apes frq unit 5: chapters 11 and 17
2012 #3: active ingredients pesticides experiment - (c) One strategy for dealing with agricultural pests is integrated pest management (IPM). (i) Describe IPM. As part of your description, include TWO specific pest-control approaches that are part of IPM. (ii) Identify one environmental benefit of using IPM.
(i) IPM- reduces/eliminates the usage of pesticides; pest-control approach- create a habitat for predators of the pests - introduce parasites that would feed on the pests (ii) benefit- IPM reduces the amount of pesticides
2012 #3: active ingredients pesticides experiment - (a) Design a laboratory experiment to determine whether or not a new pesticide (product X) is toxic to minnows, a type of small fish. For the experiment you design, be sure to do all of the following. (i) State the hypothesis. (ii) Describe the method you would use to test your hypothesis. (iii) Identify the control. (iv) Identify the dependent variable.
(i) higher concentrations of product X will result in more deaths in a given population of minnows (ii) 4 separate tanks with the same amount of water and 20 minnows. tank 1 will be the control (iii) because it will have no pesticide. tank 2 will have 1% concentration of the pesticide, tank 3 will have 2% concentration, and tank 4 will have 3% concentration. after each day the number of minnows dead will be counted. the dependent variable is the number of minnows dead in the tanks (iv)
2011 #4: arable land - (e) One problem that can result from agriculture is soil salinization. (i) Describe how salinization occurs. (ii) Describe one method to prevent or remediate soil salinization.
(i) salinization can occur when irrigation water evaporates, leaving the salts behind in the soil (ii) using water with low salt concentrations in an irrigation system
2004 #1: mercury & seafood - (b) Describe TWO ways that the amount of mercury released into the environment from the source in part a could be reduced.
-coal with lower mercury levels can be burned -use another fossil fuel like natural gas which has a lower mercury content
2005 #2: global meat production - (c) Discuss why it is more efficient to produce grain for human consumption than to produce meat for human consumption. In your answer, consider both land use and energy use.
-less land is needed to produce grain as opposed to livestock -more energy is required to manage the animals and their waste as opposed to grain.
2005 #2: global meat production - (d) Describe TWO environmental consequences of the increase in the production of meat for human consumption.
-methane production from livestock contributes to global warming -livestock production requires a great amount of water, so water shortages may take place
2005 #2: global meat production - (a) Calculate the per capita meat production in 1950 and in 2000.
1950: 5.2x10^10 kg meat / 2.6x10^9 people= 20 kg of meat per capita 2000: 2.4x10^11 kg meat / 6.0x10^9 people= 40 kg of meat per capita
2006 #4: george's bank fish catch - (a) Identify the five-year period during which the greatest rate of decline in the fish harvest took place. For that five-year period, calculate the rate of decline in the fish harvest, in metric tons per year. Show clearly how you determined your answer.
1965-1970 700,000 metric tons - 200,000 metric tons = 500,000 metric tons/5 yrs = 100,000 metric tons/year
2009 #4: GM crops - (a) Reply to the following questions based on the data in the graph above. (i) Calculate the increase in the area of land used for growing GM crops in developing countries from 1999 to 2003. Express your answer as a percentage of the 1999 value.
1999 (10 million ha) to 2003 (20 million ha) Increase of 10 million ha = 100% increase.
2009 #4: GM crops - (a) Reply to the following questions based on the data in the graph above. (ii) Calculate the annual rate of increase in land area used for growing GM crops in industrialized countries from 1997 to 1999.
1999 - 1997 = 2 yrs 30 million ha - 10 million ha = 20 million ha 20 million ha / 2 yrs = 10 million ha/yr
2009 #4: GM crops - (a) Reply to the following questions based on the data in the graph above. (iii) Using the rate you calculated in part (ii), project the area of land that would have been expected to be used for GM crops in industrialized countries in 2004.
1999 --> 2004 = 5 years (10 million ha/yr)(5 yrs) = 50 million ha/yr 50 million + 30 million = 80 million ha/yr
2011 #4: arable land - (b) Assume that the maximum arable land area on Earth is 4.00 billion hectares. Using the smooth curve that you created above, determine the year in which the human population is likely to run out of arable land for agriculture.
2048
2005 #2: global meat production - (b) Use the values from part (a) to calculate the change in global per capita meat production during this 50-year period as a percentage of the 1950 value.
40 kg - 20 kg = 20 kg 20 kg / 20 kg x 100 = 100% increase
2005 #1: disease on the rise - (d) The graphs above show the mortality from infectious diseases in the United States since 1900. Identify an infectious disease that made an important contribution to the trend of increasing mortality rates that began in about 1980 and explain one major cause of the increased rate of mortality from that disease.
AIDS- high mortality rates due to mothers passing the disease to their offspring. in some cases mothers do not know they have AIDS until after they have a child
2002 #3: LD50 copper sulfate - (b) Explain the meaning of the term LD50 (ED50). What is the LD50 concentration of CuSO4 for brine shrimp?
LD50- amount of a chemical that kills 50% of a test population the LD50 for CUS04 is 0.07-0.09%
2009 #4: GM crops - (b) Describe one environmental advantage and one environmental disadvantage of using GM crops.
advantage- greater crop yield with GM crops, so less land is needed disadvantage- excess amounts of herbicides applied to GM crops to control weeds which are usually controlled by tillage
2009 #4: GM crops - (c) Describe one economic advantage and one economic disadvantage of using GM crops.
advantage- greater crop yield, so more people are fed which results in a lower cost for health-care disadvantage- many people believe GM crops are harmful, so they don't eat them, meaning farmers will make less of a profit
2005 #2: global meat production - (e)Identify and explain one potential advantage and one potential disadvantage for human health of a diet that contains very little meat.
advantage- reduced risk in heart disease. disadvantage- meat contains protein, so you are more prone to protein deficiency
2006 #4: george's bank fish catch - (b) Choose any TWO commercial fishing practices from the list below. For each of your choices, describe the practice and explain the role it plays in the depletion of marine organisms. • Bottom trawling • Long-line fishing • Using drift nets/gill nets/purse seines • Using sonar
bottom trolling- fishermen drag a net along the ocean floor; leads to bycatch long-line fishing- fisherman use a fishing line with many hooks that extends for a long distance and can drift; leads to bycatch
2002 #3: LD50 copper sulfate - (d) Provide one argument for extending these toxicity results to humans and one argument against doing so.
copper sulfate is a water soluble toxin and humans are susceptible/exposed to water-soluble compounds AND Laboratory conditions do not necessarily reflect actual conditions, brine shrimp are aquatic organisms and humans are terrestrial
2009 #4: GM crops - (d) A healthy soil ecosystem is of primary importance in sustainable agriculture. Describe TWO viable agricultural practices that farmers can use to maintain or improve soil quality.
crop rotation- farmers are rotating their crops to different areas during different time periods which adds nutrients to the soil irrigation- water is distributed to the crops; drip irrigation can prevent over saturation of crops
2005 #1: disease on the rise - (c) Provide a rationale to support Dr. Amodie's statement as quoted in the article.
diseases are easily spread around the world due to travel. as people travel from place to place, they carry diseases with them
2006 #4: george's bank fish catch - (c) Identify one international regulation or United States federal law that applies to the harvesting of marine food resources and explain how that regulation or law helps to manage marine species.
endangered species act- protects endangered species; helps maintain biodiversity in ecosystems and protect habitats
2009 #4: GM crops - (e) Identify and describe one environmental advantage and one economic advantage of consuming locally grown produce
environmental advantage- decreasing transportation which decreases fossil fuels One economical advantage- less money spent on transportation since the consumers are locals
2005 #1: disease on the rise - (b) For one of the two diseases you chose in part (a), identify one environmental factor that contributed to the emergence or reemergence of the disease and explain how that factor influenced the increased incidence of the disease.
environmental factor that led to the emergence of west nile virus- rise in temperature due to global warming. mosquitoes live in warm climates, so as mosquitoes migrate, the disease will spread to new areas
2012 #3: active ingredients pesticides experiment - (b) Describe experimental results that would lead you to reject your hypothesis in part (a)(i). (Be specific.)
if tank 1 had the most dead minnows my hypothesis would be rejected because that would prove that the tank with no pesticides killed the most minnows
2011 #4: arable land - (d) Describe TWO viable strategies for reducing the amount of land needed for agriculture.
increasing crop yield- instituting crop rotation to improve soil fertility could increase crop yield decreasing the demand for agricultural land- eating lower on the food chain would reduce the amount of land needed to raise livestock
2004 #1: mercury & seafood - (d) Identify a toxic metal other than mercury that has a negative impact on human health and describe how it is introduced into the environment. Describe an acute sublethal effect on humans that results from exposure to this metal.
lead is a toxic metal. consumer goods such as colored ink contain a lot of lead which can affect human health by creating blindness
2004 #1: mercury & seafood - (a) On the basis of the article above, indicate one human activity that releases mercury into the environment. Describe how mercury is transported from that source and enters aquatic systems, often hundreds of miles away.
mercury is released into the atmosphere by the burning of coal. when the gas enters the atmosphere it solidifies and can become part of rain droplets. rain clouds, along with the mercury in them, travel great distances before precipitating
2006 #4: george's bank fish catch - (d) The oceans of the world are often referred to as a commons. Give an example of one other such commons, explain how human activities affect that commons, and suggest one practical method for managing that commons.
our atmosphere- human activities: burning of fossil fuels releasing greenhouses gases into the air practical method for managing: enforcing regulations to stop the burning of fossil fuels
2011 #4: arable land - (c) Soil quality is a critical factor in agriculture. Identify TWO physical and/or chemical properties of soils and describe the role of each property in determining soil quality.
pH/acidity- different plants have different pH tolerances; many plants grow best in neutral soils water holding capacity- water is needed by plants for survival/growth
2004 #1: mercury & seafood - (c) Explain why there are greater health risks associated with eating large predatory fish, such as tuna and sea bass, than from eating small nonpredatory fish.
predatory fish are higher in the food chain then small non-predatory fish. by the time the food is ingested in the predatory fish the non-predatory fish have already bio accumulated mercury. predatory fish can live longer so they can accumulate more mercury
2012 #3: active ingredients pesticides experiment - (d) Describe TWO agricultural practices, other than those involving pest control, that increase crop yields.
spraying fertilizers- provides nutrients for the crops to grow rotating crops- keeps nutrients in the soil for crops
2009 #4: GM crops - (a) Reply to the following questions based on the data in the graph above. (iv) Identify one likely cause for the difference between the projected land area for GM crops in industrialized countries in 2004 and the actual land area for GM crops in industrialized countries in 2004.
the government could regulate the amount of GM crops planted, causing the actual land area to be less than the projected land area
2002 #3: LD50 copper sulfate - (c) Explain the meaning of the term "threshold level of toxicity". What is the threshold level of toxicity of CuSO4 for brine shrimp? Label this point on the graph.
threshold level of toxicity is the dose below in which no toxic effects are observed or lethal events are apparent the threshold is .001%.
2005 #1: disease on the rise - (a) For one new disease and one old disease named in the article above, explain how the disease is transmitted through the human population and describe an effective method for controlling the spread of the disease.
west nile virus (new disease)- spread by mosquitoes when they suck the blood of an infected animal and then suck a humans blood. the disease is transferred when mosquitoes move from human to human sucking their blood. an effective method for controlling it spread it is to control the mosquito population by spraying insecticides cholera (old disease)- spread by people drinking water that is contaminated with waste and bacteria. an effective way to control this is to sanitize the water by not pouring sewage into the water they drink
