister impact South Africa?

In 1890, Rhodes became the prime minister of the Cape Colony, and his racist policies paved the way for apartheid, or racial segregation that plagued South Africa during the 20th century.

What happened in New South Wales? How did the legislative council respond?

In December 1860, the first of several attacks occured where white miners attacked the area where Chinese miners were quartered. The Legislative Council responded by passing the Chinese Immigration and Regulation Act to limit the number of Chinese immigrants to New South Wales.

Summarize the impact of Indian migration to Africa.

In Natal and British East Africa, Indian indentured servants built railways, and in Kenya they constructed railroads, with Indians still being a large portion of the population there today. From India to South Africa, Hindus brought their caste system and the social laws that stemmed from it, but they soon abandoned the system. Some Hindus continued traditions and had altars to honor deities.

Migrant laborers tended to be more male than female. How did this impact society at home?

In some places, their migration caused a shift in demographics and gender roles in the societies they left. Sometimes, males waited to emigrate until there was a male relative available to care for the women and children who stayed home.

Explain how the industrial revolution led to economic imperialism.

It developed the demand for raw materials and technological ability through steamships, railroads, and military weapons to control other territories, which led to economic imperialism.

What was it used for? Which came first--the scramble for colonies or for ivory?

It was mainly used for piano keys, billiard balls, knife handles, and ornamental carvings. The European scramble for ivory came before the scramble for colonies.

Explain the system of spheres of influence. Who had trading rights? How did this impact China?

Japan, France, Germany, Russia, and the United States wanted the same trading privileges as Britain, so they began forcing China to give them exclusive trading rights in areas known as spheres of influence. The U.S. created an Open Door policy that gave all countries equal right to trade with China.

Summarize the impact of Chinese migration to the Americas.

Many Chinese immigrants worked in mines during California's gold rush, while others worked on farms, in San Francisco's garment industry, or on the Transcontinental Railroad. Several thousand Chinese contract laborers in Peru helped build the Andean railroad and worked in the guano mines. The Chinese influenced the ingredients and cooking styles of Peru, and they sometimes married locals.

Describe the lingering impact of monoculture on former colonies.

Many former colonies have struggled to diversify their land use because of the severely damaged croplands. They often had to import basic agricultural goods in order to feed their people.

How did the act impact immigration in Mexico?

More Chinese began to move to Mexico instead, which was supported by the Mexican president, as well as development in northern Mexico. Most worked as truck farmers, shopkeepers, and manufacturers.

Explain the changes made to native groups in Kenya.

Most native people there were herders, but groups were moved to reserves with poor soil and bad climates. The fertile Rift Valley was given to white settlers, forcing many Africans to relocate, while those who remained were forced to provide cheap labor for the farmers. African farmers were forbidden to participate in the export of cash crops and growing certain cash crops, like coffee or tea.

What were most of their jobs like?

Most of them performed labor for free settlers, worked in the record keeping area of the government, or worked on government projects such as roads and railways. They were rarely kept in prison, and the majority of convicts earned their freedom after a certain number of years of service.

Why did industrialized economies look to increase exports of their products? What issues did this create?

Overproduction became a real economic issue, as domestic markets could not consume the amount of goods being produced. In response, international trade transformed industrial economies from mercantilist to capitalist systems. However, the desire to increase exports caused economic and political rivalries among industrialized countries as businesses searched for new international customers and enlisted their government's assistance in opening closed or inaccessible markets.

How was it obtained?

Palm oil became a significant cash crop in West Africa, where prisoners of tribal war were often enslaved to help with the palm oil crops. European colonists' oil palm plantations were established in Malaya and the Dutch East Indies.

Where was rubber obtained from? Describe the difficulties with this product/conditions.

Rubber could be obtained from rubber trees from the Amazon rainforest of South America, or latex could be extracted from vines native to Central Africa, but they were destroyed in the process. Although each source provided nearly half the world's rubber supply, it was inadequate as rubber became an important industrial material. Indigeneous people of rubber sources were enslaved and treated poorly.

Why was the system of slavery declining? How were the US, Brazil, Africa, and Cuba different?

Slavery was declining because most countries in the Americas abolished African slave trade, creating a short supply of enslaved people. Only in the U.S. did the number of slaves increase after the abolition of the slave trade, and it was among the last countries to abolish slavery, along with Cuba and Brazil.

How did slave labor stay the same or change over time in Africa?

Slavery was outlawed in British colonies in 1833, but persisted elsewhere in Africa. The French army used slaves as payment for its African soldiers, and French colonial administrators relied on slaves for their staff. Slave raiding and trading was abolished in most of Africa in 1912.

How did indentured servitude impact new lands?

Some servants intended to go home after they had fulfilled their time, while others decided to stay. Many indentured servants brought their home cultures to the lands they were sent to, altering the demographics of them. The cultures of Mauritius, Fiji, and Trinidad acquired strong Indian influence.

What was penal colony labor?

Specific to the French in Africa, New Caledonia, and French Guiana; where convicts and political prisoners were sent.

What was the result of the Opium Wars? How did this 'reveal the fate of nonindustrialized nations?

The British conquered Canton and won several other battles until they finally captured Nanking. It revealed the fate of nonindsutrialized nations because China hadn't anticipated the power industrialized nations were gaining or the shift in the balance of power.

Most of them entered into indentured servitude. Where were they sent by the British and for what work?

The British sent Indians to Mauritius and later British Guiana, Dutch Guiana, Natal, Fiji, and British and French islands in the Caribbean as indentured laborers to replace enslaved workers on the sugar plantations. Most Indian laborers agreed to five-year contracts, and some renewed their contracts, while others stayed permanently, accepting a piece of land or a lump sum rather than passage back to India.

How did the growth of urban populations impact nations?

The demand for food continued to be met by imports made possible by new technology such as refrigeration. As industrialized nations grew wealthier, stock exchanges developed, which allowed more people to invest their capital and caused the need to protect global markets and investments to grow.

What was the difference between the Kangani and Maistry systems?

The kangani(foreman who oversees workers) system in Ceylon and Malaya recruited from their own extended family. The maistry(supervisors) system in Burma recruited laborers within a structured system with hierarchies and often sent them to Southeast Asian plantations with exploitative conditions.

Summarize the reasons for Italian emigration.

The main reason for Italian diaspora was poverty, as it was always hard for farmers to make a living in such harsh conditions, especially in a society where land was subdivided over generations. Some left for political reasons, and some for economic reasons related to organized crime, especially in South Italy.

How did industrialization lead to more availability of goods and lower prices?

The use of interchangeable parts, division and specialization of labor, and the assembly line increased the efficiency of the production of and supply of consumer goods such as textiles, home furnishing, clothing, and porcelain. This caused the availability of goods to rise and the prices of them to fall.

How did the Irish spread their culture? How did second-generation Irish make an impact on popular culture?

They spread their lively dance music and holiday traditions such as St. Patrick's Day, had a strong influence on the conditions of laborers by promoting labor unions, and spread Catholicism in the U.S.

What were places that they were sent to?

Trinidad, colonies in Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean, and Cuba.

What was Australian convict labor?

Where convicts were shipped from England, Scotland, Ireland, and British colonies to perform hard labor and suffer harsh treatment.

Summarize the presence of the French in Africa.

France drove the Ottomans out of Algeria in 1830 and made it a settler colony by 1870, which attracted Spanish Italian, Maltese, and French immigrants. Trading posts were established in Guinea, the Ivory coast and Niger by France to compete with British West African colonies.

Why did Britain ban cotton textiles from India?

Because they competed with the native wool industry.

Why were steamships limited at first?

Because they required a huge amount of coal as fuel.

How did the Yellow River impact the Qing government?

During the war, the Yellow River changed course, flooding farmland and leaving other land open to drought. Famine followed, killing many Chinese.

Describe the colony of Sierra Leone in West Africa.

Established in 1787, it was a home for freed people who had been slaves in the British empire.

How did Vietnam try to resist French rule?

In 1884, when 12 year old Ham Nghi became emperor, his top advisers were vocal critics of the French. The French attempted to raid the palace, but the emperor had been removed for safety. He was captured in 1888 and exiled to Algeria, while the resistance continued under Phan Dinh Phung.

Describe the outcome of the Anglo-Zulu War.

It initially went in favor of the Zulus, but the British eventually overpowered them, and their lands were added to the British colony of South Africa.

Explain how the British India Office tried to obtain more rubber.

It obtained rubber seeds from Brazil in 1876, and they were sent to Ceylon and Singapore after being propagated in England.

Why was King Leopold's rule of the Congo different or unique compared to other colonies?

King Leopold II owned the colony personally, using colonial officials against indigeneous Congolese and a ruthless system of economic exploitation that allowed him to keep the profits of the Congo Free State.

Explain what Pan-Africanism was and how it connected to resistance to imperialism.

Pan-Africanism was the shared identity and nationalism of Western-educated Africans. African resistance to imperialism developed later than Indian resistance because European powers had been involved in India much more than in Africa and colonial governments in India were partially run by Indians, while in Africa they were largely run by European military officials.

What was the outcome of Samory Toure's War?

Samory Touré led the resistance against French attempts to annex West Africa starting in 1883. The French conquered his forces and offered Samory their protection, but again went to war when he failed to expand his empire to the east. The French captured him in 1898 and exiled him.

Which country was left independent in South Asia?

Siam, or Thailand, with the rest of the region under Spanish, Dutch, British, and French rule.

What was the significance of the Suez canal? How did they build it? How did it impact Egypt?

The Suez Canal shortened the sea route to Asia by connecting the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. Although construction was managed by a French company, about 1.5 million Egyptians, mostly corvée workers who worked on it as taxation, built it. When unrest threatened British commercial interests and the operation of the canal, Britain seized control of Egypt, separating it from the Ottoman Empire.

Who were the sepoys? How did they help Britain maintain their ownership of India?

They were Indian soldiers who made up most of the British colonial army.

How did the Treaty of Paris lead to the Philippine-American War? What was the result?

The treaty transferred control of the Philippines to the United States, causing the Philippine-American War. The U.S. won in 1902, with 20,000 Filipino troops and 200,000 civilians dying. 4,300 Americans died, two-thirds of which from disease, and the Philippines remained under U.S. rule until 1946.

How did the Cherokee Nation assimilate to white settler culture?

They adopted colonial methods of farming, weaving, and building, and developed a syllabic alphabet for writing their language.

Why were they important in trade?

They could transport people, mail, and goods on navigable rivers such as the Ganges in South Asia and the Congo in Africa.

How does Britain expand its empire in West Africa?

Through diplomacy, such as Britain signing a treaty with King Jaja of Opobo in present-day Nigeria, and warfare, as competition increased for control of parts of Africa and Africans fought back.

Explain what happened at the Berlin Conference. Who was involved and who wasn't?

While Otto Von Bismarck had little interest in colonies, he wanted to keep the peace in Europe, so he hosted the Berlin Conference, where European powers would discuss the colonization of Africa. No Africans were invited. Colonial boundaries, which divided some societies and united others, and the free movement of goods on Africa's major rivers was agreed upon.

Explain how Hawaii was annexed by the U.S.

A group of American businesses and sugar planters in Hawaii overthrew the constitutional monarchy in 1893, hoping that the islands would be annexed by the U.S. In 1898, Hawaii became a U.S. territory.

What is a settler colony? What were the members of the colonial service?

A settler colony is where a country sends their people to live there permanently. Many went as government officials in the Colonial Service, officers or soldiers in the British army, or managers for plantations or other colonial enterprises.

Describe the impact of the French in Southeast Asia.

After defeating China in the Sino-French War, France gained control of northern Vietnam, later pressuring Siam to cede modern-day Laos to the French. By the 1890s, France controlled Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, which combined to form French Indochina. The French, like the Dutch, desired cash crops, and rubber plantations soon covered Cambodia and Vietnam.

How did Argentina appeal to Italian immigrants specifically? What was the overall impact?

Argentina was underpopulated and had an enormous amount of fertile land. Wages in Argentina were much higher than in Italy, and the cost of living, even in Buenos Aires, was much lower than that of many rural Italian provinces.

What was 'new imperialism?' How does this impact Latin America?

As Latin America was subjected to imperialist aggression from Europe and the U.S., this was concerned with a world capitalist economy since the industrialized nations of Europe and the United States sought raw materials, low-wage labor, and new markets for their goods. The emerging middle classes of Latin America were eager for the latest European news and fashions.

A connected world has led to increased immigration. Summarize the general reasons why.

As industrialization grew, populations migrated to urban centers. Some workers who left their homelands could travel back to their native country for visits or to retire, while others resettled permanently to alleviate economic and political difficulties.

What conditions led to Chinese migration and why?

Beginning in the late 18th century, a population increase in coastal cities and contacts through foreign trade caused many to emigrate to South Asia. Most immigrants were peasants seeking opportunities abroad, and the first Opium War made leaving easier. The disorder and poverty brought by the Taiping Rebellion from 1850-1864 was also a factor of people leaving China.

What were the political reasons leading to Irish migration?

Britain abolished the Irish Parliament in 1801 when Ireland became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Roman Catholics and Protestant dissenters were discriminated against by British rulers.

As the European middle classes grew, they demanded meat. How did this impact various forms of trade?

Cattle ranches in Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay produced beef for export, while Australia and New Zealand exported lamb and mutton. New technology allowed meat to be transported farther, and it could be processed and canned in packing plants or shipped fresh or frozen to refrigerated steamships.

Explain how Spain colonized Chile.

Chile's economic development was at first dependent on the export of agricultural produce, and the wealth of these raw materials influenced dependency on Spain and tension among neighboring states. The mining sector would eventually make up more than one-third of the Chilean government's income.

What jobs did most Chinese migrants typically have (What were they building)?

Chinese migrants had a significant role in the construction of the U.S. Transcontinental Railroad. The majority of people in China were males who planned to return after they served their time as an indentured laborer.

What became a major cash crop? Where else was it important?

Cocoa became the major cash crop on the Gold Coast in the 1880s. It was also important in the Ivory Coast, Nigeria, and the Portuguese colonies of Sáo Tomé and Angola.

What is the role of colonies in this type of imperialism?

Colonial powers turned them into export economies that produced goods not for domestic use but for commercial use in order for the colonial powers to gain profit.

As production increased, more and more resources were needed. What were these resources and how does it lead to imperialism?

Common industrial resources such as coal, iron, tin, bauxite, rubber, and copper were imported from sources in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. The industrialized countries of Western Europe, the U.S., and Japan saw the benefits of gaining control of trade and resources of other areas.

Congress further banned Chinese immigration by the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act. How does this showcase discrimination in the US?

Congress banned further Chinese migration to the U.S. It was made permanent in 1902 and repealed in 1943.

What was Devil's Island and what does it show about the conditions of penal colonies?

Devil's Island was a part of the penal colony in French Guinea, where prisoners were underfed and forced to do hard labor. Despite the French ending the transport of convicts in 1938, Devil's Island held prisoners until 1953.

Describe the environmental consequences of industrialization.

Farmers could only raise cash crops such as sugar, cocoa, or groundnuts. The use of land led to monocultures, or a lack of agricultural diversity, particularly in developing nations. Clearing forests negatively affected biodiversity and the climate, cash crops such as cotton depleted one's fertility, and crop diseases and pests spread easier with only one crop planted in a certain area.

Australia began attracting free settlers. Why and from where?

Free settlers were attracted from mostly China because of the discovery of gold in Australia.

Summarize the impact of Indian migration to Southeast Asia.

From 1834-1937, India was the main source of labor for the British Southeast Asian colonies of Ceylon, Burma, and Malaya. With the kangani system that replaced indentured servitude, entire families were recruited to work on tea, coffee, and rubber plantations, and they had more freedom than indentured laborers. Indian traders settled in countries with indentured laborers for British business opportunities.

Who was Mohandas Gandhi and how did his experience in Africa impact his work?

Gandhi became an activist after facing constant racial discrimination in Pretoria, South Africa, founding the Natal Indian Congress whose goal was to expose the rampant discrimination against Indians in South Africa. He returned to India in 1914, where he was one of the leaders in the fight against British rule in India.

Due to the decline of the slave trade, imperial countries turned to other forms of coerced labor. What were these other forms of coerced labor?

Indentured servitude, Asian contract labor, Australian convict labor, and penal colony labor.

The desire for low-wage labor was high due to the need for exploited natural resources. What were the different types of laborers that European countries used and where were they forced to migrate to?

Indian laborers migrated to British colonies in the Caribbean, South Africa, East Africa, and Fiji. Chinese laborers migrated to California and British Malaya to build railroads and serve as farmhands, gardeners, and domestics. Japanese laborers migrated to Hawaii, Peru, and Cuba to work on sugar plantations.

As western imperialism takes hold, resistance and rebellion begin to grow. Explain how this is seen in South Asia.

Indian soldiers called sepoys in the British army rebelled against the British East India Company and the direct rule of India by the British government, leading to the period of rule by the British Raj.

How did industrialization lead to stronger European nations? How does industrialization move European nations to imperialize?

Industrialization led to stronger European nations because they were able to produce more goods more effectively. Industrialization encouraged European nations to imperialize so that they could obtain the raw materials and the markets they needed in order to continue to be successful.

Why did emigration continue even after the famine?

Irish people had left to go to work on canals for Great Britain and the United States since the 18th century, and they continued to go to Australia, Argentina, and the U.S. to help build railroads.

How did the East India Company try to fix this issue?

It began forcing farmers in India to grow opium, an addictive drug that relieves pain and reduces stress. The company would sell it for silver in China, causing millions of people to become addicted to opium.

Overall, who did imperialism benefit specifically (which countries) and who did it hurt?

It benefitted Western European countries such as Great Britain and France, as well as the U.S. and Japan, while it harmed most of Africa, which came under the direct control of European colonizers, much of Southeast Asia, under French control, South Asia, under British control, and China, controlled by Western countries and Japan.

When did the majority of the Chinese diaspora take place? Why?

It did not begin in earnest until the middle of the 19th century when the gold rushes in California, South Australia, and western Canada took place.

English defeats the Spanish Armada, meaning they have proven they have a strong navy. What does this lead to for the British and Dutch?

It enabled the British and Dutch to take over the spice trade in Asia from the Spanish and Portuguese, who previously possessed a monopoly over it.

Explain the Culture System and how it impacted villagers.

It forced farmers to choose between growing cash crops to export or doing corveé labor, compulsory unpaid work. Villagers had to set aside one-fifth of their rice fields for export crops like sugar, coffee, and indigo, or work in the government field for 66 days if they didn't own land. The villagers were held responsible if the crops failed.

Explain how the Dutch East India Company's role changed over time.

It had a monopoly on trade with the Dutch East Indies, where the Spice Islands were located. By the 1850s, it had switched its focus from shipping to agricultural production. However, the Dutch government revoked the company's charter in 1799 and took direct control of the Dutch East Indies.

How did cash crops impact Africa?

It made many Africans vulnerable during droughts, economic decline, or falling world prices. Food production declined as farmers planted cash crops such as cotton, increasing the value of their land. Additionally, famines were possible because the arable land was devoted to growing crops to export.

Describe how the California Constitution of 1879 discriminated against the Chinese.

It prohibited the state, counties, municipalities, and public works from hiring Chinese workers. It prevented people from China or those who weren't considered white from being citizens on the grounds because they were believed to be dangerous to the well-being of the state. It encouraged cities and towns to remove Chinese residents within their limits or segregate them to different areas.

Explain the Treaty of Nanking. What does it do and why is no one satisfied?

It required China to open up four additional ports to foreigners, cede Hong Kong to Britain, pay for damages, and allow free trade. No one was satisfied because the British wanted the use of opium legalized, and the Chinese were unhappy about the concessions they had to make. Tensions rose when Chinese officers boarded a British trading ship and lowered the flag, leading to the second Opium War.

What is ivory? Why did people desire it?

Ivory is acquired from the tusks of elephants, and people desired it because of its beauty and durability.

What evidence is there that migration in the 19th century led to demographic changes with long-lasting results?

Laborers were often males and from an ethnic group, like the Indian indentured servants sent to the sugar plantations in the Caribbean or the Chinese laborers recruited to construct the Transcontinental Railroad in the U.S. These migrants commonly formed ethnic enclaves and created cultural groups that maintained elements of their native culture and religion while absorbing the influences of their new locations, such as Indians in Trinidad and Tobago practicing Hinduism and contributing to Caribbean musical traditions.

What was indentured servitude?

People working for a set number of years before becoming free.

Explain who technical experts were and why they are considered a diaspora.

Technical experts included engineers and geologists, many of which migrated to South Asia and Africa. British engineers were so numerous in the colonies that they formed a type of diaspora by spreading Western science and technology around the world. They also ended up blending their knowledge with the experience of engineers from colonial lands.

Why did so many Italian immigrants want to go to Argentina?

The 1853 Argentine Constitution not only encouraged European immigration, but also guaranteed to foreigners the same civil rights enjoyed by all Argentine citizens.

Summarize the impact of Chinese migration to Southeast Asia.

The French encouraged them to trade in Indochina, they managed opium farms and opium distribution for the British in Malaya, and held posts with the colonial government in the Dutch East Indies. Many Chinese there became business owners and traders, often founding family businesses, and some acquired great wealth by being moneylenders or participating in international trade.

Describe the role of the United States in Latin America. How did they imperialize?

The Second Industrial Revolution brought prosperity to the U.S., and its corporate investments were initially concentrated in Mexico and Cuba. The investments supported infrastructure and industry, especially railways, shipping, and the emerging banking and financial sectors. The Monroe Doctrine issued by the U.S. in 1823 stated that Latin America was in the United States sphere of influence.

After the American Revolution who came from Ireland? Where did they live?

The majority of new Irish immigrants settled in northern cities in the United States, and others settled in Canada, where they could get cheap land grants. 1830s settlers were Catholic and poorer than earlier settlers, and most Irish who went to cities worked in factories. In the U.S., Irish men helped build the canal system, and many farmed there too as well as in Canada.

How did Argentina turn into the richest countries in Latin America? What investments were made there?

They improved breeding stock and developed large-scale farming throughout the grassy plains, known as the Pampas. They also financed infrastructure and building projects, like the railroad and telegraph. A new port was paid for by Britain to facilitate passenger service and the transport of goods.

After the gold rushes, how did the Chinese in Australia make an economic profit?

They turned to other sources of income, such as gardening, trade, furniture making, fishing, and pearl diving. While Chinatowns, or Chinese enclaves, developed in cities throughout Australia, the Chinese contributed mostly to economies in the Northern Territory and north Queensland regions.

What were 'ethnic enclaves' and why did immigrants create them?

They were clusters or neighborhoods of people from the same foreign country that often spoke the languages of their home country, ate foods that they had eaten back at home, pursued a way of life similar to that of their home country, and influenced the culture of their new homes. They were created because immigrants wanted a new economic start while being able to carry their traditions and culture.

What were remittances? How did this impact social norms?

They were funds sent by male migrants from their foreign earnings back home. If the remittance was large enough, women often worked outside the home and spent more time doing family responsibilities while also exercising decision-making power over how the money was spent.

What did Bolivia, Nigeria, Malaya, and the Dutch East Indies produce?

Tin for food products

Explain how this resistance to westernization is also seen in China.

Westernization, or the assimilation of Western culture, was opposed by the Boxers, who attempted to rid China of Western influence, especially the effect of Christian missionaries, in the Boxer Rebellion.

How did this typically impact gender roles?

Women's roles stayed the same as before their husbands left. However, in other places, women began to gain autonomy and authority as they took on responsibilities previously done by their husbands and took a meaningful place in society outside of family responsibilities. If their husbands returned, women who had taken on the tasks might continue to do so, while those with a male relative abided by tradition.

Describe the colony of Ghana and the Gold Coast in West Africa.

Britain acquired parts of present-day Ghana in stages, as the Gold Coast became a crown colony in 1874, but they did not control the Asante empire until 1901.

China had a different experience than in South Asia or Africa. Describe how they were imperialized.

It maintained its own government during European economic domination. Using superior military strength, Europe formed spheres of influence within China, where they would have exclusive trading rights and access to natural resources.

What was the result of Mexico's attempt to overthrow Benito Juarez?

Mexico owned French money, and Napoleon III of France wanted to further his imperialist ambitions. So he offered to make a European noble, Archduke Maxmilian, the emperor of Mexico, which he accepted. The French were driven out after three more years of war and Maximillian was executed.

Explain how Charles Darwin's idea of selection/fittest species was used to justify imperialism.

Some people adapted Darwin's theory of biological evolution by natural selection to society, creating Social Darwinism. These advocates used the survival of the strongest part to argue that the spread of European and U.S. power proved the biological superiority of whites.

What allows them to go longer distances? What major products does this impact?

The development of more efficient steam engines in 1870 allowed them to travel farther, and the development of compression refrigeration made it possible to ship perishables such as meat and dairy.

Why did Japan end its isolation in 1853? What impact did this have on the country?

U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry came to Japan to secure a treaty that opened Japan's ports to trade, which encouraged them to overthrow its traditional government in the Meiji Restoration. They industrialized in order to protect its distinctive culture, and their growth required more land.

Why did the British decide to colonize Australia?

Because it lost its colonies in the Americas.

What did he want to build and why?

A railroad that would stretch from Cape Town in the Cape Colony of South Africa to Cairo, Egypt, because he believed that connecting all of the British-controlled colonies with a transportation network would possibly make governance easier and help in mobilizing for war.

By 1900, which countries were unclaimed by Europe? Why were they able to resist?

Abyssinia, modern-day Ethiopia, and Liberia, which was founded by formerly enslaved people from the United States. Since Liberia had a dependent relationship with the United States, it was not fully independent, but Italy failed to conquer the native forces in Abyssinia in 1895.

What was the outcome of the Mahdist Revolt?

After a joint British-Egyptian military expedition that launched a counterattack, and the Mahdists finally defeated the British-Egyptian focus in January 1885. After Ahmad, a Sudanese Islamic cleric that said he would restore the glory of Islam, died in June of 1885, the Mahdist movement collapsed, caused by conflict among rival leaders. The British returned in 1896 and defeated the Mahdists in 1898.

Even though they assimilated, they were negatively impacted by expansion. Why?

After discovering gold in Cherokee land, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which forced the Cherokee and other Southeast Native American tribes to relocate to present-day Oklahoma.

How did Britain change its role in governing India after the mutiny?

After exiling the Mughal emperor for his involvement in the rebellion and ending the Mughal empire, its government took on a more active role in ruling India. The British Raj, or the colonial government, took its orders directly from the British government in London. Indians attended universities under the Raj, establishing the Indian National Congress in 1885, which began to advocate for self-rule.

Who benefited from this disruption?

Cotton farmers in India benefited somewhat from the cotton shortages, but Egypt benefited the most because they had already developed a fine long-staple variety of cotton and ramped up production. Raw cotton production from Egypt and India supported the textiles that Britain exported around the world.

Describe the point of view of King Leopold toward imperialism?

He believed that colonies could only be firmly established through total submission and obedience of the people who lived there.

How did enlightenment ideals help leaders push against colonization?

Many of the nationalist movements that emerged in South America, Africa, and Asia were led by people who had a deep understanding of Enlightenment ideals. Some worked in official posts in colonial government, while others used the education that imperialism provided to drive out their conquerors.

Explain Ghost Dance and how it impacted the Sioux.

The Ghost Dance involved rituals and dances that supported the belief that the dead would come to life and drive out the whites. It spread to the Sioux in 1890, coinciding with their revolts and encouraging them to wear "ghost shirts". However, it collapsed at the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890.

Describe how the East India Company(EIC) is an example of economic imperialism.

This company was granted a monopoly by the English monarch, and after the Portuguese were driven out, they often traded cotton, silk, indigo, and spices. By the 18th century, it had become the major agent of British imperialism in India, and the British government's managing agency in India after 1834. The EIC participated in the slave trade, and illegally exported opium to China in exchange for tea.

How did France try to assert their national pride through settlement?

After it was defeated by Prussia in the Franco-Prussian war, it expanded its overseas territories beyond Algeria in North Africa, islands like New Caladonia in the South Pacific, Senegal in Western Africa, and Indochina in Southeast Asia.

Why didn't it work?

Britain didn't gain control of enough land for the railroad to be built on.

Describe how science was used as proof that colonization was a right of stronger nations.

Colonial powers believed that they were superior to those they subjugated, and pseudoscientists strengthened these attitudes by claiming to have proof of the intellectual and physical inferiority of nonwhite races. Phrenologists believed that a smaller skull size showed the mental feebleness of Africans, indigeneous Americans, and Asians.

Describe Leopold's treatment of the Congolese. What was the impact of his leadership?

Congolese workers got their hands severed to ensure the submission of others, those who did not meet their quotas were beaten or killed, and laborers often were not paid for their backbreaking work. Nearly 8 million people died during King Leopold's reign of terror in the Congo.

Summarize the expansion of Russia. Where did they go and when?

During 1762-1796 when Catherine the Great ruled, she annexed about half of Poland some territory won from the Ottoman Empire. Her grandson, Alexander I, annexed Finland, Moldova, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and part of Armenia from 1815 to 1825. In 1808 the Russian-American Company established permanent headquarters in modern-day Sitka. In 1811, they decided to settle at Fort Ross in California, abandoning it in 1839 and selling Alaska to the United States in 1867.

Describe the impact of the Dutch in Southeast Asia.

Dutch imperialism in Southeast Asia began with a private company, just like English imperialism in South Asia. In 1641, the Dutch took over the Spice Islands, the VOC seized the spice trade previously ruled by the Portuguese, setting up several trading posts, until corruption caused the downfall of the VOC and the Dutch government took control of the Dutch East Indies. Their plantations produced tea, rubber, and sugar to be exported, which limited the rice cultivation that Indonesian farmers relied on.

How did British rule impact Australia and New Zealand?

In 1788 the first convicts and free settlers arrived in Australia, and the east coast became New South Wales. By the 1820s Britain controlled the entire continent, and its main role was to house convicts. The discovery of Australian fine wool caused more free settlers to arrive, as well as copper and gold. When Britain annexed the settler colony of New Zealand in 1839, it was made a part of New South Wales, but the Treaty of Waitangi caused it to become a separate colony two years later. Australian gold rushes provided a market for foodstuffs raised by New Zealand farmers, both European and Maori.

Explain how religious motives were part of the rationale for imperialism.

Missionaries were urged to support imperialism by persuading people to give up their traditional beliefs, and instead adopt the faith of Christianity. Missionaries argued that they often combined religious and humanitarian efforts by establishing schools, improving medicine, and ending slave trade.

Why were economies among the most influential of the motives behind imperialism? Explain specifically what certain countries were looking for.

Natural resources, new markets, and low-wage labor drove economic imperialism. In order to collect raw materials for its industries, such as cotton, rubber, and copper, European countries looked to Africa and Asia. American agriculture looked to South America for fertilizer. Colonial peoples provided labor for large-scale projects, and received low wages.

Describe the impact of the British in Southeast Asia.

The British founded the port of Singapore in 1824, which Chinese immigrants made the most important one in Southeast Asia. Eventually Britain controlled the Malay Peninsula, Burma, and northern Borneo. Cash crops such as pepper, tobacco, and oil were planted and Malaya became the greatest producer of natural rubber.

Describe transportation before the introduction of railroads to colonies.

Transportation from the interiors of colonies to coastal ports was by water or roads. Most colonies had few roads, with those that were in place being poorly maintained and often unusable during rainy seasons. Transportation by water was restricted to coastal areas and river basins.

What three things is Britain bringing to these colonies?

Western education, the English language, and Christianity.