Applied Pharmacology for Veterinary Technicians: Chapter 13 Antiparasitic Drugs

Carbamates

-cholinesterase inhibitors -should not be used with other cholinesterase inhibitors, phenothiazine derivatives, and succinylcholine -may cause ptyalism, V/D, muscle tremors, miosis

giardia vax

-dog vaccine for giardia; not very effective

Imidacloprid

Advantage: insecticide that was made to mimic nicotine. Nicotine is naturally found in many plants, including tobacco, and is toxic to insects. Imidacloprid is used to control sucking insects, termites, some soil insects, and fleas on pets. -Not absorbed into bloodstream, controls low level flea issues -used in dogs, cats, and rabbits

Nitenpyram

Capstar: is a neonicotinoid that kills adult fleas in 30 minutes -safe for pregnant and nursing animals -safer than dips and shampoos

Synthetic Pyrethroids

Chrysanthemum derivative Cats (especially young female) very sensitive Mixed with pipronyl butoxide CS: muscle twitching, ventroflexion of neck, emesis, aggression Tx: Bathe, supportive care, Diazepam

Amprolium

Corid: used in calves

Foggers

Ectoparasitidic chemicals used to quickly treat the indoor environment

Organophosphates

Found in pesticides, can cause cholinergic overstimulation by inhibiting cholinesterase, Tx: atropine -SLUDGE -Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, GI upset, Emesis -Horses: effective against Bots, Roundworms, strongyles, and pinworms...less efective against strongyloides -Cattle, Sheep, Goats: Strongyles -Dogs/Cats: Hookworms, Roundworms, Whipworms - Swine: Ascarids, Whipworms, Nodule worms, Strongyles

Bot Fly

Horse bot flies (subfamily Gasterophilinae) include species of Gasterophilus, a serious horse pest.

Endoparasites

Parasites that live within the animal's body (e.g., canine heartworms, flukes, lung worms, thread worm (skin), Eye worms)

Piperazine

Parasitic GABA agonist Cl influx paralyzes parasite USES: Alternative drug for pinworm & roundworm infections (usually mebendazole) CONTRAINDICATION: Seizure disorders Dog/Cat: Roundworm Used in Birds and Snakes Commonly combined in Large animal dewormer

Drontal Plus

Praziquantel/ Pyrantel Pamoate/ Febantel: Do not use in dogs weighing less than 2 lb or in puppies younger than 3 weeks or in pregnant animals: removal of tapeworms, hookworms, roundworms, whipworms

Microfilaria

Larval offspring of the group of filarial worms in the phylum Nematoda

Antitrematodal

Treats infections with flukes

Anticestodal

Treats infections with tapeworms

Heartgard

brand name of low dose ivermectin used to prevent heartworm disease

Shampoos

must be rinsed - NO RESIDUAL effect -could be simply to clean coat of ectoparasites, may have insecticides or medications -use with care if using other similar products as well

Pyrethrins

the active insecticidal ingredients of Chrysanthemum flowers -always used with synergists or other insecticides -Quick-Kill, low residuals -safe in most mammals

Nematodes

(round worms) round smooth body; have a tube within a tube body plan, separate mouth and anus; no circulatory system; some free living, some parasite

Moxidectin

- an avermectin parasiticide that acts on the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate gated channels, resulting in flaccid paralysis of parasites. -Horse: Lg and Sm strongyles, encysted cyathostomes, ascarids, pinworms, hariworms, large-mouth stomach worms, bots -Cattle: GI roundworms, lungworms, cattle grubs, mites, lice, horn flies -Dogs: D. Immitis

Antiprotozoans

-Treatment for coccidia, and other protozoa

Organophosphates: Technician Notes

-Very important these anthelmintics not be administered concurrrently or within a few days of the use of other cholinesterase inhibitors, other organophosphates, suddinylcholine, or phenothiazine derivative agents -Atropine and Pralidoxime (2-PAM) antidotal -Read labels carefully regarding use in lactating dairy animals and animals to be slaughtered

Oxibendazole (Anthelcide EQ)

-a paste that safely and effectively removes and controls various internal parasites, including large strongyles, small strongyles, large roundworms, pinworms and threadworms in Horses.

Quest 2% Equine Oral Gel

-acts by interfering with chloride channel-mediated neurotransmission in the parasite. This results in paralysis and elimination of the parasite. Moxidectin is safe for use in horses and ponies because it does not have the same injurious effect on the mammalian nervous system.

Levamisole

-anthelmintic agent used principally for the treatment and control of a range of nematodes in domestic species and as a microfilaricide in dogs.

Imidazothiazoles

-compounds with broad-spectrum anthelmintic efficacy against roundworms (nematodes) vastly used on livestock and pets. They were discovered in the 1960's. Besides the anthelmintic activity, they also show a stimulating effect on the immune system, and have been used also against certain tumors. -Horses: Ascarids, strongyles -Cattle/Sheep/Goat: Strongyles, Lungworm - Dog/Cat: Fabantel- hookworms, whipworms, roundworms; Levamisole- Microfilaricide in Dogs -Swine: Strongyles, Strongyloides, lungworm, nodule worm -Some exotics species -May cause transient foaming of the mouth

Avermectins

-derived from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis. They kill by interfering with nervous system and muscle function, breaking down neurotransmission. They do not cross blood brain barrier unless given at high doses.

Benzimidazoles "Bendazoles"

-interfere with cellular energy -Horses: Strongyles, Pinworms, and Ascarids - Cows: Ascarids, Strongyles, Stomach worms, Liver flukes, tapeworms, and lungworms - Sheep/Goats: Ascarids, Strongyles, Stomach worms, and lungworms - Dogs: Hookworms, Roundworms, Whipworms (Taenia pisiformis NOT D. caninum - Swine: Strongyloides and lungworms - Exotics: variety of parasites in birds and snakes -Not approved in Cats

Mebendazole (Telmintic)

-is a member of the drug class anthelmintics and is used to treat Angiostrongylosis, Ascariasis, Capillariasis, Dracunculiasis, Echinococcus, Filariasis - Elephantiasis, Hookworm Infection (Necator or Ancylostoma), Hydatid Disease, Pinworm Infection (Enterobius vermicularis), Trichinosis, Trichostrongylosis, Visceral Larva Migrans - Toxicariasis and Whipworm Infection.

Heartgard for cats

-prevents feline heartworms and controls roundworm maturation.

Albendazole (Valbazen)

-the only drench dewormer that controls Cooperia spp., Ostertagia ostertagi and liver flukes. Suspension is used to control internal parasites including tapeworms, liver flukes and more inhibited or larval forms of stomach worms than other oral drench dewormers. -Cattle must not be slaughtered within 27 days or sheep and goats within 7 days after the last treatment. Do not use in female dairy cattle of breeding age or lactating goats. Do not administer to female cattle during the first 45 days of pregnancy or for 45 days after removal of bulls.

Thiabendazole (Mintezol)

-treats roundworm, hookworm, whipworm infections -not the antihelmentic drug of choice (not as effective, more adverse effects) -best drug for treatment of threadworm infects -readily absorb from GI tract - reaches Peak in 1-2hrs -metab in the liver; excret in the urine

Ivermectin

-used to treat strongyloidiasis (threadworm; infection with a type of roundworm that enters the body through the skin, moves through the airways and lives in the intestines) -Horse: Lg and Sm strongyles, pinworms, ascarids, hairworms, large-mouth stomach worms, neck threadworms, bots, lungworms, intestinal threadworms, and summer sores secondary to Habronema or Draschia spp -Cattle: GI roundworms, lungworms, cattle grubs, sucking lice, mites -Swine: GI roundworms, lungworms, lice, mange mites -Dog: effective preventative for D. Immitis, Heartgard Plus-hookworm/roundworm -Cat: effective preventative for D. Immitis and removal of hookworms -Birds/Snake: some endo/ectoparasites

Anthelmintic

A drug or chemical agent used to kill or remove internal parasites

Giardia

A microorganism that infects the digestive system

Sulfadimethoxine

Albon: used in chickens, turkeys, dogs, and cats

Formamidines

Amitraz: not an organophosphate -Mitiban (treatment for canine demodicosis) and Preventic are products that contain Amitraz -may cause transient sedation, low temp, increased Blood Glucose, seizures

Tetrahydropyrimidines

Antiparasitic anticholinergic agonist Effective against adult nematodes but not against larvae -Horse: Ascarids, strongyles, pinworms -Cattle/Sheep/Goat: Strongyles -Dog/Cat: Hookworms, Roundworms -Swine: Roundworms, Stongyles -May cause increased respiration, profuse sweating, and incoordination

Symbiosis

Any of several living arrangements between members of two different species, 1. Predator-Prey; 2. Phoresis; 3. Mutualism; 4. Commensalism; 5. Parasitism

Ivermectin, Milbemycin, Levamisole

Avermectin, macrolide, imidazothiazole: Microfilaricide to be used 6 weeks after adulticide

Coumaphos

Baymix (Organophosphate)

Epsiprantel

Cestex -Dogs. T. pisiformis and D. caninum Cats. T. taeniaeformis and D. caninum -not for use in puppies and kittens under 7 weeks of age

Diclazuril

Clincox: used in Horses

Monensin

Coban 60: used in Turkeys and Chickens

Trichlorfon

Combot (Organophosphate)

Clopidol

Coyden 25: used in chickens

Clorsulon

Curatrem Treats against adult and juvenile Liver flukes in cattle -not approved for use in female dairy cattle of breeding age

Maduramicin ammonium

Cygro Type A Medicated Article: used in chickens

Decoquinate

Deccox: used in cattle, calves, and goats

Prazaquantel

Droncit: Treats against Lung flukes in Dogs and Cats

Praziquantel

Droncit; anthelmintic with efficacy against cestodes (tapeworm)

Metronidazole

Flagyl: used to treat against Giardia in dogs and cats -May cause vomiting and diarrhea, occasionally nervous system disorders

Trematode

Fluke, also called blood fluke, any member of the invertebrate class (phylum Platyhelminthes), a group of parasitic flatworms that parasitize members of all vertebrate classes but most commonly parasitize fish, frogs, and turtles; they also parasitize humans, domestic animals, and invertebrates such as mollusks and crustaceans.

Fipronil

Frontline: used in dogs and cats -Controls low level flea infestations up to months, ticks for one month -Can have hypersensitivity or irritation at site. Do not bathe pet often

Imidocarb diproprionate

Imizol: Two injections given over a two week period to dogs -may causer pain and mild cholinergic signs such as salivation, nasal drip, and vomiting. Panting, restlessness, diarrhea, mild inj. Site inflammation

Melarsomine

Immiticide: Adulticide used to treat heartworm disease -Arsenic Compound administered by deep muscular injection in the lumbar region -treatment may cause pain, swelling, tenderness at injection site. Coughing, gagging, depression, lethargy, anorexia, fever, lung congestion, vomiting

D-Limonene

Insecticide: Extract of citrus peel) Quick kill, not residual

Insect Growth Regulator/Hormones

Insecticide: Interrupt natural development of flea larvae -Methoprene, Fenoxycarb, Nylar

Repellents

Insecticide: Used with humans, equine, companion animal products -Repel gnats, mosquitoes, and flies; when combined with pyrethrins and pyrethroids, they repel new fleas and ticks longer than the active ingredient alone

Petroleum distillate

Insecticide: added to products as solvent for pyrethrin and pyrethroid products

Benzyl benzoate

Insecticide: many ectoparasites, often combined

Rotenone

Insecticide: toxic to fish and swine

Imidacloprid and Permethrin

K9 Advantix: used to treat against ticks, fleas, mosquitos (in dogs)

Ectoparasites

Parasites that live on the outside of an animal's body (e.g., fleas, ticks, lice, horse flies)

Haloxon

Loxon (Organophosphate)

Ponazuril

Marquis; antiprotozoal drug for horses

Narasin/nicarbazine

Maxiban 72: used in chickens

Emulsifiable Concentrates

Must be diluted with water, Dips used after a shampoo, products usually have residual effect - usually do not rinse! -used in dips, yard, and kennel spray -variable, depending on product. NEVER use Organophosphate dips on cats!

Parasitosis

Parasite present on host and exhibits obvious outward signs and harm

Parasitiasis

Parasite present on host and is potentially pathogenic, but animal exhibits no outward signs

Synergists

Piperonyl: Increase efficacy of pyrethrins and some pyrethroids -Toxic to cats

Metaflumizone

ProMeris: Do not give dog product to cats

Emodepside/Praziquantel

Profender: a topical antiparasitic that treats hookworms, roundworms, and tapeworms in cats 8 weeks of age or older

Lufenuron

Program tablets or (6 m inj. For cats): Oral or in monthly flea control - controls flea development, does not kill adult flea - flea must bite animal -used in Dogs and cats Added to Milbemycin= Sentinel

Febantel

Rintal

Robenidine hydrochloride

Robenz Type A Medicated Article: used in chickens

Bunamidine

Scolaban -Dogs: T. pisiformis, D. caninum, Echinococcus granulosus, and Echinococcus multilocularis Cats: D. caninum, Taenia taeniaeformis -Safe in pregnant animals -not for use in puppies younger than 4 weeks or kittens younger than 6 weeks

Cestode

Tapeworms, any member of the invertebrate class Cestoda (phylum Platyhelminthes), a group of parasitic flatworms containing about 5,000 species.

Dichlorvos

Task (Organophosphate)

Albendazole

Valbazen: Treats against adult Liver flukes in cattle, as well as many intestinal worms -used against Giardia in dogs and cats

prediluted sprays

Water or alcohol based -available for use on animal or environment -pet must be sprayed head to tail, some sprays toxic to species, ages.

Babesia

a protozoa that infects red blood cells (erythrocytes)

Fenbendazole (Panacur)

anti-parasitic drug used to treat giardiasis in young animals who cannot tolerate metronidazole treatment

Helminths

can be divided into three groups: cestodes, or tapeworms; nematodes, or roundworms; and trematodes, or flukes.

Heartgard Plus

ivermectin/pyrantel pamoate

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

pesticide including DDT (illegal in US), chlordane, lindane endosulfan, and mirex are broad-spectrum insecticides that have been banned or restricted in many countries because they cause cancer and birth defects Biomagnifies and bioaccumulates Suspected carcinogen & endocrine disruptor Does not break down easily in the environment