apes ch 2

The size of an island and its distance from the mainland is important in determining which of the following?

species richness

Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem that provides ecosystem services including protection from hurricane storm surges?

An intact coastal wetland

Based on the information above, which of the following best describes Ecosystem C?

Its low habitat diversity indicates that Ecosystem C most likely has a low number of specialist species and few species that utilize large territories.

species diversity

Number of different species in the biosphere

Which of the following ecosystem services are categorized as regulating?

Pollination, decomposition, and water purification

allopatric speciation

The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.

what can result in a secondary succession

abandoned farmland, fire, logging in the amazon

edge species

well adapted to human disturbances and can thrive in altered habitats

divergent evolution

when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time

supporting services

the basic ecosystem processes, such as nutrient cycles and soil formation, that are needed to maintain other services ex: habitat for different species, maintenance of genetic diversity, maintaining a diverse array of species

Speciation

the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.

regulating services

the service provided by natural systems that helps regulate environmental conditions ex: carbon sequestration, maintaining of air and water quality, storm mitigation, pollination

genetic diversity

the variety of genes within a given species

what are ecosystem services provided by wetlands

water purification, erosion control, recreation

what is the most likely reason for introducing the 8 texas (tx) pumas as shown on the graph

provided genetic diversity for panther population to prevent inbreeding depression from occurring

deforestation causes what

reduced primary productivity, increased erosion, reduced water availability

which of the following will result in a habitat dominated by generalist species

1 x 10^3 km from mainland and 125 ha

when is soil present in primary succession

2-6

keystone species

A species that influence the survival of many other species in an ecosystem ex: wolf

Salmon May Lose the Ability to Smell Danger as Carbon Emissions Rise

Acidic water affects the salmon's ability to sense danger from attacking predators by their sense of smell. Ocean acidification, which is caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, is affecting the salmon's ability to detect smells and avoid predation

Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following islands would most likely have the highest number of species living on it?

An island 30 hectares in size that is 10 kilometers off the coast of the mainland According to the theory of island biogeography, as the size of an island increases, the number of species living on it should increase. Also, as an island's distance from the mainland increases, the number of species living on it should decrease. This option provides the combination of greatest size and closest distance to the mainland compared to the other options.

An island off the coast of Africa contains a larger percentage of specialist species than generalist species. Which of the following describes the most immediate effect if an invasive generalist species is introduced to the island?

As competition for resources increases, the population size of the island's specialist species will decrease.

Which of the following best describes the trends in atmospheric CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature over the past 800,000 years?

Atmospheric CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature are directly correlated over the past 800,000 years.

provisioning services

Benefits of biodiversity that humans use, including lumber, fur, meat, crops, water, and fiber

Based on the information above, which ecosystem most likely experienced a recent population bottleneck?

Ecosystem A, because its low genetic diversity could have resulted from an event that reduced the variation in the gene pool.

Which of the following statements is FALSE about the relationship between primary and secondary succession?

Ecosystems that have undergone primary succession are not as resilient as ecosystems that have arisen from secondary succession.

Which statement is best supported by the data in the graph?

Finches with larger beaks were more likely to survive in 1980 because they were able to feed primarily on seeds and nuts during the drought.

bottleneck effect

Genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population, typically by a natural disaster, such that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population.

which of the following ecosystem services are provided by old-growth forests

sink for atmospheric carbon and increases rate of groundwater recharge

the two main factors of the theory of island biogeography are

size of habitat and distance from mainland

Reef fish inherit tolerance to warming oceans Which of the following best identifies the author's claim?

Observed adjustments in the ecological tolerance of a species of reef fish is a result of epigenetic changes. Evidence from the article supports that the author views changes in DNA expression as a driving force behind the reef fish's recent and efficient acclimation to warming waters.

Early theories focused on widespread pollution. Based on a variety of clues, however, [researchers suspect] illegal or accidental dumping of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac that was once commonly used on livestock but was banned in India in 2006. A few years earlier, also in South Asia, the drug was responsible for a sharp decline of vultures, which all showed signs of kidney dysfunction like the dead gharials examined in 2008. what is the author's claim?

The author claims that the possible pollution of the Chambal River, which is the only location of a stable population of gharials worldwide, was most likely caused by the illegal disposal of prescription drugs in 2008.

Which of the following economic consequences to a provisioning ecosystem service will most likely result from increased global warming?

The collapse of local fisheries, because of the damage to coral reefs from ocean acidification Many fish depend on coral reefs for habitat, and the carbon dioxide that largely causes anthropogenic global warming also causes ocean acidification, which does damage coral reefs.

Which of the following best describes the pattern in the atmospheric CO2 concentration data over the past 200,000 years?

The concentration of CO2 fluctuated between 150ppm and 250ppm until recently, when the concentration rose exponentially.

Which of the following describes an economic consequence of eutrophication in the local coastal waterway?

loss of revenue for local fisheries

The image shows two different islands and the relative distance to the nearest mainland. Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following best predicts the effect of the introduction of an invasive species on Easter Island compared to Madagascar?

The native species on Madagascar are more likely to survive because the island is larger and provides a greater diversity of habitats and resources.

Which of the following best describes the change in Antarctic temperature from about 440,000 years ago to about 340,000 years ago?

The temperature increases by about 12°C and then decreases by about 12°⁢C.

Darwin's Theory of Evolution

all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce. NOT individuals adapt to environmental changes

what must happen for natural selection to occur within a population

an adaptive trait must lead to differential reproduction

what process begins with the physical and chemical weathering of rock that eventually makes it into a soil

primary succession

founder effect

change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population

which of the following demonstrates the ecological tolerance of corals in a marine ecosystem

corals are sensitive to warmer temps

characteristics of pioneer species

disturbance dependent, short life span, and create soil for secondary species

Based on the information above, which ecosystem would most likely recover the fastest from a natural disruption?

ecosystem B - med genetic diversity, high species, medium habitat

cultural services

ecosystems provide cultural or aesthetic benefits to many people such as tourism

biodiversity is a consequence of

evolution