APUSH

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

"preventive intervention"; a reaction to Germany forcing Venezula debt payments; TR feared foriegn nations may get involved in Latin America- violation to Monroe Doctrine; corollary stated that in the event of financial malfeasance by Latin American nations, US would take over customhouses, pay off debts, and keep troublesome powers out of nations; "We shall intervene to prevent you from intervening"

Transportation Act of 1920

(1)This act provided for the return of RRs to private businesses to promote efficiency. (2)Gave the ICC increased powers to set rates and guarantee profits from consolidations. (3) Created a Railway Labor Board to mediate disputes among interstate carriers

John Muir

(1838-1914) Naturalist who believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state. He was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park in California.

Liliuokalani

(1838-1917) Queen of the Hawaiian Islands; she opposed annexation by the United States but lost power in a U.S.-supported revolt, which led to the installation of a new government in Hawaii.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

(1840-1914) US Navy officer, geo-strategist, and educator. Influenced navies worldwide on the importance of building a strong navy. Author of "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783" in 1890. Taught at Naval War College, and was twice President of College.

Thorstein Veblen

(1857-1929) American economist (of Norwegian heritage). Veblen is primarily remembered for his The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) that introduced phrases like "conspicuous consumption." He is remembered for likening the ostentation of the rich to the Darwinian proofs-of-virility found in the animal kingdom.

William H. Taft

(1857-1930) Twenty-seventh president of the United States; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff. He lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

Venustiano Carranza

(1859-1920) Mexican revolutionist and politician; he led forces against Vitoriano Huerta during the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920).

Lochner v. New York

(1905) This supreme court case debated whether or not New York state violated the liberty of the fourteenth amendment which allowed Lochner to regulate his business when he made a contract. The specific contract Lochner made violated the New York statute which stated that bakers could not work more than 60 hours per week, and more than 10 hours per day. Ultimately, it was ruled that the New York State law was invalid, and interfered with the freedom of contract.

Muller v. Oregon

(1908) case that ruled Oregon's law barring women from working more than ten hours a day was constitutional; also an attempt to define women's unique status as mothers to justify their differential treatment

William Howard Taft

(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests,He fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson

Immigration and Nationality Act

(1965) This law made it easier for entire families to migrate and established "special categories" for political refugees. This act increased the amount of immigration.

Ronald Reagan

(1981-1985) and (1985-1989), first elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.

Persian Gulf

(1990 - 1991) Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait which they had invaded in hopes of controlling their oil supply. This war ended when the U.S. intervened, crushing Iraqi resistance and liberating Kuwait.

Planned Parenthood v. Casey

(1992) States can regulate abortion, but not with regulations that impose "undue burden" upon women; did not overturn Roe v. Wade, but gave states more leeway in regulating abortion (e.g., 24-hour waiting period, parental consent for minors)

Yorktown

(October 19, 1781; Last major battle of the Revolutionary War) American troops under George Washington and Comte de Rochambeau trapped British troops under Charles Cornwallis and his troops in the Chesapeake Bay, with the help of Admiral de Grasse and the French fleet. Cornwallis was forced to surrender. Significance: although not the last of the fighting, this signified the end of the war.

Spiro Agnew

(RN), , VP under Nixon, resigned for extortion and bribery charges

Christopher Columbus

(bt. August and October 1451 - May 20, 1506) was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer who was instrumental in Spanish colonization of the Americas. Though not the first to reach the Americas from Europe (the Vikings had reached Canada many years earlier, led by Leif Ericsson), Columbus' voyages led to general European awareness of the hemisphere and the successful establishment of European cultures in the New World.

Productivity

(economics) the ratio of the quantity and quality of units produced to the labor per unit of time

OPEC

(the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) Through the OPEC Middle Eastern Sheiks quadrupled the price for crude oil in 1974, disrupting the balance of international trade for the U.S. This helped show the U.S. government that they could never have economic isolation.

Environmental Protection Agency (1970)

- Created by environmental protection act to enforce antipollution standards on businesses and consumers

Saddam Hussein

- Was a dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources. He also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction.

14th Amendment

-All persons born or naturalized in the US are citizens of the US and of the state where they reside -No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of US citizens -No state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law -No state shall deny to any person the equal protection of laws -Representatives shall be apportioned among the states according to their population -Slaves no longer added to the census as 3/5 -US does not pay the debts of rebellious states

Chesapeake incident

1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology.

Non-Intercourse Act

1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.

Macon's Bill #2

1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.

Industrial Revolution

1815-1850; transition from small shops of hand-made goods to factories & mills powered by water; the first industrial labor force consisted of single girls in New England textile mills such as the Lowell Mills; accompanied by revolutions in transportation and the market economy

Florida Purchase Treaty, 1819

1819 - Under the Adams-Onis Treaty, Spain sold Florida to the U.S., and the U.S. gave up its claims to Texas. gave american southwest to spain

Missouri Compromise

1820, The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line (36,30) across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery.

Monroe Doctrine

1823, A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Theodore Roosevelt

1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

Wabash Case

1886 Supreme Court case that decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce.

Florence Kelley

1893 helped persuade Illinois to prohibit child labor and limit the number of hours women worked; helped found the National Child Labor Committee.

Plessy V. Ferguson

1896 court ruled that making a legal distinction between races did not violate the 13th amendment forbidding involuntary servitude laws requiring separation didn't imply inferiority

Seventeenth Amendment (1913)

1913 constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect US Senators.

Warren G. Harding

1921- 1923, President who called for a return to normalcy following WWI. He had laissez-faire economic policies, and he wanted to remove the progressive ideals that were established by Wilson, in efforts to return to "normalcy". While in office, it was very corrupt, he used the office for personal gain, did not follow through with enforcing laws, and accepted bribes. Corrupt individual, who died in office

Five Power Naval Treaty of 1922

1922 treaty established at the Washington Disarmament Conference; it embodied Hughes's 5-5-3 ratio for navies. Britain and America conceded that they would not fortify their Far-East possessions, but the Japanese weren't subject to this.

Public Works Administration

1935 Created for both industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by the Secretary of Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery and spent $4 billion on thousands of projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways.

Korematsu v. U.S. 1944

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 2 each survivor

Berlin blockade (1948)

1949)- Stalin blocked all highway traffic through Society zone of Germany to Berlin and its Western allies were forced to airlift provisions into the city. Eventually the Soviets backed down and it seemed like containment of communism to Russia and preventing its spread into Germany was working.

Rachel Carson/Silent Spring (1962)

1962; from environmentalism movement; book about the impact of DDT on the food chain

Watts Riots

1965, The first large race riot since the end of World War II. In 1965, in the Watts section of Los Angeles, a riot broke out. This was the result of a white police officer striking a black bystander during a protest. This triggers a week of violence and anger revealing the resentment blacks felt toward treatment toward them.

Eugene McCarthy

1968 Democratic candidate for President who ran to succeed incumbent Lyndon Baines Johnson on an anti-war platform.

Tet Offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Détente policy

1970s, thawing of East-West tensions, due to Soviet thinking that arms race was unsustainable, US financial issues, Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik

Phyllis Schlafly

1970s; a new right activist that protested the women's rights acts and movements as defying tradition and natural gender division of labor; demonstrated conservative backlash against the 60s

Moral Majority

1979; Reverend Jerry Falwell founded this to combat "amoral liberals", drug abuse, "coddling" of criminals, homosexuality, communism, and abortion.

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services

1989, Upheld a Missouri law that imposed restrictions on the use of state funds, facilities and employees in performing, assisting with, or counseling on abortions.

27th Amendment

1992 Congressional pay raises not enacted untill next term starts

Horatio Alger

19th century American author who wrote novels about poor children who achieved success through hard work and honesty.

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

George W. Bush

2000 and 2004; Republican; 9/11 terrorist attack invade Afghanistan and Iraq; economy: huge tax cuts, 2007-great recession; No Child Left Behind, Medicare prescription drug benefits, Hurricane Katrina disaster, energy self-sufficiency.

9/11

2001 - Common shorthand for the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, in which 19 militant Islamist men hijacked and crashed four commercial aircraft. Nearly 3000 people were killed in the worst case of domestic terrorism in American history.

Barack Obama

2008; Democrat; first African American president of the US, health care bill; Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster; economy: huge stimulus package to combat the great recession, is removing troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan; repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell; New Start treaty with Russia.

20th and 21st Amendment

20th Amendment:This was an amendment that shortened the time between Presidential election and inauguration. 21st Amendment:This amendment was ratified in late 1993 and it repealed prohibition.

James A. Garfield

20th President of the United States (1881) and the second U.S. President to be assassinated. He held office from March to September of 1881, President Garfield was in office for a total of six months and fifteen days.

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes

Kent State/Jackson State (1970)

4 students killed by National Guardsmen after violent protesting in this university, , Black Mississippi College, anti war demonstrators seize womens dorm, unprovoked state police open fire, kill 2 (innocent & unarmed, wound 12)

George H.W. Bush

41st President of the United States (1989-1993). A Republican, he had previously served as the 43rd Vice President of the United States (1981-1989), a congressman, an ambassador, and Director of Central Intelligence. Foreign policy drove the Bush presidency: military operations were conducted in Panama and the Persian Gulf; the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, and the Soviet Union dissolved two years later. Domestically, Bush reneged on a 1988 campaign promise and after a struggle with Congress, signed an increase in taxes that Congress had passed. In the wake of a weak recovery from an economic recession, along with continuing budget deficits, he lost the 1992 presidential election to Democrat Bill Clinton.

William Jefferson ("Bill") Clinton

42nd president of the United States(1993-2001. He secured passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1993 and welfare reform in 1996.Impeached for perjury and obstruction of justice in 1998; he was acquitted by the Senate in 1999.

John Quincy Adams

6th president from 1825-1829; served in the Senate and House of Representatives; son of President John Adams; helped formulate the Monroe Doctrine as Secretary of State; lost his re-election to Andrew Jackson; viewed as one of the greatest diplomats in American history.

William Henry Harrison(Tippencanoe)

9th president of the US and military officer. Led the Battle of Tippecanoe and also the Battle of the Thames.

William Henry Harrison

9th president of the United States who died days after elected into office; gained national fame for leading US forces against American Indians in the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811; general in the War of 1812, his most notable contribution was the victory at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

pool arrangements

A 'pool' is an informal agreement between a group of people or leaders of a company to keep their prices high and to keep competition low. The Interstate Commerce Act in 1887 made railroads publicly publish their prices and it outlawed the pool.

William Howe

A British general who commanded the English forces at Bunker Hill. At a time when it seemed obvious that he should join the forces in New York, he joined the main British army for an attack on Philadelphia.

United States v. Wheeler (1978)

-facts: Indian is convicted in tribal court and later charged with same offense from same act (a rape) in federal court. -HELD: SCOTUS won't apply double jeopardy bar to litigation, because under the 5th Amendment, it is not the same offense when two SOVEREIGNS prosecute the same person.

Anglo-American Treaty, 1818

-signed by Britain and the U.S. -allowed New England fisherman to access Newfoundland fisheries -set the northern border for the Louisiana territory -allowed joint occupation of the Oregon country

Operation Desert Storm

..., Military operations that started on January 16, 1991, with a bombing campaign, followed by a ground invasion of February 23 and 24, 1991. The ground war lasted 100 hours and resulted in a spectacularly one-sided military victory for the Coalition. Iraq signed a ceasefire agreement.

McDonalds, 1955/ Disneyland

...In 1954, Ray Kroc founds the idea for the McDonald's corporation, agreeing to franchise the idea of Dick and Mac McDonald, who had started the first McDonald's restaurant in 1940 and had eight restaurants by 1954. Kroc would incorporate the entity on March 2, 1955 and open his first franchise on April 15 in Des Plaines, Illinois. He would buy out the McDonald's brothers in 1961.July 17, 1955 - Disneyland, the brainchild of Walt Disney, whose father had worked at previous world's fairs and inspired his son to build the iconic Magic Castle and other exhibits opens in Anaheim.

All of Mexico Movement

...Movement among extreme Democrats in favor of seizing all of Mexico during the Mexican-American War. Never seriously considered by the U.S. Government. Supported by some in the South.

Federal Reserve Act (1913)

...The 1913 U.S. legislation that created the current Federal Reserve System. This law intended to establish a form of economic stability through the introduction of the Central Bank, which would be in charge of monetary policy, into the United States.

Communist China (1949)

1. by the peasants 2. led by Mao Zedong 3. state control of all productive property 4. Reduced economic inequality but political stratification remained

Robert LaFollette

"Battling Bob" / "Fighting Bob." Progressive Governor of Wisconsin who fought against the big corporations and who introduced many state-level reform in his state. He became a major leader of the Progressives.

Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)

"Custer's Last Stand"; battle between U.S. soldiers, led by George Armstrong Custer, and Sioux Indians led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull. The worst defeat of the U.S. army in the West.

Andrew Carnegie

"The Steel King"; United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education, public libraries, and research trusts (1835-1919).

Kellog-Briand Pact, 1928

"Toothless international agreement of 1928 that pledged nations to outlaw war." Agreement also known as the Pact of Paris; Coolidge's Secretary of state and the French foreign minister signed it in 1928. It was a pledge to forswear war as an instrument of national policy. It was ultimately ratified by sixty-two nations.

Northern Securities Case

A giant conglomerate of railroads owned by JP Morgan and James J. Hill that had a monopoly over the Great Northern and Northern Pacific lines; President Theodore Roosevelt ordered the company broken up in 1902, and it was dissolved by the Supreme Court in 1904.

Australian ballot

A government printed ballot of uniform size and shape to be cast in secret that was adopted by many states around 1890 in order to reduce the voting fraud associated with party printed ballots cast in public.

"Operation Wetback"

A government program to roundup and deport as many as one million illegal Mexican migrant workers in the United States. The program was promoted in part by the Mexican government and reflected burgeoning concerns about non-European immigration fo America

Quakers (William Penn)

A group arose in England in the mid-1600s, were called Quakers; name derived from when they supposedly quaked when under deep religious emotion; were originally known as the Religious Society of Friends; Quakers were offensive to authorities both religious and civil; refused to support the established Church of England with taxes; built simple meetinghouses without a paid clergy; believed were all children in the sight of God;

Little Rock 9/"Crisis in Little Rock"

A group of African-American students who were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. The ensuing Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus, and then attended after the intervention of President Eisenhower, is considered to be one of the most important events in the African-American Civil Rights Movement.

Muckrakers

A group of investigative reporters who pointed out the abuses of big business and the corruption of urban politics.

"Ohio Gang"

A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.

Oneida Community

A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.

Sinclair Lewis

A heavy-drinking journalist who wrote Main Street and Babbitt, belittled small-town America was the chief chronicler of Midwestern life. He was a master of satire.

Scopes Trial

A highly publicized trial in 1925 in which a teacher violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school. In the trial, William Jennings Bryan argued on the side of fundamentalism, while Clarence Darrow argued for evolution.

Credit Mobilier

A joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad.

"credibility gap"

A lack of popular confidence in the truth of the claims or public statements made by the federal government, large corporations, politicians, etc.

Commonwealth vs. Hunt

A landmark ruling of the MA supreme court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers. Case heard by the Massachusetts supreme court. The case was the first judgement in the U.S. that recognized that the conspiracy law is inapplicable to unions and that strikes for a closed shop are legal. Also decided that unions are not responsible for the illegal acts of their members.

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

A law passed by Congress to subject meat shipped over state lines to federal inspection. The publication of Upton Sinclair's novel, The Jungle, earlier that year so disgusted American consumers with its description of conditions in slaughterhouses and meatpacking plants that it mobilized public support for government action.

Samuel Adams

A leader of the Sons of Liberty. Suggested the formation of the Committees of Correspondence. Crucial in spreading the principle of colonial rights throughout New England and is credited with provoking the Boston Tea Party.

black list

A list of people who had done some misdeed and were disliked by business. They were refused jobs and harassed by unions and businesses.

cotton gin

A machine that would separate the seed from the short-staple cotton fiber that was fifty times more effective than the handpicking process. It was constructed by Eli Whitney. It was developed in 1793 in Georgia.

Zachary Taylor & Buena Vista

A major general from 1846-1847 in the Mexican War. Known as "Old Rough and Ready," he defeated the Mexicans in a campaign that took him to Buena Vista in Mexico. The victorious campaign helped pressure the Mexicans into peace.

lockout

A management action resisting employee's demands.

D-Day

A massive military operation led by American forces in Normandy beginning on June 6, 1944. The pivotal battle led to the liberation of France and brought on the final phases of World War II in Europe.

Tenure of Office Act

A measure passed by Congress in 1867. It prohibited the president from dismissing any cabinet member or other federal officeholder whose appointment had required the consent of the Senate unless the Senate agreed to the dismissal. Johnson's violation of this act caused the impeachment crisis.

William Lloyd Garrison/The Liberator

A militant abolitionist, he came editor of the Boston publication, The Liberator, in 1831. Under his leadership, The Liberator gained national fame and notoriety due to his quotable and inflammatory language, attacking everything from slave holders to moderate abolitionists, and advocating northern secession.

biological engineering

A modern scientific question in America is about whether or not the human gene pool should be engineered and conformed with how scientists want it to be. The question may never be answered, but biological engineering is the manipulation of human genes to produce the desired outcome.

Social Gospel

A moral reform movement of the late nineteenth century led by Protestant clergymen, who drew attention to urban problems and advocated social justice for the poor.

Tenement

A multifamily urban dwelling, usually overcrowded and unsanitary.

Al Qaeda

A network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001.

Underground Railroad

A network of abolitionists that secretly helped slaves escape to freedom by setting up hiding places and routes to the North. Harriet Tubman was a key person to its success.

"doughboys"

A nickname for the inexperienced but fresh American soldiers during WWI. These recruits were supposed to receive 6 months of training in America and 2 more overseas, but the urgency was so great that many of these boys were swept swiftly into battle scarcely knowing how to handle a rifle.

Tuskegee Institute

A normal and industrial institute led by Booker T. Washington in Alabama. It focused on training young black students in agriculture and the trades to help them achieve economic independence. Washington justified segregated, vocational training as a necessary first step on the road to racial equality.

Zimmerman Note, 1917

A note from Germany to Mexico stating that Germany would support Mexico should the latter choose to attack the US. Mexico, having been thoroughly handed their posteriors in the Mexican-American War, was of no mind to to so, and said this as loud and fast as they could. The Zimmerman note also played an enormous part in anti-German feeling in America.

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

The Great Gatsby

A novel depicting the picturesque idea of the self made American man and enterpreneur who rose from obscurity. was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald

"phony war"

A phase in early World War II marked by few military operations in Continental Europe, in the months following the German invasion of Poland and preceding the Battle of France. Although the great powers of Europe had declared war on one another, neither side had yet committed to launching a significant attack, and there was relatively little fighting on the ground

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Information superhighway

A phrase associated with the new computer age. It refers to the communication revolution that occurred in the 1990's that involved the Internet.

Marshall Plan (1947)

A plan for aiding the European nations in economic recovery after World War II, proposed by U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall in 1947 and implemented in 1948 under the Economic Cooperation Administration.

Perestroika

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society.

Tiananmen Square Massacre

A political and social protest by university students in Beijing, China in 1989. The protest called for political and social reforms and resulted in the government using the military to end it, which caused hundreds of deaths, thousands of injured, and many more imprisoned.

Whitewater

A political controversy that began with the real estate dealings of Bill and Hillary Clinton and their associates, [Jim and Susan McDougal] in the Whitewater Development Corporation, a failed business venture. David Hale, the source of criminal allegations against Clinton, claimed in November 1993 that Bill, while governor of AK, pressured him to provide an illegal $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal, Kenneth Starr major player, (1) scandal that allegedly involved Clinton when he was governor of Arkansas in the 1980s, when he invested in land in AR; he was accused of using his govt connections to get a loan for the land (which he ultimately earned no money on); (2) an investigation continued through most of his presidency, and after 1995 hearings Clinton was not indicted, though some of his associates were charged and convicted of fraud.

Andrew Johnson

A political leader of the nineteenth century. He was elected vice president in 1864 and became president when Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in 1865. He is one of two presidents to have been impeached; the House of Representatives charged him with illegally dismissing a government official. The Senate tried him, and he was acquitted by only one vote.

Andrew Johnson

A political leader of the nineteenth century. He was elected vice president in 1864 and became president when Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in 1865. Heis one of two presidents to have been impeached; the House of Representatives charged him with illegally dismissing a government official. The Senate tried him, and he was acquitted by only one vote.

Cuban Revolution/ Fidel Castro

A political revolution that removed the United States supported Fugencio Batista from power. The revolution was led by Fidel Castro who became the new leader of Cuba as a communist dictator.

"corrupt bargain"

A political scandal that arose when the Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, allegedly met with John Quincy Adams before the House election to break a deadlock. Adams was elected president against the popular vote and Clay was named Secretary of State.

Francisco "Pancho" Villa (1916)

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. Killed many Americans in Mexico. The United States sent John J Pershing to capture him but never did.

Intiative

A procedure by which citizens can propose new laws or state constitutional amendments.

Recall

A procedure for submitting to popular vote the removal of officials from office before the end of their term.

Archibald Cox

A professor of Harvard law school who also worked with the Department of Labor. He was the appointed Special Prosecutor over the Watergate case.

Supplemental Security Income (SSI)

A program established in 1972 and controlled by the Social Security Administration that provides federally funded cash assistance to qualifying elderly and disabled poor.

Alliance for Progress

A program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems

Lend-Lease Act

A program under which the United States supplied U.K, USSR, China, France, and other allied nations with vast amounts of war material between 1941 and 1945 in return for, in the case of Britain, Military bases in New Foundland, Bermuda, and the British West Indies. It began in March 1941, nine months before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Theodore Weld

A prominent abolitionist in the 1830's. inspired Uncle Tom's Cabin. Weld put together a group called the "land rebels." He and his group traveled across the old northwest preaching antislavery gospel. Weld also put together a propaganda pamphlet called "American Slavery As It Is".

Thomas Jefferson

A prominent statesman, Thomas Jefferson became George Washington's first secretary of state. Along with James Madison, Jefferson took up the cause of strict constructionists and the Republican Party, advocating limited federal government. As the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809, Jefferson organized the national government by Republican ideals, doubled the size of the nation, and struggled to maintain American neutrality

Department of Homeland Security

A proposal by President Bush in 2002 which would consolidate 22 federal agencies and nearly 170,000 federal employees, After 9/11 occurred, the Department of Homeland Security was established as the newest member of the cabinet with the goal to secure America.

Tariff of 1816

A protective tariff that helped American industry by raising the prices of British goods which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those of the U.S.

Rough Riders (1898)

A proviso that President William McKinley's war plans that proclaimed to the world that when the United States had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give Cuba its freedom. The amendment testified to the ostensibly "anti-imperialist" designs of the initial war plans.

Teller Amendment (1898)

A proviso that President William McKinley's war plans that proclaimed to the world that when the United States had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give Cuba its freedom. The amendment testified to the ostensibly "anti-imperialist" designs of the initial war plans.

town meetings

A purely democratic form of government common in the colonies, and the most prevalent form of local government in New England. In general, the town's voting population would meet once a year to elect officers, levy taxes, and pass laws. Only male white land owning Puritans could vote.

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned customs houses. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies. Leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

Union Pacific Railroad

A railroad that started in Omaha and connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah

Central Pacific Railroad

A railroad that started in Sacramento and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah.

Clara Barton

A reformer and nurse of the nineteenth century, who founded the American Red Cross in the 1880s. She had organized nursing care for Union soldiers during the Civil War.

Nation of Islam

A religious group, popularly known as the Black Muslims, founded by Elijah Muhammad to promote black separatism and the Islamic religion.

yellow journalism

A scandal-mongering practice of journalism that emerged in New York during the Gilded Age out of the circulation battles between Joseph Pulitzer's New York World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal.

Ku Klux Klan

A secret organization in the southern U.S., active for several years after the Civil War, which aimed to suppress the newly acquired powers of blacks and to oppose carpetbaggers from the North, and which was responsible for many lawless and violent proceedings.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.

Salem Witchcraft Hysteria

A series of witchcraft trials launched after a group of young girls in Salem, Massachusetts, cliamed to have been bewitched by some of the older women in the colony. Twenty individuals were put to death before the trials were put to an end by the Governor of Massachusetts.

Open Door Note (1899-1900)

A set of diplomatic letters in which Secretary of State John Hay urged the great powers to respect Chinese rights and free and open competition within their spheres of influence. The notes established the "Open Door Policy," which sought to ensure access to the Chinese market for the United States, despite the fact that the U.S. did not have a formal sphere of influence in China.

Whiskey Rebellion

A small rebellion, that began in Southwestern Pennsylvania in 1794 that was a challenge to the National Governments unjust use of an excise tax on an "economic medium of exchange." Washington crushed the rebellion with excessive force, proving the strength of the national governments power in its military, but was condemned for using a "sledge hammer to crush a gnat."

American Temperance Society

A society that benefited from, and contributed to, a reform sentiment in much of the country promoting the abolition of slavery, expanding women's rights, temperance, and the improvement of society.

54th Massachusetts Regiment

A state militia in Massachusetts; Massachusetts was the first state to enlist black soldiers; 180,000 blacks served (10%) but free blacks were only 1% of total Union population; this was an all-color regiment commanded by white officers and soldiers were not paid equally; still, proved that blacks can indeed fight battles

Referendum

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

Baron Von Steuben

A stern, Prussian drillmaster that trained American soldiers during the Revolutionary War how to successfully fight the British.

Carrie Chapman Catt

A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

San Jacinto

A surprise attack by Texas forces on Santa Ana's camp on April 21, 1836. Santa Ana's men were surprised and overrun in twenty minutes. Santa Ana was taken prisoner and signed an armistice securing Texas independence. Mexicans - 1,500 dead, 1,000 captured. Texans - 4 dead.

sharecropping

A system of agriculture where a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on land. After the Civil War, sharecropping was a widespread response to the economic upheaval caused by the emancipation of slaves and disenfranchisement of poor whites. Sharecroopping helped to maintain the status quo between Blacks and Whites.

Council of Economic Advisers

A three-member body appointed by the president to advise the president on economic policy.

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)

A treaty signed between the United States and Great Britain, giving Americans a free hand to build a canal in Central America. The treaty nullified the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850, which prohibited the British or U.S. from acquiring territory in Central America.

Antiballistic missile (ABM) treaty (1972)

A treaty that prohibited either the United States or the Soviet Union from using a ballistic missile defense as a shield, which would have undermined mutually assured destruction and the basis of deterrence.

David G. Farragut

A union admiral remembered for running a blockade of torpedoes while taking mobile. As Grant pushes toward the Mississippi River, a Union fleet of about 40 ships approached the river's mouth in Louisiana. This commander seized New Orleans, Baton Rouge and Natchez

William Pitt

A British leader from 1757-1758. He was a leader in the London government, and earned himself the name, "Organizer of Victory"; ended the Seven Years War.

Andrew Jackson

A Democratic-Republican who was voted into office in 1828. The people wanted representation and reform from the administration of John Quincy Adams. Jackson believed that the people should rule. He was the first president from the west, and he represented many of the characteristics of the west. Jackson appealed to the common man as he was said to be one. He believed in the strength of the Union and the supremacy of the federal government over the state government.

Farmer's Alliance

A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy.

John Adams

A Federalist who was Vice President under Washington in 1789, and later became President by three votes in 1796. Known for his quarrel with France, and was involved in the XYZ Affair, Quasi War, and the Convention of 1800. Later though he was also known for his belated push for peace with France in 1800. Regarding his personality he was a "respectful irritation".

Sussex Pledge (1916)

A French passenger steamer that the Germans torpedoed. This led to Wilson being infuriated. He informed the Germans that unless they renounced the inhuman practice of sinking merchant ships without warning, he would break diplomatic relations—an almost certain prelude to war. The Germans promised not to sink any enemy vessels without warning, if the Allies agreed to modify their "Illegal Blockade"

"Molly Maguires"

A Irish miner's union that was established in Pennsylvania during the 1860s and 1870s; tens of thousands of Irish were forced to flee their homeland during the potato famine, but were not welcomed in America, who regarded them as a social menace and competition for jobs; forced to fend for themselves, they banded together to improve their social, financial, and political situation.

Tennessee Valley Authority

A New Deal agency created to generate electric power and control floods in a seven-U.S.-state region around the Tennessee River Valley . It created many dams that provided electricity as well as jobs.

"conscience" Whigs

A New England-based, Massachusetts-centered faction of the Whig party , they opposed the annexation of Texas and the Mexican War on moral grounds

Thaddeus Stevens

A Republican leader and one of the most powerful members of the United States House of Representatives. He was chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee,and a witty, sarcastic speaker and flamboyant party leader who dominated the House from 1861 until his death and wrote much of the financial legislation that paid for the American Civil War.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

Nancy Pelosi

A Speaker of the House representative, 1st women to hold the position, she became the first highest ranking women to ever hold in office in 2007. She along with other Democrats opposed the measure of troop increased in Iraq. Currently - Minority Speaker.

James G. Blaine (Half-Breeds)

A U.S. Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine, two-time Secretary of State. He was nominated for president in 1884, but lost a close race to Democrat Grover Cleveland.

No Child Left Behind Act

A U.S. law enacted in 2001 that was intended to increase accountability in education by requiring states to qualify for federal educational funding by administering standardized tests to measure school achievement.

Ex Parte Milligan

A United States Supreme Court case that ruled that the application of military tribunals to citizens when civilian courts are still operating is unconstitutional.

Newlands Act (1902)

A United States federal law that funded irrigation projects for the arid lands of the American West. It was authored by Representative Francis G. Newlands of Nevada.

Ge0rge Dewey

A United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines.

W.E.B. Du Bois

A black orator and essayist. Helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He disagreed with Booker T. Washington's theories, and took a militant position on race relations.

Gospel of Wealth

A book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

McCarthyism

A brand of vitriolic, fear-mongering anti-communism associated with the career of Senator Joseph McCarthy. In the early 1950s, Senator McCarthy used his position in Congress to baselessly accuse government officials and other Americans of conspiracy with communism. The term named after him refers to the dangerous forces of unfairness and fear wrought by anticommunist paranoia.

Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

A brazen policy of "preventive intervention" advocated by Theodore Roosevelt in his Annual Message to Congress in 1904. Adding ballast to the Monroe Doctrine, his corollary stipulated that the United States would retain a right to intervene in the domestic affairs of Latin American nations in order to restore military and financial order.

Standard Oil Antitrust case (1911)

A case in which the Supreme Court of the United States found Standard Oil guilty of monopolizing the petroleum industry through a series of abusive and anticompetitive actions. The court's remedy was to divide Standard Oil into several geographically separate and eventually competing firms.

"Grandfather Clause"

A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867

Benedict Arnold

A colonial general who assisted Montgomery in the failed conquest of Canada (1775) and prevented the British from reaching Ticonderoga, delaying the British assault on New York (1776). Later, he tried to help the British take West Point and the Hudson River but he was found out and declared a traitor (1778).

Nathaniel Greene

A colonial general who used the fighting tactic of retreating and getting the English to pursue him for miles, biding his time and waiting for the chance to make a move. He eventually helped clear Georgia and South Carolina of British troops.

Pujo Committee

A committee formed to decide the fate of the Philippine Islands after the Spanish-American War. This committee's findings later led to the creation of the Federal Reserve Banking system., a congressional subcommittee which was formed between May 1912 and January 1913 to investigate the so-called "money trust", a small group of Wall Street bankers that exerted powerful control over the nation's finances.

America first Committee

A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker.

Websters-Ashburton Treaty

A compromise over the Maine boundary; America received more land but England got the Halifax-Quebec route; it patched up the Caroline Affair of 1837

totalitarianism

A concept used to describe political systems whereby a state regulates nearly every aspect of public and private life. These regimes or movements maintain themselves in political power by means of an official all-embracing ideology and propaganda disseminated through the state-controlled mass media, a single party that controls the state, personality cults, control over the economy, regulation and restriction of free discussion and criticism, the use of mass surveillance, and widespread use of state terrorism.

Vietnam/Geneva Conference

A conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore peace in French Indochina and Vietnam.

Liberty League

A conservative anti-New Deal organization; members included Alfred Smith, John W. Davis, and the Du Pont family. It criticized the "dictatorial" policies of Roosevelt and what it perceived to be his attacks on the free enterprise system organization founded in 1934 in opposition to the New Deal

trust

A consortium of independent organizations formed to limit competition by controlling the production and distribution of a product or service.

Eighteenth Amendment (1919)

A constitutional amendment ratified in 1919, providing a national ban on alcoholic drinks. This was an effort of America participating in Prohibition.

Nineteenth Amendment, (1920)

A constitutional amendment ratified in 1920 that gave women their right to vote.

Hoover Dam, 1930

A dam on the Colorado River built during the Great Depression as part of a public-works program indented to stimulate business and provide jobs. Named Hoover Dam after its completion to honor President Hoover.

William Faulkner

A dark-eyed, pensive Mississippian, penned a bitter war novel, Soldier's Pay, in 1926. He then turned his attention to a fictional chronicle of an imaginary, history-rich Deep South county. In powerful books like The Sound and the Fury (1929) and As I Lay Dying (1930), Faulkner peeled back layers of time and consciousness from the constricted souls of his ingrown southern characters.

"swing around the circle"

A disastrous speaking campaign undertaken by U.S. President Andrew Johnson August 27 - September 15, 1866, in which he tried to gain support for his mild Reconstruction policies and for his preferred candidates (mostly Democrats) in the forthcoming midterm Congressional election. The tour received its nickname due to the route that the campaign took.

pragmatism

A distinctive American philosophy that emerged in the late nineteenth century around the theory that the true value of an idea lay in its ability to solve problems. They embraced the provisional, uncertain nature of experimental knowledge.

Anti-Imperialist League (1898-1921)

A diverse group formed in order to protest American colonial oversight in the Philippines. It included university presidents, industrialists, clergymen, and labor leaders. Strongest in the Northeast, the Anti-Imperialist League was the largest lobbying organization on a U.S. foreign-policy issue until the end of the nineteenth century. It declined in strength after the United States signed the Treaty of Paris (which approved the annexation of the Philippines), and especially after hostilities broke out between Filipino nationalists and American forces.

Washington's Farewell Address

A document by George Washington in 1796, when he retired from office. It wasn't given orally, but printed in newspapers. It did not concern foreign affairs; most of it was devoted to domestic problems. He stressed that we should stay away from permanent alliances with foreign countries; temporary alliances wouldn't be quite as dangerous, but they should be made only in "extraordinary emergencies". He also spoke against partisan bitterness. This document was rejected by the Jeffersonians, who favored the alliance with France.

"Mother" Jones

A dressmaker in Chicago until a fire destroyed her business. She then devoted her life to the cause of workers. Supported striking railroad workers in Pittsburgh and traveled around the country organizing coal miners and campaigning for improved working conditions; helped pave the way for reform.

"Peculiar institution"

A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the american south. the term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose declaration of independence states that "all men are created equal". it was one of the key causes of the civil war.

Thomas Nast

A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians

Peace Corps

A federal agency created by President Kennedy in 1961 to promote voluntary service by Americans in foreign countries, it provides labor power to help developing countries improve their infrastructure, health care, educational systems, and other aspects of their societies. Part of Kennedy's New Frontier vision, the organization represented an effort by postwar liberals to promote American values and influence through productive exchanges across the world

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

A federal agency established in 1943 to increase home ownership by providing an insurance program to safeguard the lender against the risk of nonpayment. Currently part of HUD.

American Federation of Labor

A federation of North American labor unions that merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955.

Big Sister Policy

A foreign policy of Secretary of State James G. Blaine aimed at rallying Latin American nations behind American leadership and opening Latin America markets to Yankee traders.

Democratic Leadership Council

A form of leadership in which the leader solicits input from subordinates.

Alger Hiss (1948)

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon

Fort Sumter 1861

A fort in SE South Carolina, guarding Charleston Harbour. Its capture by Confederate forces (1861) was the first action of the Civil War.

Berlin Wall

A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world.

U.S. Grant

A general and political leader of the nineteenth century. He became commanding general of the Union army during the Civil War. He accepted the unconditional surrender of the commanding general of the main Confederate army, Robert E. Lee, at Appomattox Court House. A Republican, he later became president.

Presidential Election of 1960/JFK

Kennedy vs. Nixon. Second youngest president, entered presidency as tensions of the Cold War increased. He was unable to get major initiatives through Congress due to conservative bloc; tax cuts (economic stimulation). He reluctantly got involved with civil rights and emphasized the Space Race

McKinkley Assassination (1901)

Killed in September 1901, barley 6 months through second term as president; murderer was a deranged anarchist; Roosevelt took seat as president- promised to carry out policies of McKinley

Massachusetts Bay Colony

King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colony established political freedom and a representative government.

Glorious Revolution

King James II's policies, such as converting to Catholicism, conducting a series of repressive trials known as the "Bloody Assizes," and maintaining a standing army, so outraged the people of England that Parliament asked him to resign and invited King William of the Netherlands (who became known as William II in England), to take over the throne. King James II left peacefully (after his troops deserted him) and King William II and his wife Queen Mary II took the throne without any war or bloodshed, hence the revolution was termed "glorious."

King George III

King of England from 1760 to 1820, exercised a greater hand in the government of the American colonies than had many of his predecessors. Colonists were torn between loyalty to the king and resistance to acts carried out in his name. Once he rejected the Olive Branch Petition, the colonists came to see him as a tyrant.

Mary Elizabeth Lease

Known as "Mary Yellin'" and "the Kansas Pythoness," she made about 160 speeches in 1890. She criticized Wall Street and the wealthy, and cried that Kansans should raise "less corn and more hell."

Election of 1964

LBJ beats Senator Goldwater who voted against the civil rights act and was a conservative republican

Burned-Over District

Label given to Western New York due to intense level of evangelical revelation that swept through the area like wildfire

"Redeemers"

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and aggressive assault on African Americans.

Jones Act (1916)

Law according territorial status to the Philippines and promising independence as soon as a "stable government" could be established. The United States did not grant the Philippines independence until July 4, 1946. (734)

USA Patriot Act

Law passed due to 9/11 attacks; sought to prevent further terrorist attacks by allowing greater government access to electronic communications and other information; criticized by some as violating civil liberties.

Black Codes

Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts. Increased Northerners' criticisms of President Andrew Johnson's lenient Reconstruction policies.

Jim Crow Laws

Laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas/meant African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union and supporter of the Pullman strike; he was the Socialist Party candidate for president five times.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

Pol Pot

Leader of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, who terrorized the people of Cambodia throughout the 1970's

Adolf Hitler

Leader of the Nazi party which duplicated the major features of Italian fascism, persecuted socialist and Jews (who Hitler blamed for Germany's troubles). Hitler was a dictator who was loved by white Germans for restoring Germany's pride. Wanted to control the whole European continent

Jerry Falwell

Leader of the Religious Right Fundamentalist Christians, a group that supported Reagan; rallying cry was "family values", anti-abortion, favored prayer in schools

Ceser Chavez

Leader of the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee who improved working conditions for Chicano workers.

Daniel Webster

Leading American statesman during the Antebellum Period; leader of the Whig Party, opposed Jackson and the Democratic Party; spokesman for modernization, banking, and industry; served in the House of Representatives, Senate, and Secretary of State for 3 presidents; successful lawyer; member of the Great Triumvirate with Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.

National American Women's Suffrage Association

Led by Carrie Chapman and Harriet Stanton Blatch. They sought the support of working-class women and tied the economic exploitation of women to their lack of political power.

Sexual Revolution

Led by Elvis Presley, Marilyn Monroe and the Playboy magazine. Publicized sex for the first time.

Watergate break-in (June 1972)

Led by Liddy and Hunt of the White House plumbers, the Repub. undercover team received approval to wiretap telephones at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate apartment complex in Washington. Early one morning, a security guard foiled the break-in to install the bugs, and he arrested James McCord, the security coordinator of CREEP, and several other Liddy and Hunt associates.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Led by Samuel Gompers. An alliance of skilled workers in craft unions. Concentrated on bread-and-butter issues such as higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions.

Democratic Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Russian Revolution, 1917

Led by women, farmers and underpaid workers, a group of revolutionaries toppled the regime in the winter of 1917. This would mark the beginning of a violent process of civil war. The Czar was removed. This took Russia out of WWI

Terence Powderly

Led the Knights of Labor, a skilled and unskilled union, which wanted equal pay for equal work, an 8 hour work day, and an end to child labor.

Indian Citizenship Act (1924)

Legislation that granted all American Indians the legal protection and voting rights of U.S citizens.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Lengthened Sherman Anti-Trust Act's list of practices. Exempted labor unions from being called trusts, legalized strikes and peaceful picketing by labor union members. Also conferred long-overdue benefits on labor.

Earl Warren

Liberal and Controversial Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1953-1969), He led the Court in far-reaching racial, social, and political rulings, including school desegregation and protecting rights of persons accused of crimes. Known for the "Brown v. Board of Education" case of 1954.

Whigs

Liberal political party in Britain which was sympathetic to the patriot cause during the American Revolution.

Election of 1864

Lincoln vs. McClellan, Lincoln wants to unite North and South, McClellan wants war to end if he's elected, citizens of North are sick of war so many vote for McClellan, Lincoln wins

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

Huey Long

Louisiana Senator who opposed FDR's New Deal and came up with a "Share the Wealth" plan, which planned to give $5000 to all families. He was later assassinated.

Loyalists(Tories) V. Patriots (Whigs)

Loyalists (~20% of the Americans): Richer, more conservative, generally older people. The king's officers and other beneficiaries of the crown. Anglican church followers (taught fidelity towards the king), except Virginians (who were mostly patriots). Patriots: Younger, lower class people. Presbyterians and Congregationalists. Persecution against Loyalists became more prevalent after the Declaration of Independence

Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign

MLK moves the new center of protest to Birmingham. Black protests work this time: police attack protesters. Unexpectedly, black residents of Birmingham fight back against police and defend the activists. The violence prompts JFK and the justice dept to negotiate with city officials and the SCLC. SCLC agrees to end the protests, but only if more blacks are hired and the city enforces desegregation. Segregationists protest the agreement violently, forcing JFK to send fed troops to restore order.

MacArthur firing

MacArthur felt that he was being asked to fight with one hand tied behind his back and began to take issue with presidential policies publicly. Truman removed him from command, and Truman was seen as a "pig" and an "imbecile."

MacArthur's Inchon landing (1950)

MacArthur's bold gamble on September 15, 1950, succeeded brilliantly; within two weeks the North Koreans had scrambled back behind the "sanctuary' of the 38th parallel and there seemed little point in permitting the North Koreans to regroup again. THe U.N assembly tacitly authoried a crossing by MacArthur whom Pres. Truman ordered northward, provided that there was no intervention in force by the Chinese or Soviets.

sewing machine

Made in 1846 by Elias Howe; made making clothing faster and cheaper

staple crops

Market Crops (Key crops in the southern colonies include tobacco, cotton, indigo, and rice.)

Marquis de Lafayette

Marquis de Lafayette was a French major general who aided the colonies during the Revolutionary War. He and Baron von Steuben (a Prussian general) were the two major foreign military experts who helped train the colonial armies.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law

"Holocaust"

Mass genocide of Jewish people and other minority groups in Germany during the dictatorship of Hitler and his Nazi party

John Adams

Massachusetts Patriot leader who played an instrumental role at the 1st Continental Congress. Helped create the Association and urged a more revolutionary path for the colonies .

March on Washington

Massive civil rights demonstration in August 1963 in support of Kennedy-backed legislation to secure legal protections for American blacks. One of the most visually impressive manifestations of the Civil Rights Movement, it was the occasion of Martin Luther King's famous "I Have a Dream" speech

Mark Twain

Master of satire. A regionalist writer who gave his stories "local color" through dialects and detailed descriptions. His works include The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and stories about the American West.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

May 12, 1933; restricted crop production to reduce crop surplus; goal was to reduce surplus to raise value of crops; farmers paid subsidies by federal government; declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in US vs Butler on January 6, 1936

Sara Palin

McCain's vice presidential (unknown) nominee in an attempt to draw Hillary Clinton supporters and liberal minded Republicans. Proved to be a nuisance due to public mistakes and over exposure in the media resulting in mockery.

Medicare/Medicaid entitlements

Medicare and Medicaid created "entitlements." That is, they conferred rights on certain categories of Americans virtually in perpetuity, without the need for repeated congressional approval. These programs were part of a spreading "rights revolution" that materially improved the lives of millions of Americans—but also eventually undermined the federal government's financial health.

Washington Disarmament Conference

Meeting held from 1921 to 1922; all naval powers were invited except for Bolshevik Russia. Secretary Hughes laid out a comprehensive plan for declaring a ten-year "holiday" on construction of battleships. He also proposed scrapping some ships already built. A 5-5-3 ratio of warships for US, England, and Japan was proposed. Several other agreements were ironed out.

Bretton Woods (1944)

Meeting of Western allies to establish a postwar international economic order to avoid crises like the one that spawned World War II. Led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, designed to regulate currency levels and provide aid to underdeveloped countries. (923)

Liberal Protestants

Members of a branch of Protestantism that flourished from 1875 to 1925 and encouraged followers to use the Bible as a moral compass rather than to believe that the Bible represented scientific or historical truth. Many became active in the "social gospel" and other reform movements of the era.

Sandinistas

Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. They lost national elections in 1990.

"four minute men"

Men who gave the patriotic "pep" talks, usually longer than 4 minutes, idea was come up with by George Creel

Merrimac and Monitor

Merrimac is a Confederate sidewheel steamer and Monitor was a Union steamer in the United States Navy during the American Civil War. Monitor vs. Merrimack was the first engagement ever between two iron-clad naval vessels. The two ships battled in a portion of the Chesapeake Bay known as Hampton Roads for five hours on March 9, 1862, ending in a draw

Santa Anna

Mexican president and General, Mexican dictator who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War.; led attack on Alamo in 1836; defeated by Sam Houston at San Jacinto; participated in the Mexican War sold the "Gadsden Purchase" to U.S.; Exiled from Mexico.

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Mexico sold the United States all of the southwest for 15 million dollars in agreement that the rights and religion of the Mexican inhabitants of this land would be recognized by the United States government. It was drawn up by Nicholas P. Trist and sent to congress. The anti slavery congressmen passed the treaty and signed it on February 2nd, 1848.

Manuel Noriega

Military leader of Panama's National Guard who became so involved in the drug trade that President George Bush sent U.S. troops to Panama in 1989 and was sent to prison in the U.S. for drug trafficking

Europe first strategy (ABC-1 agreement)

Military strategy adopted by the United States that required concentrating on the defeat of Germany while maintaining a holding action against Japan in the Pacific.

Colored Farmers National Alliance

More than 1 million southern black farmers organized and shared complaints with poor white farmers. By 1890 membership numbered more than 250,000. The history of racial division in the South, made it hard for white and black farmers to work together in the same org.

settlement houses

Mostly run by middle-class native-born women, in immigrant neighborhoods provided housing, food, education, child care, cultural activities, and social connections for new arrivals to the United States.

Lucretia Mott/ Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Mott was a Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848. Stanton was a member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. She read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."

nativism

Movement based on hostility to immigrants; motivated by ethnic tensions and religious bias; considered immigrants as despots overthrowing the American republic; feared anti-Catholic riots and competition from low-paid immigrant workers

Upton Sinclair

Muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago.

Greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war

"Greenbacks" / "hard money"

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war. The metallic or specie dollar is known as hard money. It was extremely important during the late 1860's and early 1870's, especially during the Panic of 1873. It was in opposition with "greenbacks" or "folding money." The issuing of the "greenbacks" was overdone and the value depreciated causing inflation and the Panic of 1873. "Hard-money" advocates looked for the complete disappearance of the "folding money."

"exoduster"

Name given to African Americans who fled the Southern United States for Kansas in 1879 and 1880 because of racial oppression and rumors of the re-institution of slavery.

White House plumbers

Name given to the special investigations committee established along with CREEP in 1971. Its job was to stop the leaking of confidential information to the public and press.

"Fifty-Niners"

Name given to those who rushed to harvest the petroleum gushers in 1859. The result was the birth of a new industry with its "petroleum plutocracy" and "coal oil Johnnies." Some of these 59ers moved west to avoid the federal draft.

Lewis Cass

Named father of "popular sovereignty." Ran for president in 1848 but Gen. Taylor won. The north was against Cass because popular sovereignty made it possible for slavery to spread.

NSC-68

National Securtiy Council memo #68 US "strive for victory" in cold war, pressed for offensive and a gross increase ($37 bil) in defense spending, determined US foreign policy for the next 20-30 yrs

The Start Spangled Banner

National anthem of the US; lyrics come from "Defense of Fort McHenry" written by Francis Scott Key after witnessing bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy ships in Chesapeake Bay during the Battle of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812.

Pontiac's Uprising

Native American rebellion at the end of the French and Indian War which sought to unite Native Americans. Resulted in the capture of some British forts. Use of biological warfare on blankets, weakened the Indian alliance and the British defeated them. Indians came to a peace agreement and British took control of the land.

Iroquois

Native American tribe that the French fought against alongside the Huron Indians; hampered French penetration of the Ohio Valley and allied themselves with the British during the Seven Years War

Battle of the Coral Sea

Naval battle between Japan and the US which halted the Japanese movement towards Australia, but resulted in heavy losses for the US.

Nuremberg trials (1945-1946)

Nazi`s were held on trial---accused of crimes against humanity. 12 were hanged, 7 got life, 3 were acquitted

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

New Deal Program similar to unemployment-relief efforts of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) set up by Herbert Hoover and the U.S. Congress in 1932. It was established as a result of the Federal Emergency Relief Act of 1933. Was the first direct-relief operation under the New Deal, and was headed by Harry L. Hopkins,

Works Progress Administration

New Deal program that provided relief to the unemployed in fields such as theater, literature, entertainment, and art. One of the largest "alphabet" agencies.

New England Confederation

New England colonists formed the New England Confederation in 1643 as a defense against local Native American tribes and encroaching Dutch. The colonists formed the alliance without the English crown's authorization.

Liberty Party

New York businessmen Arthur and Lewis Tappan organized this political party after they broke with William Lloyd Garrison over issues of abolitionists' involvement in politics and the role of women in the movement. The party nominated James Birney for president in 1840 and 1844, but he garnered few votes. Split Whig (Henry Clay)'s vote.

Fourth Party System

New party system that emerged in 1896 after the McKinley/Bryan election; marked the end of a large scale effort to gain agrarian votes, diminished voter participation, weakening of party organization & civil service reform.

Lone Star

Nickname for Texas after it won independence from Mexico in 1836

"Butcher' Weyler

Nickname that the American press dubbed the Spanish general in Cuba because of his brutal treatment of prisoners and his cruel policies.

China opening

Nixon went to China in Feburary 1972 and improved relations with the U.S. and China. Nixon then used this new relation with China in order to win trade with the Soviets.

NATO (1949)

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

"King Wheat and King Corn"

North had great weather which led to good harvests, mechanical reapers helped, and Britain had a bad harvest which led to trading (wheat and corn)

Popular sovereignty

Notion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. Seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by Northern abolitionists who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Novelist. wrote uncle tom's cabin, a book about a slave who is treated badly, in 1852. the book persuaded more people, particularly northerners, to become anti-slavery.

Nye Committee & merchants of death

Nye Committee: In 1934 Senator Gerald P. Nye of North Dakota held hearings to investigate the country's involvement on WW1; this committee documented the huge profits that arms factories had made during the war Merchants of Death: Term used by Senator Gerald P. Nye to describe the munitions-makers whom he blamed for forcing the United States into World War 1. Nye headed a committee that investigated the industry from 1934 to 1936.

Black Monday

October 19, 1987. Date of the largest single-day decline in the Dow Jones Industrial Average until September 2001. The downturn indicated instability in the booming business culture of the 1980s but did not lead to a serious economic recession.

"Spot" Resolutions

Offered in the United States House of Representatives in 1847 by Abraham Lincoln, Whig representative from Illinois, the resolutions requested President James K. Polk to provide Congress with the exact location (the "spot") upon which blood was spilt on American soil, as Polk had claimed in 1846 when asking Congress to declare war on Mexico. So persistent was Lincoln in pushing his "spot resolutions" that some began referring to him as "spotty Lincoln." Lincoln's resolutions were a direct challenge to the validity of the president's words, and representative of an ongoing political power struggle between Whigs and Democrats

Jay's Treaty

Offered little concessions from Britain to the US and greatly disturbed the Jeffersonians. Able to get Britain to say they would evacuate the chain of posts on US soil and pay damages for recent seizures of American ships. The British, however, would not promise to leave American ships alone in the future, and they decided that the Americans still owed British merchants for pre-Revolutionary war debts.

Populists

Officially known as the People's party, the Populists represented Westerners and Southerners who believed that U.S. economic policy inappropriately favored Eastern businessmen instead of the nation's farmers. Their proposals included nationalizing the railroads, creating a graduated income tax, and most significantly the unlimited coinage of silver

New York Central

Old eastern railway welded to new westward rails; owned by Cornelius Vanderbilt.

Iranian hostage crisis (1979-1980)

On November 4, 1979 anti-American Muslim militants went to the United States' embassy in Teheran and took everyone inside hostage. Their demand was to restore the exiled shah who went to the U.S. for medical treatment.

John Rolfe & Tobacco

One of the early English settlers of North America. He is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia and is known as the husband of Pocahontas, daughter of the chief of the Powhatan Confederacy.

Henry Demarest Llyod

One of the first progressive muckrakers he wrote an early expose on Standard Oil, "Story of a Great Monopoly", among others. He became a leading figure in the reform movement and influenced a generation of political activists.

Judiciary Act of 1789 & 1801

One of the last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress. It created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. This was Adams's last attempt to keep Federalists power in the new Republican Congress. His goal was for federalists to dominate the judicial branch of government.

Knights of Labor

One of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century, demanded an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories.

Thomas A. Edison

One of the most prolific inventors in U.S. history. He invented the phonograph, light bulb, electric battery, mimeograph and moving picture.

Jeffersonian Republicans

One of the nations first political parties, led by Thomas Jefferson and stemming from the anti-federalists, emerged around 1792, gradually became today's Democratic party. They were pro-French, liberal, and mostly made up of the middle class. They favored a weak central government, and strong states' rights

Southern Non Violent Coordinating Committee

One of the principal organizations of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. It emerged from a series of student meetings led by Ella Baker held at Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina in April of 1960. SNCC grew into a large organization with many supporters in the North who helped raise funds to support SNCC's work in the South, allowing full-time SNCC workers to have a $10 a week salary.

Contras

Opposed Sandinista regime.

Order of the Star-Spangled Banner

Order of the Star-Spangled Banner was an oath-bound secret society in NYC created by Charles Allen in 1849 to protest the rise of the Irish, Roman Catholic, and German immigration into the U.S. They were also known as the "Know-nothings" because they kept the society a secret.

South Christian Leadership Conference

Organization formed by MLK in 1957. Aimed to mobilize the vast power of the black churches on behalf of black rights.Trained and tested African Americans for ability to remain calm so they could participate nonviolently in marches and "sit ins"

Student non Violent Coordinating Committee

Organization formed by southern black students in 1960.Aimed to give more focus and force to efforts to compel equal treatment in restaurants, transportation, employment, housing and voter registration

European Community (EC)

Organization of European states established in 1957; it was originally called the European Economic Community and was renamed the EC in 1967; it promoted economic growth and integration as the basis for a politically united Europe.

Black Panthers

Organization of armed black militants formed in Oakland, California, in 1966 to protect black rights. They represented a growing dissatisfaction with the non-violent wing of the civil rights movement, and signaled a new direction to that movement after the legislative victories of 1964-1965

The Association

Organization which called for a complete boycott of British goods; non-importation, non-exportation, and non-consumption of British made/ imported goods.

"freedom riders"

Organized mixed-race groups who rode interstate buses deep into the South to draw attention to and protest racial segregation, beginning in 1961. This effort by northern young people to challenge racism proved a political and public relations success for the Civil Rights Movement

John L. Lewis

Organized unions and was encouraged by the Wagner Act. Head of United Mine Workers and founded the CIO within AFL in 1935. The CIO eventually broke away from the AFL after going against General Motors and US Steel

United Farm Workers

Organizing Committee Headed by Cesar Chavez, it succeeded in helping to improve working conditions. It was organized to help mainly the Chicano population.

Stephen Austin

Original settler of Texas, granted land from Mexico on condition of no slaves, convert to Roman Catholic, and learn Spanish, Original settler of Texas, granted land from Mexico on condition of no slaves, convert to Roman Catholic, and learn Spanish, Austin, Texas was named after him; he was the man the brought the first Americans into Texas because he was granted permission by the Mexicans. Leader of Texas settlers in 1820.

stock watering

Originally referring to cattle, term for the practice of railroad promoters exaggerating the profitability of stocks in excess of its actual value.

Oregon Trail

Overland trail of more than two thousand miles that carried American settlers from the Midwest to new settlements in Oregon, California, and Utah.

time zones

Owners of the transcontinental railroads introduced America's four time zones (eastern, central, mountain, and Pacific) in 1883 to help standardize their operations.

Thomas Paine/Common Sense

Paine published his pamphlet Common Sense in January 1776, exhorting Americans to rise in opposition to the British government and establish a new government based on Enlightenment ideals. Historians have cited the publication of this pamphlet as the event that finally sparked the Revolutionary War. Paine also published rational criticisms of religion, most famously in The Age of Reason (1794-1807)

Panamanian Revolution (1903)

Panamanian's eager to rebel when Columbia refused America's proposal to buy land for the canal; the people hoped that prosperity would follow the construction of the canal; Bunau-Varilla and US naval forces aided in revolution; US justified intervention by a strained interpertation of treaty of 1846 (but Roosevelt was really just desperate to be elected president by his own means); occured on November 3, 1903 with the killing of Chinese civilian and donkey

assumption plan

Part of Hamilton's economic theory. Stated that the federal government would assume all the states' debts for the American Revolution. This angered states such as Virginia who had already paid off their debts.

middle passage

Part of the Triangle Trade where Africans were transported to the Americas, where they were traded for sugar and tobacco.

International Business Machines

Part of the historic shift to a mass consumer economy after World War II, and symbolized another momentous transformation to the fast-paced "Information Age."

Dust Bowl

Parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas that were hit hard by dry topsoil and high winds that created blinding dust storms; this area of the Great Plains became called that because winds blew away crops and farms, and blew dust from Oklahoma to Albany, New York. Ruined farms and left many farmers with out crops and money.

Force Acts

Passed by Congress following a wave of Ku Klux Klan violence, the acts banned clan membership, prohibited the use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting, and gave the U.S. military the authority to enforce the acts.

Adjusted Compensation Bonus Act of 1924

Passed by Congress in 1924 after a bonus bill was vetoed by Harding in 1922. It gave every former soldier an insurance policy due in 20 years. It added about $3.5 billion to the total cost of the war. Coolidge vetoed it, but Congress upheld it.

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Passed by Congress in 1991, this act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commercial buildings.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Passed by LBJ, outlawed public segregation and discrimination, forbade racial discrimination in the workplace

Quebec Act, 1774

Passed in 1774, It gave Catholic French Canadians religious freedom and restored the French form of civil law. This law nullified many of the Western claims of the coast colonies by extending the boundaries of the province of Quebec to the Ohio River on the south and to the Mississippi River on the west. Outraged colonists.

Federal Farm Loan Act

Passed in 1914. It empowered a presidentially appointed commission to turn a searchlight on industries engaged in interstate commerce,such as the meatpackers. The commissioners were expected to crush monopoly at the source by rooting out unfair trade practices, including unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, and bribery.Congressional measure making credit available to farmers at low rates of interest

Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

Passed to decrease the number of illegal aliens in US; penalized employers of aliens and granted amnesty to aliens already in US

Navigation Laws

Passed under the mercantilist system, the Navigation Acts (1651-1673) regulated trade in order to benefit the British economy. The acts restricted trade between England and its colonies to English or colonial ships, required certain colonial goods to pass through England before export, provided subsidies for the production of certain raw goods in the colonies, and banned colonial competition in large-scale manufacturing.

Patrick Henry

Patrick Henry was the American orator who urged colonists to take up arms against the British, proclaiming, "I know not what course others may take; but as for me... give me liberty or give me death!"

Camp David accords (1978)

Peace treaty between Egypt and Israel; hosted by US President Jimmy Carter; caused Egypt to be expelled from the Arab league; created a power vacuum that Saddam hoped to fill; first treaty of its kind between Israel and an Arab state

Carlisle Indian School

Pennsylvania school for Indians funded by the government; children were separated from their tribe and were taught English and white values/customs. Motto of founder: "Kill the Indian and save the man."

1st Battle of Bull Run

People watched battle. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson: Confederate general, held his ground and stood in battle like a "stone wall." Union retreated. Confederate victory. Showed that both sides needed training and war would be long and bloody

Phineas Barnum

Phineas T. Barnum was the most famous showman of his era (1810-1891). He was a Connecticut Yankee who earned the title, "the Prince of Humbug." Beginning in New York City, he "humbugged" the American public with bearded ladies and other freaks. Under his golden assumption that a "sucker" was born every minute, Barnum made several prize hoaxes, including the 161-year-old (actually 80) wizened black "nurse" of George Washington.

Margaret Sanger

Pioneered efforts to make birth-control information available, in part to rescue working-class women from the burdens of having large numbers of children. American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

naval stores

Pitch and tar made from pinetrees and used to make ships water-tight

John Jay

Played an important role in the establishment of the new government under the Constitution. One of the authors of The Federalist Papers, he was involved in the drafting of the Constitution. He was also the first chief justice of the Supreme Court.

"cash and carry"

Policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

Glasnot

Policy initiated by Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev in the mid-1980s. This policy resulted in a new openness of speech, reduced censorship, and greater critism of Communist Party policies.

Omaha Platform

Political agenda adopted by the populist party in 1892 at their Omaha, Nebraska convention. Called for unlimited coinage of silver, government regulation of railroads and industry, graduated income tax, and a number of election reforms.

Helsinki accords (1975)

Political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, by the Soviet Union and western European countries.

republicanism

Political ideology that sees government as the pursuit of common good by a virtuous, participating citizenry. Representative government of elected officials chosen by the people.

nationalism

Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe.

Greenback Labor Party

Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.

American Socialist Party

Political party formed in 1901 and led by Eugene Debs that advocated replacing the nation's capitalist system.

Democratic Party

Political party led by Thomas Jefferson; it feared centralized political power, supported states' rights, opposed Hamilton's financial plan, and supported ties with France. It was heavily influenced by a agrarian interests in the southern states believed the people should have political power, favored strong state governments, emphasized agriculture, favored strict interpretation of the constitution, were pro-french, opposed national bank, and opposed protective tariff

Whig Party

Political party that had no stand on slavery, was elected because people did not want to rock the boat and have war, An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements

popular sovereignty

Popular Sovereignty is the idea that people should have the right to rule themselves. This idea had revolutionary consequences in colonial America.

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics claimed that SDI could never be perfected.

1950s Women/family

Post-war baby boom reverted women to the role of housewife and mother. Returning soldiers and the GI Bill also meant that men got job preference and higher education, putting women further behind in equality. Majority of clerical and service work jobs were filled by women.

Tenth Amendment

Powers not delegated to the US by the Constitution are reserved to the states or to the people

Delegated/Reserved/Concurrent Powers

Powers that the Constitution gives to both the national and state governments, such as the power to levy taxes.

New Frontier

President Kennedy's nickname for his domestic policy agenda. Buoyed by youthful optimism, the program included proposals for the Peace Corps and efforts to improve education and health care

"war on poverty"

President Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly.Expanded the Social Security system by creating Medicare and Medicaid to provide health care for the aged and poor

"Great Society"

President Lyndon Johnson's term for his domestic agenda that was billed as a successor to the New Deal, it aimed to extend the postwar prosperity to all people in American society by promoting civil rights and fighting poverty, including programs such as the War on Poverty (expanded the Social Security system by creating Medicare and Medicaid to provide health care for the aged and poor). Johnson also signed laws protecting consumers and empowering community organizations to combat poverty at grassroots level

Iran Contra Affair

President Reagan authorized the off-the-books sale of stolen weapons from the Pentagon to Iran in order to fund the Nicaraguan Contras; Congress had forbidden him to use government funds to support the Contras; helped keep Iraq from winning the Iraq-Iran War (did not want a Middle Eastern superpower).

"Vietnamization"

President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

"Triple Wall of Privilege"

President Wilson called for an all-out war on what he called "the triple wall of privilege": the tariff, the banks, and the trusts. *His first step, with working with the tariffs, included making an appearance to the Congress in 1913. There, he the Underwood Tariff Bill was passed which helped in lowering tariffs greatly. *He next attacked the severely suffering banking system by putting into place the Federal Reserve Act. Like with the farming act, this Act split the U.S. into twelve regions with a Federal Reserve bank in each region. 7: 1934-1941

Louis D. Brandeis

President Wilson's confidant, a progressive-minded Massachusetts attorney. Further fanned the flames of reform with his incendiary though scholarly book Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use It (1914).

Twelfth Amendment

President and vice president are chosen by the Electoral College. Vice president must be eligible to become President. In choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote. If the House shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March, then the vice president shall act as President if he cannot

Civil Rights Act of 1957

Primarily a voting rights bill, was the first civil rights legislation enacted by Republicans (Eisenhower) in the United States since Reconstruction; set up a permanent Civil Rights Commission, hardly enforced

Abu Ghraib prison

Prison in Iraq made famous by revelation of photos taken by Army Reserve MP guards in the acts of humiliating and torturing prisoners.

privateering

Privately owned armed ships specifically authorized by Congress to prey on enemy shipping and smuggle in needed supplies. There were over a thousand American privateers who responded to the call of patriotism and profit. The privateers brought in urgently needed gold, harassed the enemy, and raised American morale.

Philadelphia plan (1969)

Program established by Richard Nixon to require construction trade unions to work toward hiring more black apprentices. The plan altered Lyndon Johnson's concept of "affirmative action" to focus on groups rather than individuals. (1009)

bracero program

Program established by agreement with the Mexican government to recruit temporary Mexican agricultural workers to the United States to make up for wartime labor shortages in the Far West. The program persisted until 1964, by when it had sponsored 4.5 million border crossings.

Square Deal

Progressive concept by Roosevelt that would help capital, labor, and the public. It called for control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources. It denounced special treatment for the large capitalists and is the essential element to his trust-busting attitude. This deal embodied the belief that all corporations must serve the general public good.

Hillary Rodham Clinton

Prominent child care advocate and health care reformer in Clinton administration; won U.S. Senate seat in 2000; Secretary of State 2009-2013, presidential candidate 2008, projected to seek Democratic nomination for presidency in 2016.

Lecompton Constitution

Proposed Kansas constitution, whose ratification was unfairly rigged so as to guarantee slavery in the territory. Initially ratified by pro slavery forces, it was later voted down when Congress required that the entire constitution be put up for a vote.

Bank of the United States

Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was unconstitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Proposed the 27th Amendment, calling for equal rights for both sexes. Defeated in the House in 1972.

John Calvin

Protestant leader from Geneva who created the dominant religion of American settlers; wrote his theories in Institutes of the Christian Religion

Land Ordinance of 1785

Provided for the sale of land in the old Northwest and earmaked the proceeds toward repaying the national debt. The immediate goal of this was to raise money to pay debt through the sale of land in the largely unmapped territory west of the original colonies acquired from Britain at the end of the Revolutionary War.

Alaska Purchase Treaty

Purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million, instigated by William Steward. Was significant because it ridded the continent of another foreign power.

Underwood Tariff (1913)

Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax along with the first ever implementation of a graduated income tax on incomes $3000+.

Assassination of Robert "Bobby" Kennedy

RFK, brother of JFK and anti-war candidate, is assassinated after he wins the California presidential primary. His assassin was Sirhan Sirhan, an Arab nationalist. He targeted Kennedy because of his support for Israel. assassinated at hotel after giving victory speech

Southern Pacific Railroad

Railroad into Southern California that greatly sparked interest in that area, despite the former idea that Southern California was not farmable.

"Nixon Doctrine" (1969)

Redefined the role of America as that of a helpful partner rather than a military protector.

"Fire Eaters"

Refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation

implied powers

Refers to the powers of the government found in the constitution in unwritten forms. Although some situations, such as the creation of the National Bank, are not specifically referred to in the constitution through the elastic clause they are not illegal or unconstitutional. After Hamilton was appointed head of treasury in 1789, debates began between his interpretation of the constitution and Jefferson's views. Eventually this became an issue contributing to the formation of political parties.

The Three "R's"

Relief, Recovery, Reform. The first "R" was the effort to help the one-third of the population that was hardest hit by the depression, & included social security and unemployment insurance. The second "R" was the effort in numerous programs to restore the economy to normal health, achieved by 1937. Finally, the third "R" let government intervention stabilize the economy by balancing the interests of farmers, business and labor. There was no major anti-trust program.

Protestant Reformation

Religious conflict also disrupted England in midcentury, after King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s, launching the English Protestant Reformation. Catholics battled Protestants for decades, and the religious balance of power seesawed.

General Amnesty Act, 1872

Repealed part of 14th Amendment that forbade former Confederates from holding public office

Election of 1896

Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Bryan was the nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans. Economic issues, including bimetallism, the gold standard, Free Silver, and the tariff, were crucial.

Herbert Hoover

Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community., He looked to the businesses to help solve the Depression, rather than the government. Americans felt he did little to help them.

Hiram W. Johnson

Republican governor of California. Regulated railroads and trusts. Helped break the dominant grip of the Southern Pacific Railroad on California politics. Set up political machine of his own.

Mugwumps

Republican political activists who switched from Republican party to Democratic Party for Grover Cleveland. They switched because they didnt like the financial corruption

Charles Evans Hughes

Republican's candidate for the election of 1916 who was against Woodrow Wilson. He was Supreme Court justice who was a cold intellectual who had achieved a solid liberal record when he was governor of New York. Left the bench for the campaign stump, where he was not at home. In anti-German areas of the country, he assailed Wilson for not standing up to the kaiser, whereas in isolationist areas he took a softer line. This fence-straddling operation led to the jeer, "Charles Evasive Hughes." On election day Hughes swept the East and looked like a surefire winner but the rest of the country turned the tide. Mid-westerners and westerners, attracted by Wilson's progressive reforms and antiwar policies, flocked to the polls for the president.

William McKinley

Republican, supported gold standard, protective tariff, and annexation of Hawaiian Islands, ran against William Bryan (The Great Commoner), assassinated.

Wade-Davis bill

Required 50% voters of a state to take a loyalty oath: permitted only non-Confederates to vote for a new state constitution. Lincoln refused to sign this bill.

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty

Required the United States and the Soviet Union to eliminate and permanently forswear all of their nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges of 500 to 5,500 kilometers.

Suburbs

Residential areas surrounding a city. Shops and businesses moved to suburbia as well as people. Sub Urban

Virginia (large state) Plan

Resolutions proposed by James Madison concerning aspects of the system of government. It proposed a bicameral legislature, in which the house's members would be elected in proportion to state populations.

Walker Tariff of 1846

Revenue-enhancing measure that lowered tariffs from 1842 thereby fueling trade and increasing Treasury receipts; reduced the average rates of the Tariff of 1842 from about 32% to 25% and so it had strong support of low-tariff southerners, but had objection of Clayites, who complained that American manufacturing would be ruined; however this tariff proved to be an excellent revenue producer

Cuban Intervention (1906)

Revolutionary disorders in Cuba led to US sending Marine Troops to intervene; really there was no need for US to intervene- abuse of Monroe Doctrine

CREEP

Richard Nixon's committee for re-electing the president. Found to have been engaged in a "dirty tricks" campaign against the democrats in 1972. They raised tens of millions of dollars in campaign funds using unethical means. They were involved in the infamous Watergate cover-up.

Robert Owen

Robert Owen was a wealthy and idealistic Scottish textile manufacturer. He sought to better the human race and set up a communal society in 1825. There were about a thousand persons at New Harmony, Indiana. The enterprise was not a success.

Standard Oil Trust

Rockefeller's company, in 1881, which owned 90 percent of the oil refinery business, with a board of trustees at the head.

Reagonomics

Ronald Reagan's economic program; founded on the belief that a capitalist system free from taxation and government involvement would be most productive, and that the prosperity of a rich upper class would "trickle down" to the poor.

Election of 1980

Ronald Wilson Reagan, Republican defeated Jimmy Carter, Democrat and John B. Anderson, Independent. The issues were government spending and traditional values.

"Gentlemen's Agreement" with Japan (1906)

Roosevelt did not think it fair for California to wage a war that all states would pay for; California School Board ordered to repeal the offensive school and Japanese government would withhold passports to reduce number of Japanese laborers in America

The Great White Fleet (1907)

Roosevelt did not want Japan to think that "Gentlemen's Agreement" was a result of American fears so he sent battleships to tour the world; started in Virginia and recieved welcomes in Latin America, Hawaii, New Zealand, and Australia; in Japan schoolchildren taught how to wave American flags and sing the "Star-Spangled Banner"

Portsmouth Conference (1905)

Roosevelt mediated delegates between Japanese and Russians after war; Japan demanded indemnity and island of Sakhalin; Russia refused to admit to their losses; Japan just got half of Sakhalin; outcome angered both parties- American created two new enemies

"New Nationalism"

Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice

court-packing scheme

Roosevelt's proposal in 1937 to "reform" the Supreme Court by appointing an additional justice for every justice over age of 70; following the Court's actions in striking down major New Deal laws, FDR came to believe that some justices were out of touch with the nation's needs. Congress believed Roosevelt's proposal endangered the Court's independence and said no.

Theodore ("Teddy") Roosevelt

Rough Rider "Teddy" was a cowboy-hero of the Cuban campaign who rode his popularity into the governorship of New York State, Secretary for the Navy, and then into the vice-president's office. He became president when McKinley was assassinated in 1901. He won reelection as a Republican in 1904 and then lost to Democrat Woodrow Wilson in 1912, when he tried for another term as Progressive Party candidate.

Joseph Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

scalawags/carpetbaggers

Scalawags were local whites in the South who had resettled there and supported or entered Reconstruction governments; were ex-Whigs seeking to reenter politics; their beliefs accorded with the policies of congressional Reconstruction. Carpetbaggers were northerners who were the opponents to the scalawags; were well-educated, middle-class professionals; many were former Union soldiers attracted by the South's climate and cheap land

Shoddy Millionaires

Scornful term for Northern manufacturers who made quick fortunes out of selling cheaply made shoes and other inadequate goods to the U.S. Army

John Paul Jones

Scotsman navy officer fighting for colonies who helped destroy British merchant shipping and thus carried the war into the waters around the British Isles

Charles Evans Hughes

Secretary of State under Harding, Proposed a 10-year moratorium on the construction of major new warships at the Washington Conference

Andrew Mellon

Secretary of the Treasury during the Harding Administration. He felt it was best to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories that provided prosperous payrolls. He believed in trickle down economics. (Hamiltonian economics)

Richard Ballinger

Secretary of the interior that tried to make nearly a million acres of public forests and mineral reserves available for private development

George Wallace

Segregationist Alabama governor: In 1968, became a third-party candidate for president, lost to Nixon. He denounced the forced busing of students, the proliferation of government regulations and social programs, and the permissiveness of authorities toward race riots and antiwar demonstrations.

Stephen Douglas

Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the Kansas-Nebreaska Act and the Freeport Doctrine

Roscoe Conkling (Stalwarts)

Senator from New York who was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican party in the 1870s and 1880s.

Reagan-Gorbachev Summit meeting

Series of 4 meetings in late 1980s (Geneva, Iceland, Washington and Moscow) in which these leaders of the two superpowers talked about nuclear arms reductions. Both agreed to remove the Intermediate-Range Missiles each had installed in Europe(had been much public opposition to the presence of those - especially by environmental groups - "Green" movements). Soviets willing to destroy over four times the missiles US destroyed and allow US to inspect destructions. Also, Reagan & Gorbachev agreed on the reduction of short-range nuclear missiles and to discuss reduction of long range missiles.

Hungarian Revolt

Series of demonstrations in Hungary against the Soviet Union in which Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev violently suppressed this pro-Western uprising, highlighting the limitations of American's power in Eastern Europe

Navigation Acts

Series of laws which sought to regulate trade in order to benefit the British economy. The acts restricted trade between England and its colonies to English or colonial ships, required certain colonial goods to pass through England before export, provided subsidies for the production of certain raw goods in the colonies, and banned colonial competition in large-scale manufacturing.

Depression of 1893

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Townshend Acts

Set of laws which taxed glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea entering the colonies. The colonists objected to the fact that the Act was clearly designed to raise revenue exclusively for England rather than to regulate trade in a manner favorable to the entire British empire as a whole.

War Labor Board

Settled disputes between business and labor without strikes so that production would not be interrupted and morale would be high

Mohammed Reza Pahlevi

Shah of Iran who was deposed in 1979 by Islamic fundamentalists (1919-1980)

Selective service system (1948)

Shaped millions of young people's educational, marital, and career plans in the folowing quarter-century.

Ida Tarabell

She was a investigative journalist; she wrote a report condemning the corrupt business practices of John D. Rockefeller in McClure's magazine.

McKinley Tariff (1890)

Shepherded through Congress by the president this tariff raised duties on Hawaiian sugar and renewed efforts to secure the annexation of Hawaii to the United States.

Welfare Reform Bill

Signed by Clinton in 1995 and it replaced a restriction under which you could collect welfare if you could prove that you were looking for a job. They also limited the months in which you could collect the welfare.

Gold Standard Act (1900)

Signed by McKinley. It stated that all paper money would be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold gold in reserve in case people decided they wanted to trade in their money. Eliminated silver coins, but allowed paper Silver Certificates issued under the Bland-Allison Act to continue to circulate.

Convention of 1800

Signed in Paris that ended France's peacetime military alliance with America. Napoleon was eager to sign this treaty so he could focus his attention on conquering Europe and perhaps create a New World empire in Louisiana. This ended the "quasi-war" between France and America.

Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)

Signed on November 30, 1908, the United States and Japan agreed to respect each other's territorial possessions in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door in China. The Agreement was credited with easing tensions between the two nations, but it also resulted in a weakened American influence over further Japanese hegemony in China.

Japanese-Americans/ Internment

Similar to the Red Scare in WWI, many Americans feared Japanese Americans were a threat to American safety. 110,000 Japanese-Americans were forced into these camps because the US feared that they might act as saboteurs for Japan in case of invasion. The camps deprived the Japanese-Americans of basic rights, and the internees lost hundreds of millions of dollars in property.

Seneca Falls Declaration

Site of the first modern women's right convention. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Stanton read a Declaration of Sentiment listing the many discrimination against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage.

Nat Turner

Slave in Virginia who started a slave rebellion in 1831 believing he was receiving signs from God His rebellion was the largest sign of black resistance to slavery in America and led the state legislature of Virginia to a policy that said no one could question slavery.

Wilson-Gorman Act (1894)

Slightly reduced the United States tariff rates from the numbers set in the 1890 McKinley tariff and imposed a 2% income tax.

Joseph Smith/Brigham Young

Smith was reported to being visited by an angel and given golden plates in 1840; the plates, when deciphered, brought about the Church of Latter Day Saints and the Book of Mormon; he ran into opposition from Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri when he attempted to spread the Mormon beliefs; he was killed by those who opposed him. Young led the Mormons to the Great Salt Lake Valley in Utah, where they founded the Mormon republic of Deseret. Believed in polygamy and strong social order. Others feared that the Mormons would act as a block, politically and economically.

mercenaries

Soldiers who fight for money, not for any specific nation or cause.

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

Sometimes known as the Indian New Deal, U.S. federal legislation that secured certain rights to Native Americans. These include actions that contributed to the reversal of the Dawes Act's privatization of communal holdings of American Indian tribes and a return to local self-government on a tribal basis.

Nelsen Mandela

South Africa's first democratically elected President in 1994, imprisoned for 27 years, over 90 years old

Henry Clay (War Hawks)

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to take over British land in North America and expand.

Sputnik

Soviet satellite first launched into Earth orbit on October 4, 1957, this scientific achievement marked the first time human beings had put a man-made object into orbit and pushed the USSR noticeably ahead of the United States in the Space Race

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

Soviets & US agree to prohibit all above-ground nuclear tests, both nations choose to avoid annihilating the human race with a nuclear war, France and China did not sign

Nikita Krushchev

Stalin's successor, wanted peaceful coexistence with the U.S. Eisenhower agreed to a summit conference with him, France and Great Britain in Geneva, Switzerland in July, 1955 to discuss how peaceful coexistence could be achieved.

"Big Three"

Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt

Freeport Doctrine

Stated that exclusion of slavery in a territory (where it was legal) could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. Stated by Stephen Douglass during the Lincoln-Douglass debates, eventually led to his loss in the 1860 presidential election

Clermont

Steamboat. Fulton's steamboat in 1807 which was powered on by a newly designed engine. it took the Clermont 32 hours to go 150 miles from New York to Albany.

Elkins Act (1903)

Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 by imposing heavy fines on railroads offering rebates and on the shippers accepting them.

Pullman Strike (1894)

Strike against the Pullman Palace Car Company in the company town of Pullman, Illinois in 1894 when wages were cut by 1/3 and those who asked to bargain were fired. American Railway Union under Eugene V. Debs got involved, the strike caused rail cars to stop.

scabs

Strikebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Suit over whether New York could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters. The ruling reasserted that congress had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce.

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

Superpatriotic "Boxers" (rebels) in China refused to be the "doormat" for other nations; a response to the Open Door policy and foriegners invading China; over two hundred missionaries and other whites murdered, foreign diplomats besieged in Beijing; rebels appeased with an indemnity, or payment for damages, of what they stated to be $333 million total; U.S. would have to pay $24.5 million, but paid $18 million; money used to educate Chinese students in America

Rotation in office

Supported by the New Democracy; like the spoils system but used by Jackson, same as patronage-based on favors for those who helped another get into office; Jackson felt it made the government more democratic by having more participation, etc.

Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896

Supreme Court case about Jim Crow railroad cars in Louisiana; the Court decided by 7 to 1 that legislation could not overcome racial attitudes, and that it was constitutional to have "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that a defendant in a felony trial must be provided a lawyer free of charge if the defendant cannot afford one.

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

Supreme Court decision in which the Court ruled that the Constitution implicitly guarantees citizens' right to privacy.

Miranda (1966)

Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.

Susan B. Anthony

Susan B. Anthony was a lecturer for women's rights. She was a Quaker. Many conventions were held for the rights of women in the 1840s. Susan B. Anthony was a strong woman who believed that men and women were equal. She fought for her rights even though people objected. Her followers were called Suzy B's.

Jim Crow Segregation

System of racial segregation in the American South from the end of Reconstruction until the mid-twentieth century. Based on the concept of "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites, the Jim Crow system sought to prevent racial mixing in public, including restaurants, movie theaters, and public transportation

Election of 1908

TR, after being president for 2 terms, persuaded the Republican Party to nominate William Howard Taft (secretary of war) to become his successor. Democrats turned to William Jennings Bryan who had been defeated twice. Bryan suffered worse loss of his 3 presidential campaigns.

Tammany Hall

Tammany Hall was powerful New York political organization. It drew support from immigrants. The immigrants relied on Tammany Hall patronage, particularly for social services. This is significant in that it gave immigrants rights to vote.

"Tariff of Abominations"

Tariff of 1828; raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South. The South claimed that it was discriminatory and unconstitutional

Protective Tariff

Tariffs enforced for protection rather than revenue. Tariff of 1816: first protective tariff in American history

Alvin York

Tennessee soldier in the battle of Meuse-Argonne who becomes a war hero when he singlehandedly killed 20 Germans and captured 132 more

Boll weevils

Term for conservative southern Democrats who voted increasingly for Republican issues during the Carter and Reagan administrations.

"Slavocracy"

Term the North used to describe the Slaveholding South and its "schemes" to gain more slave-land, the northerners' idea of the south. The idea had to do with Texas joining the union. People from the north thought the southern was involved in a conspiracy to bring new slave states to America. This was what the north used to refer to the south's system of slavery.

"Peaceful coexisting"

Term used by Khrushchev in 1963 to describe a situation in which the United States and Soviet Union would continue to compete economically and politically without launching a thermonuclear war.

A. Mitchell Palmer

The "Fighting Quaker", used a series of raids to arrest 6,000 suspected communists during the Red Scare. Attorney General in 1920s; earned the title of the "fighting Quaker" by his excess of zeal in rounding up suspects of Red Scare; ultimately totaled about six thousand; This drive to root out radicals was redoubled in June 1919, when a bomb shattered his home

SAC/ Massive Retaliation

The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.

James Buchanan

The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between pro-slavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.

"Midnight Judges"

The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration

Marbury v. Madison (judicial review)

The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

The 1887 law that expanded federal power over business by prohibiting pooling and discriminatory rates by railroads and establishing the first federal regulatory agency.

Roe v. Wade

The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester.

Harry S Truman

The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery.

Harry S. Truman

The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery.

Jimmy Carter

The 39th President who created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election.

The Alabama

The Alabama was a screw sloop-of-war built for the CSA Navy at Britain in 1862 by John Laird Sons & Co. It served as a commerce raider, attacking Union merchant and naval ships for over 2 years. It never entered a Southern port. 1864; The Alabama was sunk by the USS Kearsarge.

island hopping strategy

The American navy attacked islands held by the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean. The capture of each successive island from the Japanese brought the American navy closer to an invasion of Japan.

Chateau-Thierry, 1918

The American troops fought with the French to turn back a determined German offensive. Shortly after this battle, the Allies ended the German advance and were ready to start their own offensive.

Battles of Trenton & Princeton

The Americans surprised the Hessian troops guarding Trenton and took most of them prisoner; the Americans won. A week after the Battle at Trenton, Washington left a few men to tend some campfires and fool the enemy again. He quietly marched his army to Princeton, where they surprised and beat a British force. New Jersey turned Patriot. This battle helped the American morale.

General John J. Pershing

The Americans, dissatisfied with merely bolstering the British and French, had meanwhile been demanding a separate army. General John J. ("Black Jack") Pershing was finally assigned a front of eighty-five miles, stretching northwestward from the Swiss border to meet the French lines.

Boston Associates/ General Incorporation Law

The Boston Associates were an early group of Boston businessmen who dominated the textile, railroad, insurance and banking business in the 1800s. They built the first power loom. In 1814 in Waltham; Massachusetts; they opened a factory run by Lowell. Their factory made cloth so cheaply that women began to buy it rather than make it themselves, encouraging the start of the industrial and consumer revolution.

Dominion of New England

The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

The CCC was a New Deal program created by the Unemployment Relief Act. It provided employment in government camps for 3 million men. The work they were involved in included reforestation, fire fighting, flood control, and swamp drainage.

Richard Nixon

The California senator who became a prominent figure in politics when he attacked Communists in the Alger Hiss case. Republican vice-president under Dwight Eisenhower. He almost spoiled the campaign when he was accused of using campaign funds for his own personal use.

predestination

The Calvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned.

"trail of tears"

The Cherokee Indians were forced to travel from North Carolina and Georgia through more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to Oklahoma More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Millionaire Class

The Civil War bred a millionaire class for the first time in American history, though a few individuals of extreme wealth could have been found earlier. Many of these newly rich were noisy, gaudy, brassy, and given to extravagant living. Their emergence merely illustrates the truth that some gluttony and greed always mar the devotion and self-sacrifice called forth by war.

The Confederacy 1861

The Confederate States of America; the government formed in 1861 by southern states that proclaimed their secession from the United States. Jefferson Davis was its president

Military Reconstruction Act

The Congressional act of 1867 which swept away white state governments in the South and replaced them with five military districts commanded by Union generals

US Steel Corporation antitrust case (1911)

The DOJ indicted U.S. Steel in 1911 with monopolizing the steel industry after four businessmen - Andrew Carnegie, Elbert Gary, Charles M. Schwab and J.P. Morgan - consolidated 10 companies into the corporate giant. But in 1920, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that U.S. Steel was not violating the Sherman Antitrust Act despite the company having almost a 90 percent market share when it was finally merged. By the time the case was litigated before a district court in 1915, U.S. Steel's domestic market share had fallen to 50 percent, keeping it safe as a single company since a monopoly no longer existed.

Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence was approved by Congress on July 4, 1776. drafted by Thomas Jefferson, it formalized the colonies' separation from Britain and laid out the Enlightenment values (best expressed by John Locke) of natural rights to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" upon which the American Revolution was based.

Electoral College

The Electoral College is a group of electors that are elected by the people to elect the President of the United States in every election year. This system was born along side the U.S. Constitution. This system is a way of speeding up Presidential elections and is still in force today. The representatives of each state must reflect the interests of the people within their respective states during each election. After the people in a state have voted, the votes are tallied. Whichever candidate has the most votes gets all of that state's votes in the Electoral College. That states votes is determined by its population.

nullification

The Federalist Party has passed the Alien and Sedition Acts to regulate the strong opinions of the Republicans. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison protested the laws by writing the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, which asked the states to declare the laws null. They thought it was the rightful remedy. Virginia and Kentucky were only states that voted for this, which is to make a law invalid.

Force Bill

The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.

Free-Soil Party

The Free-Soil Party was organized by anti-slavery men in the north, democrats who were resentful at Polk's actions, and some conscience Whigs. The Free-Soil Party was against slavery in the new territories. They also advocated federal aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads for settlers. This Free-Soil Party foreshadowed the emergence of the Republican party.

GI Bill of Rights (1944)

The GI Bill of Rights, or the Servicemen's Readjustment Act, was passed in 1944 as a way to ease veterans of World War II back into the work force. The bill rewarded soldiers for their loyalty to the country and eased their fears of competition with women for jobs. The GI bill gave returning veterans priority over other workers for jobs, as well as offering occupational guidance and the option of fifty-two weeks of unemployment benefits. This bill created veterans' hospitals and gave low-interest loans to veterans who were looking to starting their own business or purchasing homes or farms. In the bill, the government also pledged to pay up to four years of "further education or job training for veterans." Although some Americans did not approve of this, claiming that the government was responding to "demands by minorities to special entitlements," 1.5 million veterans were attending college in 1946. This led to a steep increase in higher education and the creation of many new colleges, both state-wide and at the community level. By 1947, veterans accounted for over half of the student population enrolled in colleges. In order to accommodate the large surge of veterans pursuing education after WWII, colleges often "limited the percentage of women admitted or barred students from out of state." By 1950, approximately 8 million veterans responded to the GI Bill's incentive to go to college. By 1956, this number rose to nearly 10 million, as veterans enrolled in colleges, universities, and vocational training programs. Consequently, higher education "became an accepted part of the American dream" and many of the veterans' children were now expected to achieve that dream just as they had. It also "propelled millions of veterans into the middle class, heightening the postwar demand for goods and services."

Robert E Lee

The General of the Confederate troops; he was prosperous in many battles; was defeated at Antietam in 1862 when he retreated across the Potomac; this halt of Lee's troops justified Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation; he was defeated at Gettysburg by General Mead's Union troops; surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865.

Great Northern Railroad

The Great Northern's route was the northernmost transcontinental railroad route in the United States and was north of the Northern Pacific Railway route. It was a privately funded transcontinental railroad.

Greensboro "sit in"

The Greensboro Sit-ins were protests where 4 students from the NC Agricultural and Technical College sat down at whites only lunch counter. Once they were there, they refused to move. Each day, they came back with many more protesters. Sometimes, there were over 100. These sit-ins led to the formation of the SNCC. Led to sit-ins across the country.

Half-way covenant

The Half-way Covenant applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn't achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs.

Pearl Harbor

The Japanese naval air force made a surprise attack on the U.S. naval base in this place in Hawaii. Several battleships of the U.S. Pacific fleet were damaged or sunk. This attack resulted in an American declaration of war the following day. Canada also declared war on Japan. Canadian soldiers in Hong Kong were soon fighting as the Japanese attacked the British colony the same day as this.

Recognition of Israel (1948)

The Jewish state of Israel in the British mandate territory of Palestine. Should Israel be born, a Saudi Arabian leader warned Truman, the Arabs "will lay siege to it until it dies of famine."

Mayflower Compact

The Mayflower Compact is often cited as the first example of self-government in the Americas. The Pilgrims, having arrived at a harbor far north of the land that was rightfully theirs, signed the Mayflower Compact to establish a "civil body politic" under the sovereignty of James I.

Bread Colonies

The Middle colonies, referred to as the Breadbasket Colonies, were not known for their farming as well as they were known for their mills and bread. People ate about 1 lb. a day. The mills used to produce the bread was powered by rivers to crush the grains.

Neutrality Acts

The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war certain restrictions would automatically go into effect. No American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, or sell or transport munitions to a belligerent nation, or make loans to a belligerent. This displayed that America was not willing to go to war and desired to remain neutral and isolationist.

New Immigration

The New Immigrates in the 1980's and 1990's came from Asia, Latin America and mostly from Mexico. These new immigrates came for many of the same reasons that the old immigrates came such as growth in population, and to look for jobs. They mostly settled in the Southwest. During this time nearly a million people came to America each year.

Ostend Manifesto

The Ostend Manifesto took place in 1854. A group of southerners met with Spanish officials in Belgium to attempt to get more slave territory. They felt this would balance out congress. They tried to buy Cuba but the Spanish would not sell it. Southerners wanted to take it by force and the northerners were outraged by this thought.

Pittsburgh Plus Pricing

The Pittsburgh Plus Pricing System was designed by steel lords in the North to keep the South at an economic disadvantage in the steel industry. The southern coal and iron ore deposits were close to where they could be processed, which gave the South an advantage since they would have to pay less money for shipping. The steel lords put pressure on the railroads to charge the goods with a fictional fee as if they had been shipped from Pittsburgh. It was also an indirect way of punishment for the South during the reconstruction after the Civil War.

General James B. Weaver

The Populist Party nominee for the 1892 presidential election.

Wendell Wilkie

The Republican nominee for president in the 1940 election, he was a surprise nominee as he had never before run for public office; He criticized the New deal but largely agreed with Roosevelt on preparedness and giving aid to Britain short of actually entering the war. His strongest criticism of Roosevelt was regarding his decision to break the two term tradition established by George Washington.

Second Continental Congress

The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that met beginning on May 10, 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It managed the colonial war effort, and moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. By raising armies, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and making formal treaties, the Congress acted as the de facto national government.

Harold Ickes

The Secretary of Interior who was the head of the Public Works Administrations for industrial recovery and unemployment relief. Long range recovery through civil works, like the Grand Coulee Dam of the Columbia River.

Tonkin Gulf Resolution repeal (1970)

The Senate repealed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution that was originally given to Johnson and it restrained spending in the war and it reduced the draft.

Separatists

The Separatists were English Protestants who would not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. One Separatist group, the Pilgrims, founded Plymouth Plantation and went on to found other settlements in Rhode Island and elsewhere in New England. Other notable separatist groups included the Quakers and Baptists.

24th amendment

The Twenty-fourth Amendment, ratified in January 1964, abolished the poll tax in federal elections.

Louisiana Purchase/Treaty

The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size.

Richard Cheney

The Vice President and President of the Senate as of January 19, 2009, Secretary of Defense under George Bush. Oversaw Operation Desert Storm.

The Wilderness Campaign

The Wilderness Campaign was Grant's all out offensive against Lee. Grant went at Lee in Virginia with about 100,000 men, and fought ferociously. He suffered about 50% casualties, but so did Lee.

Stamp Act, 1765

The act required that a revenue stamp be purchased and applied to a long list of items, including newspapers, books, pamphlets, legal documents, licenses, diplomas, and playing cards. Each such item would be marked on its face with the symbol of British authority. Served as a reminder to colonists of the control that parliament would assert over the colonies. Violators faced jury less trials in vice-admiralty courts, as under the 1764 Sugar Act. Provoked the first organized response to British actions.

states' rights

The anti-federalists opposed the constitution because they thought it did not give enough power to the states. They believed that each state deserved certain rights that were not clearly defined in the constitution but were pertinent in democracy. Since these rights were not included in the original draft of the constitution there was a delay in the ratification process until the states were granted individual powers in an added clause.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

woman war workers/ "Rosie the Riveter"

The armed services enlisted nearly 216,000 women, who were employed for noncombat duties. Best known of these "women in arms" were the WAACs (army), WAVES (navy), and SPARs (Coast Guard).More than 6 million women took up jobs outside the home; over half of them had never before worked for wages. Many of them were mothers, and the government was obliged to set up some 3,000 day-care centers to care for "Rosie the Riveter's" children while she drilled the fuselage of a heavy bomber or joined the links of a tank track

"Reverse discrimination"

The assertion that affirmative action programs that require preferential treatment for minorities discriminate against those who have no minority status.

James Madison

The author of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, Madison was also the father of the Federalist party and the fourth President of the United States. He was President during the war of 1812 and was also Vice-President under Jefferson. He was a great statesman but was not a strong president.

triangular trade

The backbone of New England's economy during the colonial period. Ships from New England sailed first to Africa, exchanging New England rum for slaves. The slaves were shipped from Africa to the Caribbean (this was known as the Middle Passage, when many slaves died on the ships). In the Caribbean, the slaves were traded for sugar and molasses. Then the ships returned to New England, where the molasses were used to make rum.

National Banking Act

The banking system was used to create the sale of government bonds and to establish a uniform bank note currency. The system could purchase government savings bonds and money to back the bonds. The National Banking Act was made during the Civil War, and was the first real step taken toward a singular, unified banking system since jackson killed the bus

transportation revolution

The beginning of better transportation ways in America including the steamboat, train, and better roads and canals

National War Labor Board

The board was a composition of representatives from business and labor designed to arbitrate disputes between workers and employers. It settled any possible labor difficulties that might hamper the war efforts.

interlocking directorates

The consolidation of rival enterprises, to ensure harmony officers of a banking syndicate were placed on boards of these rivals.

Sixteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax.

Hubert Humphrey

The democratic nominee for the presidency in the election of 1968. He was LBJ's vice president, and was supportive of his Vietnam policies. This support split the Democratic party, allowing Nixon to win the election for the Republicans.

mechanization of agriculture

The development of engine-driven machines, like the combine, which helped to dramatically increase the productivity of land in the 1870s and 1880s.

South Carolina Exposition

The document was a protest against the Tariff of 1828, also known as the Tariff of Abominations. The document stated that if the tariff was not repealed, South Carolina would secede

Conscription Act (Draft Law), 1917

The draft act required the registration of all males between the ages of eighteen and forty-five. No "draft dodger" could purchase his exemption or hire a substitute, as in the days of the Civil War, though the law exempted men in key industries, such as shipbuilding.

James J. Hill

The driving force of the Great Northern Railway ; became a Shipping Agent for Winnipeg Merchants, nicknamed the "Empire Builder".

mercantilisim

The economic theory that all parts of a nation's or empire's economy should be coordinated for the good of the whole state/empire; hence, that colonial economic welfare should be subordinated to that of the imperial power. (This system was embraced by the British and opposed by many colonists who believed they were being used for the mother country's sole benefit).

Electronic Revolution

The electronic revolution was in the 1970's. The information economy brought the large use of computers to America. The silicon chip, made in 1959, is a small one quarter of an inch square that can hold incredible amounts of information. This is called a microchip, and it helped to cause the electronic revolution.

Northern Democrats (3 factions)

The emphasis placed on the Dred Scott decision (that Scott remain a slave) splintered the Democratic Party into three factions: Most Northern Democrats supported Stephen A. Douglas; Southern delegates adopted a pro-slavery stance and nominated John C. Breckinridge; more moderate Southerners nominated John Bell, who called for preserving the Union. Gave Lincoln the advantage.

Vicksburg

The final major military action in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. In a series of maneuvers, Union Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee crossed the Mississippi River and drove the Confederate army of Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton into the defensive lines surrounding the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi.

Boris Yeltsin

The first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999. Much of the Yeltsin era was marked by widespread corruption, inflation, economic collapse and enormous political and social problems that affected Russia and the other former states of the USSR.

Anglo-Powhatan Wars

The first conflict between De La Warr and the Powhatan Confederacy, ended in a peace settlement that included the marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe. The Second was initiated by the Natives. The peace treaty banished the Confederacy from their Chesapeake lands and separated them permanently from white settlements.

House of Burgesses

The first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619. Over time, the name came to represent the entire official legislative body of the Colony of Virginia, and later, after the American Revolution, the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia.In Britain, the term "burgess" had referred to a Parliamentary representative, as of a borough.

Virginia Company (Charter)

The first joint-stock company in the colonies; founded Jamestown; promised gold, conversion of Indian to Christianity, and passage to the Indies

Freedmen's Bureau

The first kind of primitive welfare agency used to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education to freedman and to white refugees. First to establish school for blacks to learn to read.

Crittendon

The first of compromise proposals submitted in hopes to prevent a civil war. This one was first submitted by Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky. This plan was a proposal to reestablish the Missouri Compromise line and extend it westward to the Pacific coast. Slavery would be prohibited north or the line and permitted south of the line. Southerners in the Senate were willing to accept this plan, but the compromise would have required the northerners to abandon their most fundamental position-that slavery should not be allowed to expand- and so they rejected it.

Truman's "Point Four" Program

The fourth point of Truman's inaugural address dealt with a plan to lend money to poor countries for economic development. Truman hoped that economic development would help these nations resist communism.

Alfred Landon

The governor of Kansas, chosen candidate for the Republicans in the campaign of 1936. A moderate who accepted some New Deal Reforms, but not the Social Security Act. His loss to FDR was mainly because he never appealed to the "forgotten man".

Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

The group advocated American military materiel support for Britain as the best way to keep the United States out of the conflict then raging in Europe. Politically, they would be classified as being pro-intervention; that is, they strongly believed the United States should actively assert itself in the War in Europe. The CDAAA supported the Lend-Lease Act; they opposed the various Neutrality Acts of the late 1930's and sought their revision or repeal. The CDAAA disagreed strongly with another powerful group, the America First Committee, who advocated complete neutrality and non-intervention. The America First Committee believed that the U.S. should not become involved in foreign conflicts.

"classrooms without walls"

The idea that supports having classrooms in which students are able to use a computer to do their studies without a teacher giving a lecture but there to be more of a mediator.

republicanism

The ideology of governing the nation as a republic, where the head of state is not appointed through hereditary means, but usually through an election , A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

U-2 Incident

The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.

second front controversy

The invasion of western Europe by the U.S ,British, and French in 1944. This invasion was to take pressure off the Russians and divide the Germans. It was established by the D-Day Invasion.

The Black Baptist Church

The largest African American denomination (church) after slavery

federal conscription law 1863

The law enacted a draft of men into the army. It helped increase the manpower of the Union army.

limited liability

The liability of a firm's owners for no more than the capital they have invested in the firm. A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments.

Dominion of Canada 1867

The loose confederation of Ontario (Upper Canada), Quebec (Lower Canada), Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, created by the British North America Act in 1867

Henry Kissinger

The main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese; secretary of state during Nixon's presidency (1970s).

Abolitionism

The militant effort to do away with slavery. It had its roots in the North in the 1700s. It became a major issue in the 1830s and dominated politics after 1840. Congress became a battleground between pro and anti-slavery forces from the 1830's to the Civil War.

Mission System

The mission system was a chain of missions estalbished by Franciscan monks in the Spanish Southwest and California that forced Indians to convert to Catholicism and work as agricultural laborers

Melting Pot

The mixing of cultures, ideas, and peoples that has changed the American nation.

Iroquois Confederacy

The most powerful native American group in the Ohio Valley since the 1640', that was able to remain aloof from both the British and the French. This group consisted of five Indian nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Oneida. These nations formed a defensive alliance in the fifteenth century. The Iroquois were able to maintain their autonomy by avoiding a close relationship with the English or the French. They traded successfully with both groups and played them against each other, as a direct result of this they maintained power in the Great Lakes region.

The Big Four

The name given to the chief financial backers of the Central Pacific Railroad. The quartet included Leland Stanford - President, Collis P. Huntington - Vice President, Mark Hopkins - Treasurer, and Charles Crocker - Construction supervisor and president of Charles Crocker & Co., a CP subsidiary.

New Deal

The name of President Roosevelt's program for getting the United States out of the depression, the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented

National debt

The national debt skyrocketed from $49 billion in 1941 to $259 billion in 1945. When production finally slipped into high gear, the war was costing about $10 million an hour.

Isolationanists

The opposition of the involvement of a country in international alliances, agreements, etc. The U.S. remained isolated in the 1920's because of the disillusionment in WWI. This isolationist sentiment was prevalent during WWII.

The Federalists Papers

The papers were a collection of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison explaining how the new government/constitution would work. Their purpose was to convince the New York state legislature to ratify the constitution, which it did.

Pilgrims

The pilgrims were a form of puritan (separatists) who wanted to completely break away from the church of England. They emigrated to the Americas on the Mayflower to find safe haven, after negotiating for rights with the Virginia company.

"positive good"

The positive good theory is the idea that slavery was not, actually a "necessary evil," as Jefferson would describe it, but "a good-a positive good" institution for both blacks and whites in that whites get cheap manual labor and blacks benefit from the civilizing effect of being under the guidance of benevolent whites, and exposure to Christianity (John C. Calhoun's response)

Wilson's Presidential Tour of 1919

The presidential tour, begun in September 1919, got off to a rather lame start. The Midwest received Wilson lukewarmly, partly because of strong German-American influence. The high point— and the breaking point—of the return trip was at Pueblo, Colorado, September 25, 1919. Wilson, with tears coursing down his cheeks, pleaded for the League of Nations as the only real hope of preventing future wars. That night he collapsed from physical and nervous exhaustion.Wilson was whisked back in the "funeral train" to Washington, where several days later a stroke paralyzed one side of his body. During the next few weeks, he lay in a darkened room in the White House. For more than seven months, he did not meet his cabinet.

Comparable Worth

The principle that states the people should receive equal pay for work that is different form, but just as demanding as, other types of work. This idea has been applied to many discrimination cases including race, age, and gender discrimination.

Northern Pacific Railroad

The railroad line that ran from Lake Superior to Puget Sound.

Transcontinental Line

The railroad line that spanned the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

New Jersey (small state) Plan

The smaller states opposed the Virginia Plan, fearing they would lose influence to the larger states. The plan also supported the Separation of Powers. Called for a one-house Congress in which each state had equal representation

"Sunbelt"

The southern and southwestern states, from the Carolinas to California, characterized by warm climate and recently, rapid population growth

Hundred Days Congress

The special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs. The special session lasted about three months: 100 days. , In 1933 Congress enacted more than a dozen measures which increased the level of federal involvement in the nation's economic life

"Quarantine" Speech

The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism.

Spoils system

The system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power; practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs

Three-fifths Compromise

The three-fifths compromise was where a black slave was counted as three-fifths of a person when they were counting the population. The southern states wanted them counted as one whole person for more representatives in the House of Representatives. The northern states did not want them counted at all.

Laird Rams

The two Confederate warships built by Britain that were designed to destroy wooden Union ships with their iron rams.

Catherine Beecher

The unmarried daughter of a famous preacher and sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe. She urged women to enter into the teaching profession

Fourteen Points Address, 1918

The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations

Anthracite Coal Mine Strike

Theodore Roosevelt intervened in this labor dispute because the rising cost of coal would threaten the heating resources for most urban homes, to prevent bloodshed from occurring between the strikers and Pinkerton Detectives, and to send a signal to big business that the federal government would no longer support laissez-faire.

virtual representation

Theory of that held that the members of Parliament did not only represent their specific geographic constituencies but also took into consideration the well-being of all British subjects when deliberating on legislation. Prime minister George Grenville invoked the concept to explain why Parliament could legally tax the colonists even though the colonists could not elect any members of Parliament.

Border States

There were four slave states that stayed in the Union because of the assurances that the war was being fought to preserve the Union rather than end slavery. These four border states were Missouri, Delaware, Kentucky, and Maryland. Maryland was the key state for the North to keep in the Union. If it had joined the confederacy, the capital, DC, would have been surrounded by the Confederacy.

gated communities

These were suburban housing communities with gates and guards that started to gain popularity in the later half of this century

Seminole Indians

They lived in Florida. They waged a seven years war against the Americans to try and remain in the east instead of being forcibly removed to the west. They were tricked into a truce where their chief Osceola was captured. Most were moved to Oklahoma while others remained hidden in the everglades.

Paxton Boys

They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

Hepburn Act (1906)

This Act tightened existing railroad regulation. Empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum railroad rates and to examine railroad's financial records.

John McCain

This Republican senator was a prisoner of war during the Vietnam War and is seeking the Republican nomination in the 2008 presidential election. Current Arizona Senator.

Milliken v. Bradley (1974)

This Supreme Court decision responded in some ways to the backlash against integration via busing by stating that busing was only legal where schools were deliberately using racist tactics to segregate schools. It also said that the goal of Swann was not to create racially balanced schools with certain numbers of each race but to stop wilful segregation.

Foraker Act (1900)

This accorded Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government. It was the first comprehensive congressional effort to provide for governance of territories acquired after the Spanish American War, and served as a model for a similar act adopted for the Philippines in 1902.

National Recovery Act

This act authorized the President of the United States to regulate industry and permit cartels and monopolies in an attempt to stimulate economic recovery, and established a national public works program.

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act

This act authorized the federal government to seize and operate tied-up industries. Strikes against any government-operated industry were made a criminal offense.

Federal Reserve Act

This act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. The Board it created still plays a vital role in the American economy today.

Fair Labor Standards Act

This act federally established minimum wage and overtime pay.

Glass-Steagall Act (FDIC)

This act forbade commercial banks from engaging in excessive speculation, added $1 billion in gold to economy and established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).

Immigration and Nationality Act

This act was signed by Johnson in 1965. It abolished the national origins system, this new act stated that no more than 20,000 people from any one country could immigrate over to America in a year.

Agricultural Marketing

This act, passed under the Hoover administration set up the Federal Farm Board, with a revolving fund of half a billion dollars. Money was lent generously to farm organizations seeking to buy, sell, and store agricultural surpluses.

OJ Simpson Trial

This case gained world wide exposure because OJ was a star football player and was accused of murdering his wife. The main issue in this case that may have caused turmoil was the allowing cameras in the courtroom.

Microsoft

This computer company sent the U.S. down an information superhighway. The internet and computer discs allowed for more information to be available to anyone at the click of a button

Manifest Destiny

This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.

Adamson Act (1916)

This law established an eight-hour day for all employees on trains involved in interstate commerce, with extra pay for overtime. It was the first federal law regulating the hours of workers in private companies, and was upheld by the Supreme Court Wilson v. New (1917).

Dawes Financial Plan of 1924

This loan program was crafted to give money to Germany so that they could pay war reparations and lessen the financial crisis in Europe. The program ended with the 1929 stock market crash.

Mao Zedong

This man became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party and remained its leader until his death. He declared the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and supported the Chinese peasantry throughout his life.

Francis Townsend

This man was a critic of the new deal. He developed the Townsend Plan as a way for the elderly to gain a monthly pension of $200 that must be spent within 30 days.

Clarence Thomas

This man was an African American jurist, and a strict critic of affirmative action. He was nominated by George H. W. Bush to be on the Supreme Court in 1991, and shortly after was accused of sexual harassment by Anita Hill. Hearings were reopened, and he became the second African American to hold a seat in the Supreme Court.

The Other America

This novel was an influential study of the poverty in the U.S., published by Michael Harrington and it was the driving force behind the "war on poverty." 1/5 of the U.S. was living below the poverty line.

National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry

This organization was organized in 1867 by Oliver H. Kelley; its objective was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities; the Grangers gradually raised their goals from individual self-improvement of the farmer' collective plight.

Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party

This political party was formed by T. Roosevelt in an attempt to advance progressive ideas and unseat President W.H. Taft in the election of 1912. After Taft won the Republican party's nomination, Roosevelt ran on the Progressive party ticket.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

This tariff was passed in 1922. It boosted rates from the 27% average of the Underwood Tariff to an average of 38.5%. It increased duties on farm produce; it was supposed to equalize the cost of American and foreign production.

United Mine Workers/John Lewis

This union was created by militant leader John L. Lewis in 1890; its methods, based on his stands on increases in pay, safer working conditions, and political stands, reflect Lewis' military style. In 1935 it had about 250,000 members out of which Lewis co-founded the CIO.

Great Awakening

This was a religious revival held in the 1730's and 1740's to motivate the colonial America. Motivational speakers such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield helped to bring Americans together

Morrill Tariff Act

This was an act passed by Congress in 1861 to meet the cost of the war. It raised the taxes on shipping from 5 to 10 percent however later needed to increase to meet the demanding cost of the war. This was just one the new taxes being passed to meet the demanding costs of the war. Although they were still low to today's standers they still raked in millions of dollars.

"Gag Resolution" and John Quincy Adams

This was an agreement that congress would not talk about the issue of slavery to avoid conflict in the government. It angered many Americans because they thought it was against their first amendment rights to discuss these issues.

Bank of the U.S.

This was established by Hamilton and opposed by Jefferson as a way to strength the economy and attract investors which lasted for 20 years and had a cap of $10 million. It also created a currency which did not exist in the early American days. The bank was extremely important in strengthening the economy as it created a stock market which boomed immediately. It also established an ever so important currency which fixed many uprising disputes about money.

Hoover-Stimson Doctrine, 1932

This was the US response to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1932. It states that the US would not recognize any territory seized by force

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact)

This was the surprise move by Hitler to secure his Eastern front, giving him the green light to march on Poland, and after that, his march on the Western Democracies. Though Hitler and Stalin were foes, Stalin hoped that Germany and the Western Democracies would kill each other off, leaving him the ruler of Europe. At long last Britain and France realized the folly of appeasement. Roosevelt promptly issued Neutrality proclamations including the Cash-and-Carry system. With this pact, World War II was only hours away.

Loyalists

Those who remained committed to Britain. (about 20% of the Americans): Richer, more conservative, generally older people. The king's officers and other beneficiaries of the crown. Anglican church followers (taught fidelity towards the king), except Virginians (who were mostly patriots).

Payne-Aldrich Bill

Though Taft promised to lower the tariff, this tariff bill had so many amendments that it actually raised the tariff; caused uproar w/ progressives who felt betrayed.

Native-Americans

Thousands of Indian men and women found war work in the major cities. Some twenty-five thousand Native American men served in the armed forces. Comanches in Europe and Navajos in the Pacific made especially valuable contributions as "code talkers." They transmitted radio messages in their native languages, which were incomprehensible to the Germans and the Japanese

boycott

To abstain from using, buying, or dealing with, in order to economically punish someone. Often employed today by many types of groups such as labor unions, consumer groups, and countries in order to force a company or government to change its politics.

"Mobocracy"

To be ruled by a mob. An example of people who used this method would be the American colonists. When England would impose taxes and acts, such as the Stamp Act, the colonists would become angered and protest it by forming mobs and doing such things as ransacking houses and stealing the money of stamp agents. The Stamp Act was eventually nullified because all the stamp agents had been forced to resign leaving no one to uphold it

John Tyler

Took office after the death of William Henry Harrison in 1841. He was a democrat but was swayed by his adoptive Whig Party. He signed a law to end the independent treasury but he vetoed attempts to create a Fiscal Bank.

Millard Fillmore

Took over for President Taylor when he died (was Taylor's VP)

stagflation

Took place in the 1970's and was the product of high inflation and high unemployment rates.

Brown V. Board of Education (1954)

Topeka board of education denied Linda Brown admittance to an all white school close to her house. Thurgood Marshall argued that a separate but equal violated equal protection clause of the 14th amendment. Warren decided separate educational facilities were inherently unequal.

Napoleon III

Treated Union with contempt. Abandoned Maximillian in 1867 and Mexico once again independent. Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, and elected emperor of France from 1852-1870, he invaded mexico when the Mexican government couldn't repay loans from French bankers. He sent in an army and set up a new government under Maximillian. He refused Lincoln's request that France withdraw. After the civil war, the U.S. sent an army to enforce the request and Napoleon withdrew.

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Treaty which ended the Seven Years War in Europe and the parallel French and Indian War in North America. Under the treaty, Britain won all of Canada and almost all of the modern United States east of the Mississippi.

Cambodian invasion (1970)

Troops wanted to destroy Vietcong bases there. caused many protests(Kent state University)

Loyalty oaths

Truman orders background checks on 3 millon federal employees, and loyalty oaths were demanded, especially from teachers. Many citizens feared that communist spies were undermining the government.

1948 election

Truman pulled out an unlikely victory due to intense stumping, despite what you may have read in the Chicago Tribune

Soviet A-bomb (1949)

Truman shocked the nation by announcing that the Soviets had exploded an atomic bomb approximately tree years earlier than many expperts had though possible.

Battle of Midway

Turning point of the Pacific war, in which Japan attempted to attack Midway but was repelled with heavy losses, proving the advantage offered by aircraft carriers over destroyers.

Gettysburg

Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Frances Perkins

U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet. She took much flak from her contemporaries.

Tyler's annexation of Texas

U.S. made Texas a state in 1845. Joint resolution - both houses of Congress supported annexation under Tyler, and he signed the bill shortly before leaving office. Was part of John Tyler's presidential campaign

Populist Party

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies.

Jefferson Davis

U.S. statesman: president of the Confederate States of America 1861-65. He believed in a well-knit central gov't. Tense, humorless, legalistic, stubborn, and suffered from neuralgia.

Destroyer-bases deal

U.S. traded 50 old-model destroyers left over from WWI to Britain in return for eight valuable defensive base sites, stretching from Newfoundland to South America

Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)

US and Japan pledged to respect each other's territorial possessions in Pacific and to uphold the Open Door in China; Roosevelt went out of his way to avoid war with Japan

US Invasion of Grenada

US military forces, with the support of other Latin American nations, were sent to stop the takeover of Grenada by rebels who killed their prime minister and brought Cuban-backed radicals to power and had plans to build an airfield for Soviet and Cuban use; the invasion was also to protect over 1000 Americans, about half of them medical students, who lived on the island; the pro-US government was restored to power and US forces remained in Grenada to oversee free elections

Thomas Jefferson

Under the executive branch of the new constitution, he was the Secretary of State. When Alexander Hamilton wanted to create a new national bank, he adamantly spoke against it. He felt it would violate states rights by causing a huge competitor for the state banks, then causing a federal monopoly. His argument was that since the Constitution did not say Congress could create a bank they should not be given that power. This is the philosophy of strict construction. His beliefs led to the creation of the political party, Democratic Republicans

Confederate Draft Law

Under this law, a rich man could hire a substitute or purchase an exemption; a slave owner with 20 slaves might also claim exemption.

Bonus Army, 1932

Unemployed World War I veterans who came to Washington in the spring of 1932 to demand the immediate payment of the bonus congress had voted them in 1922. The veterans were forcibly removed from Anacostia Flats by federal troops under the command of Douglas MacArthur.

Shay's Rebellion

Unfair taxes in MA; Farms foreclosed; Farmers imprisoned as debtors; Shay & 1200 men attacked courts in western MA; State militia put down rebellion; Uprising was a general threat to property; Threat that rebellion could spread to other states; Articles of Confederation viewed as too weak to maintain law and order; Bolstered call for revisions of Articles of Confederation (Constitutional Convention--1787)

Peninsular Campaign

Union General George B. McClellan's failed effort to seize Richmond, the Confederate Capital. Had McClellan taken Richmond and toppled the Confederacy, slavery would have most likely survived in the South for some time.

Credit Mobilier Scandal

Union Pacific Railroad insiders formed the Credit Mobilier construction company and then hired themselves at inflated prices to build the railroad line, earning high dividends. When it was found out that government officials were paid stay quiet about the illicit business, some officials were censured.

General Sherman & March to the Sea

Union army general whose march to sea caused destruction to the south. led march to destroy all supplies and resoures, beginning of total warfare. He set out from Chattanooga TN on a campaign of deliberate destruction that went across the state of Georgia into SC and then into NC. He destroyed everything the enemy might use to survive. The march broke the will of the South to fight

Trent Affair 1861

Union warship stopped a British ship on way to England and arrested 2 Confederate diplomats-James Mason and John Slidell. Britain prepared for war against US-sent troops to Canada . Lincoln decided to release Confederates because he did not want to fight a two front war. He said Captain of Union Ship acted without orders

Big five powers

United State, Britain, USSR, France, China

Winfield Scott

United States Army general, and unsuccessful presidential candidate of the Whig Party in 1852. Served on active duty as a general longer than any other man in American history. During the Mexican-American War, Major General Scott commanded the southern of the two United States armies

Albert B. Fall

United States Senator from New Mexico and the Secretary of the Interior under President Warren G. Harding, infamous for his involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal.

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Charles Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement

Jay Gould

United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892).

Douglas MacArthur

United States general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II

George Armstrong Custer

United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn.

Lincoln Steffens

United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.

Samuel Gompers

United States labor leader who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924.

Francis Scott Key

United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812; wrote "The Star Spangled Banner"

William Randolph Hearst

United States newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism.

Sam Houston

United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863), First president of the Republic of Texas

Compromise of 1877

Unwritten deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) and Samuel Tilden (Dem.) Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of federal troops from the South.

Canadian insurrection of 1837

Upper Canadians rebelled against the British gov't. They wanted it to be democratic. The rebellions were in 1837, and the Caroline Affair occurred. In the end, British rule was only strengthened and it was unsuccessful.

Atomic Bomb(s)

Used by US in Nagasaki and Hiroshima; raised problems in Soviet-American relations. It led to the postwar nuclear arms race

patroonships

Vast feudal estates fronting the Hudson River, known as patroonships, were granted to promoters who agreed to settle 50 people on them. One patroonship in the Albany area was slightly larger than the later state of Rhode Island.

Eugene Debs, 1918

Very influential pro-labor man. Led the Pullman Railroad Strike. Much later he, under the banner of the Socialist Party, ran for the presidency -- while locked in prison. Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike; he was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America.

Lyndon B. Johnson

Vice President Johnson was promptly sworn in as president on a waiting airplane and flown back to Washington with Kennedy's body. Although he mistrusted "the Harvards," Johnson retained most of the bright Kennedy team. The new president managed a dignified and efficient transition, pledging continuity with his slain predecessor's policies

John C. Calhoun

Vice President under Andrew Jackson; leading Southern politician; began his political career as a nationalist and an advocate of protective tariffs, later he becomes an advocate of free trade, states' rights, limited government, and nullification.

V-E Day

Victory in Europe Day. May 8, 1945, marked the official end of the war in Europe, following the unconditional surrender of what remained of the German government.

V-J Day

Victory in Japan Day. August 15, 1945 heralded the surrender of Japan and the final end to World War II.

Vietnam defeat

Vietnam collapsed with out American aid as the last Americans were taken out of Vietnam in 1975. It made America look bad in front of other foreign countries and caused America to lose confidence in its military. The War also took a toll on America's economy and its people with $118 billion spent, 56,000 dead, and 300,000 wounded.

13 colonies

Virginia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire Maryland, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Delaware, North Carolina, South Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Georgia

Governor Berkeley

Virginian governor who disliked wretched bachelors (poor, endebted, discontented, and armed); disliked by wretched bachelors for friendly relations with Indians

George Washington

Virginian who was Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army and President of the Constitutional Convention. Later became the first President. Founding Father.

John Hancock

Vocal colonial merchant and statesman who made much of his profit through smuggling. Later became a leading Patriot during the American Revolution.

18th Amendment/Volstead Act

Volstead Act: Implemented the 18th Amendment. It established illegal alcohol at above .5%. 18th Amendment: Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages.

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

War broke out between Japan and Russia because Russia was creeping on Port Arthur in Manchuria China; Japanese felt threatened and declared war in 1904; administered beatings on Russia (first since Turkish invasions that non-European nation beat European nation); Japanese asked TR for aid as they were running out of resources

French & Indian War (Seven Years' War)

War fought from 1754-1763, it was fought not only in America but in Europe, in the West Indies, and on the high seas. The conflict started when the French and British attempted to expand into the Ohio River Valley. George Washington helped ignite the conflict when he led a British mission into the Ohio Valley to confront the French. Eventually this conflict spread to other parts of the world. In Europe the adversaries were Britain and Prussia on one side, against France, Spain, Austria, and Russia on the other. In Albany, New York, there was an inter-colonial congress to promote colonial defense.

Dr. Benjamin Spock

Was a 1950's doctor who told the whole baby boom generation how to raise their kids. He also said that raising them was more important and rewarding than extra $ would be.

Muscle Shoals Bill

Was a proposal to dam up the Tennessee River in order to make a lake to create hydro-electric electricity as well as a recreation area. Was opposed by Hoover because he didn't like that the government would be selling electricity and competing against its citizens. Was a classic example of Hoover's fear of a socialist govt.

John Wilkes Booth

Was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865 (a few days after South's surrender)

Treaty of Versailles

Was created to solve problems made by World War I. Germany was forced to accept the treaty. It was composed of only four of the original points made by President Woodrow Wilson. The treaty punished Germany and did nothing to stop the threat of future wars. It maintained the pre-war power structure.

compact theory

Was popular among the English political philosophers in the eighteenth century. In America, it was supported by Jefferson and Madison. It meant that the thirteen states, by creating the federal government, had entered into a contract about its jurisdiction. The national government was the agent of the states. This meant that the individual states were the final judges of the national government's actions. The theory was the basis for the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions passed in 1798. The compact theory was used to try to stop the Federalist abuses like the Alien and Sedition Acts.

Harry M. Daugherty

Was the US Attorney General during the Harding Administration. Daugherty's controversial three years in office saw his name surface in connection with veterans bureau irregularities

Pleiku Incident, 1965/ "Operation Rolling Thunder"

Was the title of a gradual and sustained U.S. 2nd Air Division (later Seventh Air Force), U.S. Navy, and Republic of Vietnam Air Force (VNAF) aerial bombardment campaign conducted against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) from 2 March 1965 until 1 November 1968, during the Vietnam War.

Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions

Were put into practice in 1798 by Jefferson and James Madison. These were secretly made to get the rights back taken away from the Alien and Sedition Acts. These also brought about the later compact theory which gave the states more power than the federal government.

Col. George Washington Goethals

West Point engineer who prefected the organization of the canal building in Panama

Korea/38th parallel

When Japan collapsed in 1945, Soviet troops had accepted the Japanese surrender north of the 38th Parallel on the Korean peninsula, but both superpowers professed the want to reunify Korea, but each helped set up rival regimes above and below the parallel.

Nixon resignation (August 8, 1974)

When Nixon resigned, 3 tapes were released with one of them containing orders for the Watergate Break in and he confessed to his Watergate involvement on television. These events ruined Nixon's creditability and he was able to keep his retirement benefits.

Royal Veto

When legislation passed by the colonial assemblies conflicted with British regulations it was then declared void by the Privy Council. It was seldom used by the Brits, but greatly resented by the colonists.

Burning of Washington

When the British attacked and burned the Capitol, forcing the president to flee the cit

XYZ Affair

When the French, outraged by Jay's treaty, begin violating the terms of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778, President John Adams sends over three secret go-betweens to talk with Talleyrand, the French foreign minister. The demanded a bribe of $250,000 in order to merely talk with Talleyrand. This occurrence led to Naval Battles between the two countries. But France, already at battling Britain, realized they did not wish to have one more enemy added to their roster.

Landrum-Griffith Act

When the United States was in desperate need of a labor reform, because many union leaders and big industries were involved in many scandals, Congress passed this act to prevent bullying tactics and make labor leaders keep accurate financial records.

Treaty of Paris

While there have been many Treaties of Paris throughout history. The most important in American History is the treaty signed in September 1783 and ratified by Congress in January 1784, which ended the Revolutionary War and granted the United States its independence. It further granted the U.S. all land east of the Mississippi River. While generally accepted, the Treaty of Paris opened the door to future legislative and economic disputes.

Monica Lewinsky

White House intern whose affair with Bill Clinton led to his impeachment.

"white collar/blue collar"

White collar describes a job relating to workers whose work usually does not involve manual labor and who are often expected to dress with a degree of formality, such as a professor or banker. Blue collar describes a job relating to wage earners, especially as a class whose jobs are performed in work clothes and often involve manual labor, such as plumber or construction worker

cult of domesticity

Widespread cultural creed that glorified the traditional functions of the homemaker around 1850. Married women commanded immense moral power, and they increasingly made decisions that altered the family. Work opportunities for women increased particularly in teaching.

Neutrality Proclamation (1914)

Wilson called for Americans to "be neutral in thought as well as in deed"; America remained out of World War I, but was allowed to trade with both Central Powers and Allies

Haiti and Dominican Republic (1915)

Wilson was forced to use Roosevelt's Corollary to intervene with the riotous people, sending marines to protect American lives and property; concluded with American supervision and occupation

"Solemn referendum of 1920"

Wilson's belief that the presidential election of1920 should constitute a direct popular vote on the League of Nations

Unrestricted submarine warfare, 1917

With so many US arms sneaking across the Atlantic to Allied powers, Germany eventually declared Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (German decision to sink any ship found in the war zone) because they couldn't distinguish certainly enough from merchant and armed vessels. This plan, of course drew the US into war.

U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark, 1898

With the Chinese Exclusion Act in effect, some exclusionists even tried to strip native-born Chinese-Americans of their citizenship, but the Supreme Court ruled in U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark in 1898 that the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed citizenship to all persons born in the United States. This doctrine of "birthright citizenship" (or jus soli, the "right of the soil," as contrasted with jus sanguinis, the "right of blood-tie," which based citizenship on the parent's nationality) provided important protections to Chinese-Americans as well as to other immigrant communities.

African-Americans

Within a single generation, a near majority of African-Americans gave up their historic homeland and their rural way of life. By 1970 half of all blacks lived outside of the South, and urban had become almost a synonym for black.

Nixon pardon

Within his first month of Presidency, Gerald Ford gave full pardon to Nixon. Which aroused fierce criticism, and soon his approval ratings went from 71% to 50%.

"government girls"

Women in Washington who filled jobs left in D.C. when the men went to fight

Women's Loyal League

Women's organization formed to help bring about an end to the Civil War and encourage Congress to pass a constitutional amendment to prohibiting slavery.

"New Freedom"

Woodrow Wilson's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Freedom emphasized business competition and small government. It sought to reign in federal authority, release individual energy, and restore competition. It echoed many of the progressive social-justice objectives while pushing for a free economy rather than a planned one.

1919 steel strike

Workers represented by the American Federation of Labor went on strike against the United States Steel Corporation. Workers at other companies joined the strike. Labor unrest eventually involved more than 350,000 workers. Also known as the Great Steel Strike of 1919 ; huge work stoppage

David G. Phillips

Wrote a series in Cosmopolitan titled "The Treason of the Senate" which boldly charged that 75 of the 90 senators represented the railroads and trusts, not the people. His indictment impressed President Roosevelt. He continued his writing until he was killed in 1911.

Election of 1944

Year in which Republicans nominated Thomas E. Dewey for president and John W, Bricker (an isolationist senator) for vice president. Democrats renominated Roosevelt but changed vice president to Harry S. Truman. Roosevelt won with sweeping victory. 4th term for Roosevelt.

Robert F. Kennedy

Younger brother of JFK who entered public life as U.S. Attorney General during the Kennedy Administration. Later elected senator from New York, he became an anti-war, pro-civil rights presidential candidate in 1968, launching a popular challenge to incumbent President Johnson. Amid that campaign, he was assassinated in California on June 6, 1968

Mayans

a Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as its spectacular art, monumental architecture, and sophisticated mathematical and astronomical systems. Initially established during the Preclassic period, many of these reached their apogee of development during the Classic period (c. 250 to 900), and continued throughout the Postclassic period until the arrival of the Spanish. At its peak, it was one of the most densely populated and culturally dynamic societies in the world.

Solidarity Movement

a Polish trade union that was the first non - communist trade union in any country in the Warsaw Pact. The union used peaceful civil resistance for workers rights and social change against the oppressive communist government. Due to the social movement, partially free elections in Poland took place in 1989 and after the fall of the Soviet Union, the union's leadership took power in Poland. This movement was one of the first movements in a Soviet satellite nation to challenge the communist government.

Impending Crisis of the South(Hinton Helper)

a Southern critic of slavery during the 1850s who wrote a book entitled The Impending Crisis of The South The book put forth the notion that slavery hurt the economic prospects of non-slaveholders, and was an impediment to the growth of the entire region of the South.

Conquistadors

a Spanish soldier, explorer, and adventurer who took part in the gradual invasion and conquest of much of the Americas and Asia Pacific, bringing them under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 19th centuries

Yalu River

a battle in the Korean War (November 1950)

NSC

a committee in the executive branch of government that advises the president on foreign and military and national security

Kansas Nebraska Bill

a compromise law in 1854 that suspended the Missouri Compromise and left it to voters in Kansas and Nebraska to determine whether they would be slave or free states. the law exacerbated sectional tensions when voters can to blows over the question of slavery in Kansas. It was very controversial, supported by President Pierce and not supported by Douglass

sectonalism

a devotion to the interests of one geographic region over the interests of the country as a whole, ultimately led to the Union's worst crisis: civil war between the North and the South in the early 1860s

"Containment" doctrine

a foreign policy strategy advocated by George Kennan that called for the United States to isolate the Soviet Union, "contain" its advances, and resist its enroachments by peaceful means if possible, but by force if neccesary.

Daniel Ellsberg

a former American military analyst employed by the RAND Corporation who precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released the Pentagon Papers, a top-secret Pentagon study of government decision-making about the Vietnam War, to The New York Times and other newspapers.

Inflation

a general and progressive increase in prices

Pentagon

a government building with five sides that serves as the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense

Bering Strait/ land bridge

a land bridge that connected Asia to North America that was roughly 1000 miles long but submerged after the ice age

"Jeremiads"

a new form of sermon in the Puritan churches in the mid-seventeenth century; preachers scolded parishioners for their waning piety

"Iron curtain"

a political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eatern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

Phillis Wheatley

a slave girl who became a poet. At age eight, she was brought to Boston. published a book of poetry at age 20

Lincoln's 10% plan

a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of the 1860 vote count from that state had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation, citizens of former Confederate states would be given the opportunity to swear allegiance to the government in Washington (high-ranking Confederate military and civilian authorities would not be offered this opportunity), the state was afforded the chance to form its own state government, a state legislature could write a new constitution but it also had to abolish slavery forever, if all processed Lincoln would recognize the reconstructed government

Aztecs

a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who achieved political and military dominance over large parts of Mesoamerica in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries

Incas

a tribe in the Cusco area, where the legendary first Sapa Inca Manco Capac founded the Kingdom of Cusco around 1200.[1] Under the leadership of the descendants of Manco Capac, the state grew as it absorbed other Andean communities at that time. It was in 1442, when the Incas began a far reaching expansion under the command of Pachacutec, whose name literally meant earth-shaker. He formed the Inca empire (Tawantinsuyu), that would become the largest empire in pre-Columbian America.[2]

San Francisco school incident (1906)

after a earthqake and fire at a school, the school board ordered Chinese, Japanese, and Korean students to be segregated to a special school to make room for whites; Japanese, sensitive to racial insults, were outraged and were on the brink of war with California

Clean Air and Endangered Species Act

aimed at protecting and preserving the environment

George F. Kennan

an American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. He later wrote standard histories of the relations between Russia and the Western powers.

Washington Irving & James F. Cooper

an American author, essayist, biographer, and historian of the early 19th century. He is best known for "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and Rip Van Winkle. Cooper was a profilic and popular American writer of the early 19th century who wrote numerous sea-stories and historical novels known as the the "Leatherstocking Tales"

Clay's "American System"

an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.

CIA

an independent agency of the United States government responsible for collecting and coordinating intelligence and counterintelligence activities abroad in the national interest

Assassination of MLK

assisnated at Nashville in 1968, , MLK is shot by a sniper around 6 who is James Earl Ray

Ulysses Grant

became the first president after the Civil War; previously a Union General who defeated General Lee at Appomattox Court House, which ended the Civil War; during presidency several scams passed through Congress; the Panic of 1873 (over speculation) came about in his reign

Birth of Republican Party

began in the 1850s, dedicated to keeping slavery out of the territories, but they championed a wider range of issues, including the further development of national roads, more liberal land distribution in the West, and increased protective tariffs. Comprised of Whigs, Northern Democrats, and Free-Soilers, in defiance to the Slave Powers

Protestant (Puritan) Work Ethic

commitment made by the Puritans in which they seriously dwelled on working and pursuing worldly affairs

Earl Warren

controversial Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1953-1969); he led the Court in far-reaching racial, social, and political rulings, including school desegregation and protecting rights of persons accused of crimes.

House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC)

created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having Communist ties (nps.gov).

National Security Act (1947)

created the Department of Defense, which was housed in the Pentagon and headed by a new cabinet position, the Secretary of Defense, under which served civilian secretaries of the army, navy, and air force and created the National Security Council (NSC) to advise the president on security matters and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to coordinate the government's foreign fact-gathering (spying)

John Marshall

created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court Chief justice of the Supreme Court appointed by John Adams

Dr. Woodrow Wilson

democrat, progressive, president of Princeton, governor of NJ, "new freedom" platform. 28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

"Flexible response"

developing an array of military "options" that could be precisely matched to the gravity of the crisis at hand

"Black Power"

doctrine of militancy and separatism that rose in prominence after 1965, its activists rejected Martin Luther King's pacifism and desire for integration. Rather, they promoted pride in African heritage and an often militant position in defense of their rights

French Canal Company

eager to have Americans build canal through Panama to salvage anything from their failure

Richard M. Nixon

elected President in 1968 and 1972 representing the Republican party. He was responsible for getting the United States out of the Vietnam War by using "Vietnamization", which was the withdrawal of 540,000 troops from South Vietnam for an extended period. He was responsible for the Nixon Doctrine also. He was involved in Détente, which was a way to create peaceful relations between the United States and the communist countries of Moscow and Beijing. One of the most distinct factors relating to Nixon was that he was the first President to ever resign due to the Watergate scandal. He resigned on August 8, 1974.He was the Repubican President of the United States during the Vietnam War (1969-1974). He made many improvements for the environment, and he took the United States off the gold standard. As a result of the Watergate Scandal, Nixon was forced to resign. Many other problems hurt his term such as the energy crisis, but mainly Watergate. He removed US troops from Vietnam in 1973 with his Vietnamization policy

Col. Willaim C. Gorgas

exterminated yellow fever in Havana; made the Canal Zone in Panama "as safe as a health resort"

Vietnam/Ngo Diem

first president of South Vietnam, where he took power following the Geneva Accords in 1954. He was propped up by the United States until he was overthrown and assassinated by a coup in 1963

Dominican Intervention (1905)

first use of TR's Monroe Doctrine Corollary; US took over customhouses and paid debts of Dominican Republic; officials not happy because they were guilty of graft

John Dean III

former white hosue lawyer who accused top white house officials of obstructing justice and covering up #29

American Anti-Slavery Society

founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the constitution as a pro-slavery document. Argued for "no union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.

American Legion

founded in Paris in 1919 by Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. Its members met periodically to renew old hardships and was distinguished by its militant patriotism. It was notorious for its aggressive lobbying for veteran's benefits

patronage

granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

Chinese Exclusion Act

halted Chinese immigration to America; Started when people of the West Coast attributed declining wages and economic troubles to the hated Chinese workers; In order to appease them Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act

F. Scott Fitzgerald

handsome Minnesota-born Princetonian then only 24 years old, became an overnight celebrity when he published This Side of Paradise in 1920. The book became a kind of Bible for the young. It was eagerly devoured by aspiring flappers and their ardent wooers, many of whom affected an air of bewildered abandon toward life.

Henry A. Wallace

head of the Progressive Party, another faction that branched off from the Dem Party before the election of 1948; was a liberal Democrat who were frustrated that Truman's domestic policies were ineffective and were against his foreign anti-Communist policies

Philippe Bunau-Varilla

headed the New Panama Canal Company which dropped its price of holdings from $109 million to $40 million

Molasses Act

imposed tax on molasses, sugar and rum imported to American colonies from non-British foreign colonies

Scotch-Irish

in 1775 numbered about 175,000, or 7 percent of the population, were an important non-English group, although they spoke English. They were not Irish at all, but turbulent Scots Lowlanders. Over many decades, though, they had been transplanted to Northern Ireland, where they had not prospered. The Irish Catholics already there, hating Scottish Presbyterianism, resented the intruders and still do. The economic life of the Scots-Irish was severely hampered, especially when the English government placed burdensome restrictions on their production of linens and woolens.

Central Powers

in World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and later Turkey and Bulgaria to oppose the Allies

Allies

in World War I the alliance of Great Britain and France and Russia and all the other nations that became allied with them in opposing the Central Powers

Invasion of Canada, 1812

instead of capturing Montreal, the center or population and transportation, Americans tire themselves out with the three-pronged invasions of 1812 --> trio invading forces setting out from Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain were all beaten back shortly after they had crossed the Canadian border --> several more invasions fail in 1813 --> Americans turn to naval fighting

Orders in Council

issued by England, closed European ports under French control to foreign shipping

John Winthrop

led a group of English Puritans to the New World, joined the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1629 and was elected their governor on April 8, 1630. Between 1639 and 1648 he was voted out of governorship and re-elected a total of 12 times.

Berkeley Free Speech Movement

led by Mario Savio it protested on behalf of students rights. It spread to colleges throughought the country discussing unpopular faculty tenure decisions, dress codes, dormitory regulations, and appearances by Johnson administration officials.

Emilio Aguinaldo

led the Filipino's in an insurrection of American rule; ironic that he helped America capture the Philippines, but now fighting against Americans; U.S. troops infiltrated guerrilla camp and captured Aguinaldo in 1901

United Nations (1945)

like the League of Nations except better because they had more countries participating and they were committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

limited immigrants to 3% of each nationality present in the US in 1910. This cut southern and eastern European immigrants to less than 1/4 of those in US before WW I. Asians still barred; no limits on western hemisphere. Non-quota category established: wives, children of citizens, learned professionals, and domestic servants not counted in quotas.

Twenty-sixth Amendment (1971)

lowered the voting age from 21 to 18

Yalta Conference (February 1945)

meeting of Roosevelt, Stalin, and Winston Churchill to discuss postwar plans and Soviet entry into the war against Japan near the end of World War II; disagreements over the future of Poland surfaced. During the Red Scare of the 1950s, some Americans considered the meeting to have been a sellout to the Soviets.

Regulator movement

movement in North Carolina that was an insurrection against eastern domination of colony's affairs; spearheaded by Scots-Irish; many who participated in this later joined American revolutionaries (including presidents, ex. Andrew Jackson)

Counterculture/ Hippies

movement in the post-war era that was a counter to the conformity and to government; don't trust old people; beatniks; included the SDS, the free speech movement, hippies, drug culture, woodstock,and the militant faction of the weathermen

"Saturday night massacre" (1973)

name given to an incident in which Nixon ordered Attorney General Elliot Richardson to fire Archibald Cox, the special prosecutor who was relentlessly investigating Watergate; Richardson refused and resigned along with his deputy, who also refused to carry out Nixon's order. A subordinate then fired Cox. The incident created a firestorm of protest in the country.

Second Bank of the the US

national bank organized in 1816; closely modeled after the first Bank of the United States, it held federal tax receipts and regulated the amount of money circulating in the economy. The Bank proved to be very unpopular among western land speculators and farmers, especially after the Panic of 1819

Renaissance

new interest in classical texts and art in 15th 16th 17th centuries- revolution in publishing by the printing press, moveable type, and postal service- more universities allowed renaissance to spread across Europe- motivated exploration of America

"old" and "new lights"

old lights were simply orthodox members of the clergy who believed that the new ways of revivals and emotional preaching were unnecessary; new lights were the more modern-thinking members of the clergy who strongly believed in the Great Awakening

William Howard Taft

overweight lawyer-judge from Ohio; headed the Philippine Commission in its second year and created a close attachment to his "little brown brothers"

Imperialism

paramount issue of the election of 1900; Republicans pro imperialism; Republican vicotry did not dictate a clear opinion on the issue; Americans were split

"Fair Deal" Program

policy by Truman; raised minimum wage to help working class (middle class)

Gerald Ford

president 1974-77, Nixon's Vice president, only person not voted into the White House, appointed vice president by Nixon: became president after Nixon resigned

William Jennings Bryan

presidential canidate for the Democrats in the election of 1900; still demanded a silver standard; argued that Republican impearialism was the issue; campaigned throughtout the country unlike McKinley; Republicans argued that he would "rock the boat" of prosperity with free silver and dangerous ideas; lost election

Republican Platform of 1860

protective tariffs, construction of a transcontinental railroad, free homesteads, and non-extension of slavery.

John Brown at Harper's Ferry

radical abolitionist from US who advocated and practiced armed insurrection as a mean to abolishing slavery for good. He led the Pottawatomie creek massacre in 1856. He also made a name of himself for the unsuccessful invasion at Harpers Ferry Virginia. Was trialed to death and was hung

"Voice of America" (1948)

radio broadcasts sent behind the iron curtain in attempts to entice the people in communist countries into capitalist nations

McKinley Tariff, 1890

raised tariffs to the highest level they had ever been. Big business favored these tariffs because they protected U.S. businesses from foreign competition.

Immigration Quota Act of 1924

reduced the immigration limit from 3% to 2% of each foreign-born group living in the United States in 1890. Using 1890 rather than 1910 or 1920 excluded the new wave of foreign-born from southern and eastern Europe from quotas truly proportionate to their new numbers in the population. This law reduced the quota for northern and western European countries by 29 percent, but slashed that for southern and eastern Europe by 87 percent

Shakers

religious utopian society. Celibate people that shook their bodies of sin. Gradually died out. Height was in the 1830s (6,000 members)

Quartering Act, 1765

required colonists to pay for the housing of British troops, as well as their supplies, in the colonies.

Pentagon Papers (1971)

revealed that the govt. drew up plans to enter the war, even as Johnson promised he would not send US troops to Vietnam; no plans to leave the war as long as N. Vietnam continued

"waving the bloody shirt"

reviving memories of the civil war in support of Grant

Bakke case (1978)

saw the Supreme Court barely rule that Allan Bakke had not been admitted into U.C. Davis because the university preferred minority races only and ordered the college to admit Bakke.

Liberal Warren Court decisions

see those listed

Hay/Bunau-Varilla Treaty

signed by Bunau Varilla, minister of Panama, that kept the price of the canal the same, but extended it to 10 miles wide

Cuban Missile Crisis

standoff between JFK and Khrushchev in October 1962 over Soviet plans to install nuclear weapons in Cuba. Although the crisis was ultimately settled in American's favor and represented a foreign policy triumph for Kennedy, it brough the world's superowers perilously close to brink of nuclear confrontation

Ice Age

started 2 million years ago; covered most of present-day Canada and northern United States; transformed geography of North America; congealed world's oceans which lowered the sea level, exposing land bridge (Bering Strait) between Siberia and Alaska; as it ended, it covered the Bering Strait up

"Open Door" policy

stated to all great powers that their leaseholds or spheres of influence in China would respect certain Chinese rights and the ideal of fair competition; Italy only nation to accept policy unconditionally; Britain, Germanym France, and Japan all accepted, but subjuct to the condition that the others acquiesce unconditionally; Russia declined offer, but John Hay took it as acceptance (wow, really?)

Television

telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images and sound.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

the 1850 treaty which stipulated that neither America nor Britain would fortify or secure exclusive control over any further (Central American) isthmian waterway.

Franklin Pierce

the Democrat's nominating convention of 1852 startled the nation by selecting a "dark horse" candidate. They chose this unknown lawyer-politician from the hills of New Hampshire.

Thomas E. Dewey

the Governor of New York (1943-1955) and the unsuccessful Republican candidate for the U.S. Presidency in 1944 and 1948

Truman Doctrine (1947)

the announced policy of President Truman to provide aid to free nations who faced internal or external threats of a Communist takeover; announced in conjunction with a $400 million economic aid package to Greece and Turkey, it was successful in helping those countries put down Communist guerrilla movements and is considered to be the first U.S. action of the Cold War.

William H. (Higher Law) Seward

the anti-slaveryite advocate of God's moral law in the Senate. He was the wiry and husky-throated freshman senator from New York who opposed concession in 1850.

"Human rights"

the basic rights to which all people are entitled as human beings

emancipation

the fact or process of being set free from legal, social, or political restrictions; liberation.

Department of Energy

the federal department responsible for maintaining a national energy policy of the United States

Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA)

the federal regulatory compliance agency that develops, publishes, and enforces guidelines concerning safety in the workplace

Hudson River School

the first coherent school of American art - active from 1825 to 1870; painted wilderness landscapes of the Hudson River valley and surrounding New England

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

the first written constitution in American history written by Hartford settlers. It established a representative government consisting of legislature elected by popular vote and governor chosen by legislature.

H-bomb

the hydrogen bomb - a thermonuclear weapon much more powerful than the Atomic bomb

Domino Theory

the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control

Neutral rights

the right to sail the seas and not take sides in a war

Gross national product (GNP)

the total value of all goods and services produced by a country

Benjamin Harrison

the twenty-third President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893. He had previously served as a senator from Indiana. His administration is best known for a series of legislation including the McKinley Tariff and federal spending that reached one billion dollars. Democrats attacked the "Billion Dollar Congress" and defeated the GOP in the 1890 mid-term elections, as well as defeating Harrison's bid for reelection in 1892. He is to date the only president from Indiana.

Gen. John "Black Jack" Pershing

this man replaced Marshall Fock in commanding the US army and with him the war ended in 9 months/ nick-named because he commanded black soldiers/ he was an AEF

DNC Chicago

this was held in a hotel in Chicago where delegates voted down a peace resolution and seemed ready to nominate John's former vice, Hubert Humphrey, when protesters gathered for a rally outside. Police beat/arrested them to break up the crowd as the violence was caught on film. The Democrats still elected Humphrey

"Billion Dollar Congress"

under Benjamin Harrison, the Fifty-First Congress reached a spending milestone and was subsequently nicknamed this

non-importation agreements

understandings among colonists not to buy products from Britain. Resulted in British merchants complaining to the government and the repeal of certain Acts.

William McKinley (election of 1900)

up for renomination in Republican party; victory would be aided by having led U.S. to a victory in Spanish-American War, captured rich real estate, and established gold standard; took a backseat in campaigning; "Bryanism" paramount issue; triumphed with wider campaign than in 1896

McCarran Internal Security Bill (1950)

vetoed by Truman, authorized the president to arrest and detain suspicious people during an "internal security emergency"

Theodore Roosevelt

vice president under McKinley; "cowboy hero of San Juan Hill"; New York bosses wanted to send him away to Federal government because as Governor he was headstrong; toured the country with cowboys to campagin for election of 1900; raised to presidency 6 months into term- had wider knowledge of outside world than predecessors from travel

Greenback Labor Party

was an American political party with an anti-monopoly ideology that was active between 1874 and 1884. Sig) The party opposed the shift from paper money back to a bullion coin-based monetary system because it believed that privately owned banks and corporations would then reacquire the power to define the value of products and labor

Civil Rights Act of 1875

was supposed to guarantee equal accommodations in public and prohibit discrimination in the jury selection process. Much of it found to be unconstitutional in the Civil Rights Cases (1883), which said that the 14th amendment only says that governments can't violate civil rights, not that civil rights can't be denied by individuals.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

was the Kaiser of Germany at the time of the First World War reigning from 1888-1918. He pushed for a more aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with Britain. His actions added to the growing tensions in pre-1914 Europe.

"Energy crisis"

when Carter entered office inflation soared, due to toe the increases in energy prices by OPEC. In the summer of 1979, instability in the Middle East produced a major fuel shortage in the US, and OPEC announced a major price increase. Facing pressure to act, Carter retreated to Camp David, the presidential retreat in the Maryland Mountains. Ten days later, Carter emerged with a speech including a series of proposals for resolving the energy crisis.

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) (1972)

with U.S.S.R. prescribed mutual limitations on defensive and offensive weapons and established SALT as a continuing process.

John Hay

witty poet-novelist-diplomat who was Secretary of State under McKinley; sent out the Open Door note to all great powers in 1899; after Boxer Rebellion sent out another note stating that the great powers would embrace territorial integrity of China, as well as commerical integrity

"White flight"

working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs

Betty Freidan

wrote The Feminine Mystique credited with starting the second wave of woman's liberation movement, question domestic fulfillment, founded NOW

Casablanca Conference

A wartime conference held at Casablanca, Morocco that was attended by de Gaulle, Churchill, and FDR. The Allies demanded the unconditional surrender of the axis, agreed to aid the Soviets, agreed on the invasion Italy, and the joint leadership of the Free French by De Gaulle and Giraud.

National Women's Party/Alice Paul

A women's organization founded in 1916 that fought for women's rights during the early 20th century in the United States, particularly for the right to vote on the same terms as men. Alice Paul (1885-1977): Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking. Feminist

Frederick Douglasss

A writer, lawyer, and abolitionist, wrote many books on his experiences.

Helen Hunt Jackson

A writer. Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor. The book exposed the U.S. governments many broken promises to the Native Americans.

yellow-dog contracts

A written contract between employers and employees in which the employees sign an agreement that they will not join a union while working for the company.

Jack London

A young California writer and adventurer who portrayed the conflict between nature and civilization in his novels., A naturalists who achieved a degree of popular success with his adventure stories The Call of the Wild (1903) and The Sea Wolf (1904), celebrating the triumph of brute force and the will to survive.

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1964

Abolished the "national-origins" quota and doubled the number of immigrants allowed to enter annually. Allowed close family members to be excluded from the count. Immigration was largely from Asia and Latin America.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Abortion rights fall within the privacy implied in the 14th amendment

vertical integration

Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution.

horizontal integration

Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level.

Isolationism

Abstention from alliances and other international political and economic relations; American foreign policy

embargo Act

Act that forbade the export of goods from the U.S. in order to hurt the economies of the warring nations of France and Britain. The act slowed the economy of New England and the south. The act was seen as one of many precursors to war. Signed by Jefferson in 1807.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act (repeal)

Act that was a compromise between the western silver agitators and the eastern protectionists. The Westerners agreed to support a higher tariff and the protectionists, this bill. It ordered the Treasury to buy 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly.

Maryland Toleration Act

Act that was passed in Maryland that guaranteed toleration to all Christians, regardless of sect but not to those who did not believe in the divinity of Jesus. Though it did not sanction much tolerance, the act was the first seed that would sprout into the first amendment, granting religious freedom to all.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Administers the rules governing trade between its 144 members. Helps producers, importers, and exporters conduct their business and ensure that trade flows smoothly.

Articles of Confederation

Adopted in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, the Articles established the United States of America. The Articles granted limited powers to the central government, reserving most powers for the states. The result was a poorly defined national state that couldn't govern the country's finances or maintain stability. The Constitution replaced them in 1789

Saratoga

After Burgoyne had captured Fort Ticonderoga in July 1777 his troops ran into trouble and became exhausted, supplies ran short, etc. He then sent an expedition to Bennington to capture American supplies but a force of New England militia met them and defeated them. his men were surrounded near Saratoga by the Continental Army, he surrendered. This battle was the turning point of the war and convinced France to aid the American cause.

Great Rapprochment

After decades of occasionally "twisting the lion's tail," American diplomats began to cultivate close, cordial relations with Great Britain at the end of the nineteenth century- a relationship that would intensify further during World War I.

Battle of the Bulge

After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

John Kerry

After returning home from his tour of duty in Vietnam, this man testified to the U.S. Senate on behalf of the Vietnam Veterans Against the War in 1971. Democratic Massachusetts Senator who was defeated in the 2004 election against President George W. Bush.

National Defense and Education Act

After the Russian satellite "Sputnik" was successfully launched, there was a critical comparison of the Russian to the American education system. The American education system was already seen as too easygoing. So in 1958 Congress made the NDEA, authorizing $887 million in loans to needy college students and in grants for the purpose of improving the teaching of the sciences and languages.

Arab Oil Embargo (1974)

After the U.S. backed Israel in its war against Syria and Egypt, which had been trying to regain territory lost in the Six-Day War, the Arab nations imposed an oil embargo, which strictly limited oil in the U.S. and caused a crisis.

Fair Employment Practices Commission

Agency created by FDR during WWII to monitor compliance with his order that no defensive industry was to practice racial discrimination

Agriculture

Agriculture, especially corn growing, accounted for the size and sophistication of the Native American civilizations in Mexico and South America. About 5000 B.C. hunter-gatherers in highland Mexico developed a wild grass into the staple crop of corn, which became their staff of life and the foundation of the complex, large-scale, centralized Aztec and Incan nation-states that eventually emerged.

George S. Patton

Allied Commander of the Third Army. Was instrumental in winning the Battle of the Bulge. Considered one of the best military commanders in American history.

reservation system

Allotted land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the west, beginning in the 1850s and ending with the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Within these areas most land was used communally, rather than owned individually.

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

Allotted lands to various Indian tribes and extended protection through federal laws over the Indians. It was designed to encourage the breakup of the tribes and promote the assimilation of Indians into American Society

Meuse-Argonne offensive, 1918

Also called the Battle of the Argonne Forest. It was a part of the final Allied offensive of World War I that stretched along the entire western front. The whole offensive was planned by Marshall Ferdinand Foch to breach the Hindenburg line and ultimately force the opposing German forces to surrender. It was a 47 day battle whose objective was to cut German rail lines

Taft-Hartley Act (1947)

Also called the Labor Management Relations Act. This act was Congress' response to the abuse of power. Outlawed closed shops; prohibited unions' unfair labor practices, and forced unions to bargain in good faith.

Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies)

Also known as "Wobblies," a more radical labor organization that was against war. This radical union aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.

Proposition 13

Also known as the "tax revolt", it was a Californian ballot measure in 1978 that slashed property taxes and forced deep cuts in government services.

Tariff of 1890

Also known as the McKinley Tariff, protective, rate at 48.4%; contributed to Panic of 1893.

Bill of Rights

Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that the Bill of Rights would be created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny. The Bill of Rights, drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens.

"Wilmot Proviso"

Amendment that sought to prohibit slavery from territories acquired from Mexico. Introduced by Pennsylvania congressman David Wilmot, the failed amendment ratcheted up tensions between North and South over the issue of slavery; never became federal law, but it was eventually endorsed by the legislatures of all but one of the free states, and it came to symbolize the burning issue of slavery in the territories

16th Amendment

Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

Panama Canal Completion (1914)

America completed the Panama Canal at a cost of $400 million; French had failed, but America succeeded

Sierra Club

America's oldest and largest grassroots environmental organization founded in 1892 in San Fransisco, CA first President was John Muir group.

Vietnam moratorium (1969)

American "doves" and antiwar protestor were not satisfied with "vietnamization" and preferred a prompt withdral. Antiwar protesters did a Vietnam moratorium in October 1969 where 100,000 people went into the Boston Common and 50,000 people went by the white house with lighted candles.

White Citizens' Councils

American White Supremacy group with about 60,000 members mostly in the South, known for it's opposition to racial integration, involved protection of "European-American Heritage" from those of other ethnicities. Members used their economic and political power to intimidate African Americans who challenged segregation.

Maine (1898)

American battleship dispatched to keep a "friendly" watch over Cuba in early 1898. It mysteriously blew up in Havana harbor on February 15, 1898, with the loss of 260 sailors.

clipper ships

American boats, built during the 1840's in Boston that were sleek and fast but inefficient in carrying a lot of cargo or passengers. Unequaled in speed and were used for trade, especially for transporting perishable products from distant countries like China and between the eastern and western United States.

George Washington/ Washington's Ohio mission

American colonial militia leader sent to stop the French from building a fort in the Ohio River Valley. Was defeated by the French, but lived to fight another day in the American Revolution.

James Gadsden/Gadsten Purchase

American diplomat, politician, and railroad promoter who negotiated the Gadsden Purchase.

War Production Board

American factories produced an enormous amount of weaponry, such as guns and planes. The War Production Board halted the manufacture of nonessential items such as passenger cars. It assigned priorities for transportation and access to raw materials. Took America out of the Great Depression

Norman Schwarzkopf

American general during the Gulf War, known as "Stormin' Norman"; led Operation Desert Storm, part of his strategy to follow continuous bombing with a ground strike.

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship

John Foster Dulles

American politican principally known for serving as Eisenhower's Secretary of State. He drafted the "policy of boldness" designed to confront Soviet aagression with the threat of "massive retaliation" via thermonuclear weapons

Richard Henry Lee

American statesman from Virginia best known for the motion in the Second Continental Congress calling for the colonies' independence from Great Britain. He was a signatory to the Articles of Confederation and his famous resolution of June 1776 led to the United States Declaration of Independence, which Lee signed. He also served a one-year term as the President of the Continental Congress, and was a U.S. Senator from Virginia from 1789 to 1792, serving during part of that time as one of the first Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

An 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States.

Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)

An 1890 massacre left some 150 Native Americans dead, in what was the final clash between federal troops and the Sioux.

Elijah P. Lovejoy

An American Presbyterian minister, journalist, and newspaper editor who was murdered by a mob in Alton, Illinois for his abolitionist views.

Charles Lindbergh

An American aviator, engineer , and Pulitzer Prize winner. He was famous for flying solo across the Atlantic, paving the way for future aviational development.

Horace Greeley

An American editor of a leading newspaper, a founder of the Republican party, reformer and politician He helped support reform movements and anti-slavery efforts through his New York Tribune newspaper

John D. Rockefeller

An American industrialist and philanthropist who revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.

Samuel Morse

An American inventor who invented the telegraph in 1844. He late helped developed what is now known as the Morse Code.

Chester A. Arthur

An American politician who served as the 21st President of the United States. He was a member of the Republican Party and worked as a lawyer before becoming the 20th Vice President under James Garfield. While Garfield was mortally wounded by Charles J. Guiteau on July 2, 1881, he did not die until September 19 of that year, at which time he was sworn in as president, serving until March 4, 1885.

Lewis Hines

An American sociologist and photographer. Hine used his camera as a tool for social reform. His photographs were instrumental in changing the child labor laws in the United States

Geronimo

An Apache chief who fought encroachments in the Southwest for fifteen years but was captured in 1886.

"Cointelpro"

An FBI program begun in 1956 and continued until 1971 that sought to expose, disrupt, and discredit groups considered to be radical political organizations: Targeted antiwar groups during the Vietnam War.

Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell

An abolitionist, women's rights activist, and the first female doctor in the United States

Cross of Gold

An address given by Bryan, the Democratic presidential nominee during the national convention of the Democratic party, it criticized the gold standard and supported the coinage of silver.

Interstate Commerce Commission

An agency that sets the laws for all the companies that do business across state lines. Set up to regulate prices to keep them acceptable.

Treaty of Tordesillas

An agreement between Portugal and Spain which declared that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

fifteenth Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1870, prohibiting the restriction of voting rights "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

Proclamation of 1763

An announcement from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. Greatly angered the colonists.

My Lai massacre (1968)

An army unit led by Lieutenant William Calley massacred several hundred S. Vietnamese in My Lai Village. Mostly killed women and children. Became a symbol of the brutality and immorality of the war.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

An economic pact that combined the economies of the United States, Canada, and Mexico into one of the world's largest trading blocs.

Supply Side Economics

An economic philosophy that holds the sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government.

Booker T. Washington

An educator who urged blacks to better themselves through education and economic advancement, rather than by trying to attain equal rights. In 1881 he founded the first formal school for blacks, the Tuskegee Institute.

Haymarket Square episode

An episode in 1866 in which a dynamite bomb was thrown when Chicago police broke forth to a protest of workers; led to the downfall of the Knights.

Columbian Exchange

An exchange between the Old World, New World, and Africa. In this exchange the Old World gave the New World food, animals, and diseases. Africa gave the New World slaves. Lastly, the New World gave the Old World gold, silver, raw materials, and syphilis.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

An expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States, 1804-1806 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition traveled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast.

John C. Fremont & Bear Flag revolt

An explorer, soldier, and politician known as "the Great Pathfinder." In 1846, he assisted in the annexation of California by capturing insurgents, seizing the city of Sonoma, and declaring the independence of the "Bear Flag Republic."Became the first presidential candidate for the Republican party. A revolt of American settlers in California against Mexican rule. It ignited the Mexican War and ultimately made California a state.

Ku Klux Klan

An extremest group known for being anti-foreign and white supremacist. Most prevalent in the South and Midwest. Eventually became less popular as the group became more extreme and prone to violence. Financial scandals also contributed to the groups demise.

"republican motherhood"

An idea linked to republicanism that elevated the role of women. It gave them the prestigious role as the special keepers of the nation's conscience Its roots were from the idea that a citizen should be to his country as a mother is to her child.

natural rights

An idea that all humans are born with innate rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property.

"Baby boom"

An increase in population by almost 30 million people. This spurred a growth in suburbs and three to four children families.

Bessemer Process

An industrial process for making steel using a Bessemer converter to blast air through through molten iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities.

Mark Hanna

An industrialist and Republican politician from Ohio. The campaign manager of McKinley in the 1896, in what is considered the forerunner of the modern political campaign, and subsequently became one of the most powerful members of the U.S. Senate.

Albany Congress

An inter-colonial meeting in New York (located near Iroquois Indian Country). Delegates from only seven of the thirteen colonies came. The immediate purpose was to keep the Iroquois tribes loyal to the British in the unfolding war. Another purpose was to achieve greater colonial unity, and then strengthen the defense against the French. In relation, Ben Franklin published the most famous cartoon of the colonial era; and published it in his Pennsylvania Gazette. It showed separate colonies as parts of a disjointed snake, with the words "Join, or Die".

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

An international oil cartel dominated by an Arab majority, joined together to protect themselves.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

An international organization of 183 countries, established in 1947 with the goal of promoting cooperation and exchange between nations, and to aid the growth of international trade.

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

An organization founded in 1890 to demand the vote for women. During World War I, they supported the war effort and lauded women's role in the Allied victory, which helped to finally achieve nationwide woman suffrage in the Nineteenth Amendment (1920).

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

An uprising in China directed against foreign influence. It was suppressed by an international force of some eighteen thousand soldiers, including several thousand Americans. The Boxer Rebellion paved the way for the revolution of 1911, which led to the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912.

Stamp Act Congress, 1765

Angered over the Stamp Act, representatives of nine colonial assemblies met in New York City in October, 1765. The colonies agreed widely on the principles that Parliament could not tax anyone outside of Great Britain and could not deny anyone a fair trial, both of which had been dictates of the Stamp Act. The meeting marked a new level of colonial political organization and UNITY.

Bacon's Rebellion

Angry former indentured servants, mostly from West VA resented East planters. They were very poor, lacking wives, had little land, and were squatting in the west of the colony. They were lead by Nathaniel Bacon. They were angered by the lack of response to Indian attacks. They chased Berkeley out of town but when Bacon died Berkeley crushed the uprising.

Anne Hutchinson

Anne Hutchinson was a dissenter in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who caused a schism in the Puritan community. Eventually, Hutchinson's faction lost out in a power struggle for the governorship. She was expelled from the colony in 1673 and traveled southward with a number of her followers, establishing the settlement of Portsmouth, Rhode Island

Moscow-Washington "hot line"

Another barometer indicating a thaw in the Cold War was the installation (August 1963) of a Moscow-Washington "hot line," permitting immediate teletype communication in case of crisis

Slidell's Mission

Appointed minister to Mexico in 1845, John Slidell went to Mexico to pay for disputed Texas and California land. But the Mexican government was still angry about the annexation of Texas and refused to talk to him.

Cotton Kingdom

Areas in the south where cotton farming developed because of the high demand for cotton, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas (partly Florida)

Sandra Day O'Connor

Arizona state senator from 1969 to 1974, appointed to the Arizona Court of Appeals in 1979. Reagan appointed her to the U.S. Supreme Court, making her the first female Justice of the Supreme Court.

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

Article X of the League of Nations

Article X of the League of Nations Covenant in the Treaty of Versailles bound signatories to protect the political independence and territorial integrity of all member nations. It provoked the most opposition to ratification of the treaty in the U.S. Senate.

Mississippi Valley Drought (Dust Bowl) of 1930

As if man-made disasters were not enough, a terrible drought scorched the Mississippi Valley in 1930. Thousands of farms were sold at auction for taxes, though in some cases kind neighbors would intimidate prospective buyers, bid one cent, and return the property to its original owner. Farm tenancy or rental—a species of peonage—was spreading at an alarming rate among both whites and blacks.

German occupation zones

At the war's end, Germany had been seperated into four military occupation zones, each assigned to one of the Big Four powers. These were the bases for the formation of two seperate countries in 1949, when the British, French, and American zones became West Germany, and the Soviet zone became East Germany.

Robert Dole

Attorney and retired United States Senator from Kansas (1969-1996) longest serving Republican leader. Was the 1996 presidential nominee for the Republican party but lost to Bill Clinton. (Gerald Ford's VP running mate in 1976 election).

Tonkin Gulf Incident/ Resolution

August of 1964, United States President Lyndon B. Johnson said that North Vietnamese forces had twice attacked American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin. Although there was a first attack, claims of a second attack were later said to be exaggerated or unfounded. Known today as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, this led to the open involvement of the United States in the Vietnam War, with the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.

Austrian Archduke Maximilian

Austrian Archduke who was appointed to Emperor of Mexico. Napoleon III abandoned him in 1867 and Mexico was once again independent. French viceroy appointed by Napoleon III of France to lead the new government set up in mexico. After the civil war, the U.S. invaded and he was executed, a demonstration of the enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine to European powers

Josiah Strong

Author of "Our Country", on Anglo-Saxon superiority; a popular American minister in the late 1800s who linked Anglo-Saxonism to Christian missionary ideas.

Bland Allison Act (1878)

Authorized coinage of a limited number of silver dollars and "silver certificate" paper money. First of several government subsidies to silver producers in depression periods. Required government to buy between $2 and $4 million worth of silver. Created a partial dual coinage system referred to as "limping bimetallism."

Income Tax

Authorized income taxes in their present form, ratified on February 3, 1913. The amendment states that the Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.

Aldrich-Vreeland Act (1908)

Authorized national banks to issue emergency currency, lead path to Federal Reserve Act 1913.

Trade Expansion Act

Authorized tariff cuts of up to 50% to promote trade with European Economic Community countries. Led to trade expansion with Europe.

Ballinger-Pinchot affair (1910)

Ballinger, who was the Secretary of Interior, opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska against Roosevelt's conservation policies. Pinchot, who was the Chief of Forestry, supported former President Roosevelt and demanded that Taft dismiss Ballinger. Taft, who supported Ballinger, dismissed Pinchot on the basis of insubordination. This divided the Republican Party.

J. P. Morgan

Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was paid back. Was one of the "robber barons"

McCain-Feingold Act

Banned soft money, increased amount of individual contributions and limited issue ads.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee in 1968.

Antietam

Battle in Maryland that ended Lee's first invasion of the North. Known for being the bloodiest day in the war, and led to the Emancipation Proclamation

Frances E. Willard

Became leader of the WCTU. She worked to educate people about the evils of alcohol. She urged laws banning the sale of liquor. Also worked to outlaw saloons as step towards strengthening democracy.

Committee/Congress of Industrial Organizations

Began as a group of unskilled workers who organized themselves into effective unions. As their popularity grew they came known for the revolutionary idea of the "sit down strike", their efforts lead to the passage of the Fair Labor Standard Act and the organization continued to thrive under the New Deal

Insular Cases (1901-1904)

Beginning in 1901, a badly divided Supreme Court decreed in these cases that the Constitution did not follow the flag. In other words, Puerto Ricans and Filipinos would not necessarily enjoy all American rights.

International Economy

Beginning in the 1920's and continuing to the present day, the U.S. has become a mass consumer economy with heavy machinery and automobile corporations. The "information age" developed, and technology has become and industry in itself. Communication to businessmen became much quicker and also made business transactions in different areas of the world much easier. The U.S. has become more and more involved with foreign trade as technology and communication has advanced.

self-determination

Belief that people in a territory should have the ability to choose their own government.

"Black Legend"

Belief that the Spanish only killed, tortured, and stole in the Americas while doing nothing good

START II

Bilateral treaty between the United States of America and Russia on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms. It was signed by United States President George H. W. Bush and Russian President Boris Yeltsin and made both parties commit to reducing their nuclear stockpiles by two-thirds over a time-span of 10 years

H. Ross Perot

Billionaire Texas businessman, best remembered for running for President in 1992 and 1996 under Independent Party banner.

Pork-Barrel Bills

Bills which would benefit a legislator's local constituency

Weapons of mass destruction (WMD)

Biological, chemical, or nuclear weapons that can cause a massive number of deaths in a single use.

Malcolm X (Little)

Black militant, radical minister, and spokesman for the Nation of Islam until 1964. Having eschewed his family name "Little," he preached of doctrine of no compromise with white society. He was assassinated in New York City in 1965

"Bully" Brooks & Charles Sumner clash

Bludgeons Charles Sumner with a cane. SC's congressman. Later reelected. No 2/3rds to kick him out. People send him gifts (gold-tipped cane). Country is started to divide.

Oklahoma City Bombing

Bombing of Murrah Federal Building. The blast, set off by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, killed 168 people, including 19 children in the building's day-care center.

Boston Tea party, 1773

Boston protest in which crates of tea were dumped in Boston Harbor. Approximately 50 young men dressed as Mohawk Indians boarded British ships and dumped the cargo into Boston Harbor.

Edward Braddock

British commander during the French and Indian War; attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755; was defeated, by the French and the Indians and mortally wounded.

primogeniture

British law and custom where the firstborn son inherits the family's entire estate. it led many younger sons of gentry to seek their fortunes in exploration and colonization

Lusitania

British passenger liner that was torpedoed and sank off the coast of Ireland on May 7, 1915, with the loss of 1,198 lives, including 128 Americans. The Lusitania was carrying forty-two hundred cases of small-arms ammunition, a fact the Germans used to justify the sinking. But Americans were swept by a wave of shock and anger at this act of "mass murder" and "piracy." The eastern United States, closer to the war, seethed with talk of fighting, but the rest of the country showed a strong distaste for hostilities.

impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

Charles Cornwallis

British soldier and statesman. In 1780, during the American Revolution, he was appointed British commander in the American South. He defeated Horatio Gates at Camden, S.C., then marched into Virginia and encamped at Yorktown (see Siege of Yorktown). Trapped and besieged there, he was forced to surrender his army (1781), a defeat that effectively ended military operations in the war.

Alaska pipeline

Built in 1975 along the pipeline to Valdez, it was an above-ground pipe 4 feet in diameter used to pump oil from the vast oil fields of northern Alaska to the tanker station in Valdez Bay where the oil was put aboard ships for transport to refineries in the continental U.S..

"Commodore" Cornelius Vanderbilt

Built the New York Central Railroad System. Offering superior railway service at lower rates, he amassed a fortune of $100 million.

J.P. Morgan

Business man , refinanced railroads during depression of 1893 , built intersystem alliance by buying stock in competeing railroads, and marketed US governemnt securities on large scale

Robert S. McNamara

Businessman turned secretary of defense from 1961-1968, he was the author of the "flexible response" doctrine, which created a variety of military options and avoided a stark choice between nuclear warfare and none at all. As defense secretary, he was the chief architect of the Vietnam War.

buying on margin

Buying stocks and borrowing money from a bank or broker; if the money way not paid back, the bank would foreclose on possessions; everyday people could buy stock; led to stock market crash because of over extension

Fidel Castro/ Bay of Pigs invasion

CIA plot in 1961 to overthrow Fidel Castro by training Cuban exiles to invade and supporting them with American air power; the mission failed and became a public relations disaster early in JFK's presidency

Great Compromise (Connecticut)

Called for a two-house Congress in which both types of representation would be applied. At the Constitutional Congress, larger states wanted to follow the Virginia Plan and smaller states wanted to follow the New Jersey Plan. The convention compromised by creating the House and the Senate, and using both of the two separate plans as the method for electing members of each.

The "elect"

Calvinistic belief that this is the group of souls who God selected to be predetermined for Heaven.

Cambodian bombings

Cambodian bombings were continuing despite the fact that Nixon stated that Cambodian Neutrality was being respected. The secret bombings in Cambodia were to help a rightist Cambodian Government. The secret bombings won the disapproval of the people. Nixon agreed to a compromise to stop the bombings in six weeks and get congressional approval for any future action in Cambodia

"flappers"

Carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.

Pony Express

Carried mail speedily the two-thousand lonely miles from St. Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California. Daring, lightweight riders, leaping onto wiry ponies saddled at stations approximately ten miles apart, could make the trip in an amazing ten days.

Organization of Petroleum Producing Countries

Cartel compromising Middle Eastern states and Venezuela first organized in 1960, it aimed to control access to and prices of oil, wresting power from Western oil companies and investors. In the process, it gradually strengthened the hand of non-Western powers on the world stage

Brezhnev and SALT II negotiations (1979)

Carter and Brezhev met in Vienna to sign the SALT agreements which were meant limit the number of lethal strategic weapons in both U.S. and Russia. U.S. conservatives were against the agreement and suspicious against Russia. The conservative stance was strengthened against the agreements when it was discovered that there was a Soviet "combat brigade" in Cuba.

Return of Panama Canal

Carter proposed two treaties that would give ownership and control of the Panama Canal back to Panamanians by the year 2000. The return of the Panama Canal was one of Carter's accomplishments in foreign policy.

Afghanistan invasion and Olympic boycott

Carter: Soviets invade dec 27,1979. wests worse fears. boycott to react to soviets invasion. proposed "rapid deployment force" in response. foreign policy

Father Coughlin

Catholic priest who used his popular radio program to criticize the New Deal; he grew increasingly anti-Roosevelt and anti-Semitic until the Catholic Church pulled him off the air.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations

Hawley-Smoot Tariff, 1930

Charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation., The highest import tax in history, raised the duty to almost 60%. Since the tariff was so high that European producers loose the American market so they put a high tariff up in their countries. Americans were producing so much that they need to trade but the new European tariffs were hurting them. Ultimately it destroyed the trading network with Europe.

separation of powers/checks and balances

Checks and Balances "is the principle of government under which separate branches are employed to prevent actions by the other branches and are induced to share power." The framers of the constitution for the U.S. saw the policy of checks and balances necessary for the government to run smoothly. Third principle has prevented anyone Branch from taking over the government and making all the decisions.(Having a dictatorship.)

Dredd Scott Decision/Roger Taney

Chief Justice Roger Taney led a pro-slavery Supreme Court to uphold the extreme southern position on slavery; his ruling held that Scott was not a citizen (nor were any African Americans), that slavery was protected by the Fifth Amendment and could expand into all territories, and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.

Warren E. Burger

Chief Justice that replaced Earl Warren in 1969. The Burger Court was supposed to reverse the liberal rulings of the Warren court, but it produced the most controversial judicial decision in Roe v. Wade which legalized abortion

Jiang Jieshi

Chinese nationalist leader that was against Mao; supported by the US; loss to Mao, so he and his followers fled to Taiwan

Yugoslavia

Civil war broke out in Yugoslavia. As the Communist regime fell, Yugoslavia was divided up into Serbia, Bosnia-Hergezovenia, Macedonia, Croatia and Slovenia. Fighting soon broke out inside these areas, as Serbs attempted to gain control of the entire territory. The Serbs instituted a policy of "ethnic" cleansing, whose goal was to force non-Serbs out of all areas that the Serbs conquered.

New Deal (end of)

Civilian Conservation Corps, the Works Progress Administration, and the National Youth Administration were dissolved. President Roosevelt declared in 1943 that the New Deal reform era was over.

Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis

Close cooperation between Italy and Germany, and soon Japan joined. Resulted from Hitler who had supported Ethiopia and Italy. He overcame Mussolini's lingering doubts about the Nazis.

Cohens v. Virgina

Cohens found guilty of selling illegal lottery tickets and convicted, but taken to supreme court, and Marshall asserted right of Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme court decisions.

land-grant colleges

Colleges and universities created from allocations of public land through the Morrell Act of 1862 and the Hatch Act of 1887. These grants helped fuel the boom in higher education in the late nineteenth century; many of today's public universities derive from these grants.

Indentured Servitude

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Jamestown

Colony in Virginia, The first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony. The settlement became part of the Joint Stock Virginia Company of London in 1620. Grew to be a prosperous shipping port

Intolerable ("coercive/ repressive") Acts, 1774

Combination of laws, meant to punish the colonists after the 1773 Boston Tea Party. Most notably, closed Boston Harbor until all tea was paid for and stripped the Massachusetts colonial government of power. Nearly all government positions were now to be appointed by the Royal Governor. Seen by American colonists as a blueprint for a British plan to deny the Americans representative government. They were the impetus for the convening of the First Continental Congress in 1774.

Captain William J. Fetterman

Commanded 81 soldiers and civilians who were constructing the Bozeman Trail to the Montana goldfields and were ambushed by Crazy Horse; leaving no survivors.

Viet Kong Guerrillas

Communist guerrilla force that, with the support of the North Vietnamese Army, fought against South Vietnam (late 1950s-1975) and the United States (early 1960s-1973)

Joint Stock Company

Companies made up of group of investors who bought the right to establish plantations from the king

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)

Concluded with Britain and stated that America did not have legal rights to dig a canal in Latin America; Britain consented to change the policy since they had no friends in Europe and in the middle of Boer War

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

Confederacy of independent states of the former Soviet Union that have united because of their common economic and administrative needs.

Stonewall Jackson

Confederate general whose men stopped Union assault during the Battle of Bull Run

Slave Trade Compromise

Congress could not regulate or outlaw slavery or slave trade until 1808. After that, slaves could not be imported, but could be traded internally.

U.N. "police action"

Congress supported the use of U.S. troops in the Korean crisis but failed to declare war, accepting Truman's characterization of U.S. intervention as this term.

Security and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Congressional commission created in 1934 to administer the Securites Act requiring full financial disclosure by companies wishing to sell stock, and to prevent the unfair manipulation of stock exchanges

Radical Republicans

Congressional group that wished to punish the South for its secession from the Union; pushed for measures that gave economic and political rights to newly freed blacks in the South and that made it difficult for former Confederate states to rejoin the Union.

Hetch Hetchy Valley

Conservationists lost a major battle in 1913 when the federal government allowed San Francisco to build a dam in this area for its water supply. John Muir called this area in Yosemite a "temple" of nature before it was dammed.

Newt Gingrich

Conservative Georgia representative who led the Republican seizure of the political opportunity due to Clinton's failed initiatives. House minority leader under Clinton; proposed "Contract w/America" list of promises to American people; promised lower taxes and smaller government; becomes the Speaker of the House, . He led the "Contract with America". Disputes with Clinton resulted in resignation 1998 and considered one of the most unpopular political leaders in America.

Robert Bork

Conservative nominated for the Supreme Court in 1987 by President Reagan. People for the American Way launched a national advertising campaign telling people to contact the Senate and ask them to reject his nomination and, ultimately, the Democrat-controlled Senate DID vote him down. This illustrates effective propaganda: People for the American Way manipulated the public opinion so the Senate would reject his nomination.

Hurricane Katrina

Considered to be the one crisis of the Bush administrations second term and in is inefficiency to deal with the crisis. It destroyed 80% of New Orleans and more than 1300 people died, while the damages were $150 billion.

Alien and Sedition Laws

Contains four parts: 1) Raised the residence requirement for American citizenship from 5 to 14 years. 2) Alien Act - Gave the President the power in peacetime to order any alien out of the country. 3) Alien Enemies Act - permitted the President in wartime to jail aliens when he wanted to. (No arrests made under the Alien Act or the Alien Enemies Act.) 4) The Sedition Act - Key clause provided fines and jail penalties for anyone guilty of sedition. Was to remain in effect until the next Presidential inauguration.

Guantanamo Detention Camp

Controversial prison facility constructed after the US led invasion of Afghanistan in 2001. Located on territory occupied by the US military, but not technically part of the United States, the facility serves as an extra-legal holding area for suspected terrorists.

First Continental Congress, 1774

Convened to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.

Calvin Coolidge

Coolidge replaced the corrupt Harding, restoring honesty to the presidency. He was a pro-business president, and continued the laissez-faire policies of Harding. This allowed for short-term prosperity from 1923-1929. He also accelerated tax cuts and wanted to keep tariffs in place.

corn/maize

Corn was one of the most important crops grown by Native American peoples in Mexico and South America. Early Native American people even worshipped a corn god. The growth of corn in the Americas helped shape the shift of people from nomadic hunting bands to settled agricultural villagers. Corn had a huge impact on Pueblo culture as well.

Tweed Ring/ Boss Tweed

Corrupt New York City political machine led by "Boss" Tweed, that used tactics such as bribery, graft, and fradulent elections; in 1871, the New York Times published evidence of Tweed's corruption and illegal activities, leading to his arrest and conviction.

Ward's Cove Packing v. Antonia

Court made it more difficult to prove that an employer practiced racial discrimination in hiring.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created a policy for administering the Northwestern Territories; it included a path to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories. The primary effect of this was the creation of the Northwest Territory as the first organized territory of the United States out of the region south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi River.

War Industries Board, 1918

Created in July 1917, the War Industries Board controlled raw materials, production, prices, and labor relations It was intended to restore economic order and to make sure the United States was producing enough at home and abroad.

Martin Van Buren

Created the system of party government. claimed that political parties were necessary to "check" the government from abusing its power. created the first political machine. denounced the American System and opposed the Whigs. (Jackson's successor)

Veterans Bureau. 1921

Created to operate hospitals and provide vocational rehabilitation for the disabled. Promised each veteran an insurance policy in 20 years, called the "Bonus Bill" or "Adjusted Compensation Act". Charles B. Forbes headed it. Many scandals involved but set a basis for veteran's hospitals built later.

"No taxation without representation"

Cry used by the colonists to protest the Stamp Act of 1765. The colonists declared they had no one directly representing them in Parliament, so Parliament had no right to tax them.

insurrectos

Cuban insurgents who sought freedom from colonial Spanish rule.

Jacob A. Riis

Danish immigrant reporter for the New York Sun who shocked middle class Americans with his account "How the Other Half Lives", a damning indictment of the poverty of the New York slums that profoundly influenced New York City police commissioner, Theodore Roosevelt.

Joseph R. ("Joe") Biden

Delaware Senator who Obama chose as his running mate; long-time member and former chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee.

Federal (government) system

Delegates at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 agreed that the United States should have a federal system of government with both independent state governments and a national government with limited powers to handle matters of common interest.

Anti-imperialism

Democraric platform; said that Lincoln freed the slaves, but capturing the Philippines put 7 million aliens in slavery again

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.

Franklin Roosevelt

Democratic candidate who won the 1932 election by a landslide. He refused to uphold any of Hoover's policies with the intent on enacting his own. He pledged a present a "New Deal" (its specific meaning ambiguous at the time to the American people) to the American public.

Clement Vallandigham

Denounced war, imprisoned, banished to South and then returns to Ohio illegally. An anti-war democrat who criticized Lincoln as a dictator, called him "King Abraham". He was arrested and exiled to the South. Prominent copperhead who was an ex-congressman from Ohio, demanded an end to the war, and was banished to the confederacy

VA loans

Department of veterans affairs, assists veterans in financing the purchase of homes, farms, and small businesses with little to no down payment at market interest rate.

Henry Ford

Developed the mass-produced Model-T car, which sold at an affordable price. It pioneered the use of the assembly line. Also greatly increased his workers wages and instituted many modern concepts of regular work hours and job benefits.

British blockade of Germany

Did not allow Germany to trade with America, although they rightfully could in the Neutrality Proclamation; the British blocked major German seaports with mines and warships to cease trade between America and Germany

"Reverse discrimination"

Discrimination against the majority group -- think Bakke

Peter Stuyvesant

Disliked Dutch governor of New Netherlands, leads to Dutch surrender to the English. Prohibits sale of guns and alcohol to Indians.

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." (responsible for the Missouri Compromise). Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. However, he died before it was passed

Irreconcilables (Borah and Johnson)

During World War I, senators William Borah of Idaho and Hiram Johnson of California, led a group of people who were against the United States joining the League of Nations. Also known as "the Battalion of Death". They were extreme isolationists and were totally against the U.S. joining the League of Nations.

Gen. Douglas MacArthur

During the Korean War, he was commander of Allied Forces in the South Pacific during World War II and of UN forces in Korea. He lead the American, British, and South Korean forces. MacArthur fought up until the Yalu River by the Chinese border. Truman told him to only use Korean forces in case China got involved. However MacArthur did not follow orders and sent US, British and Korean forces to fight. The Chinese responded heavily and the troops were pushed back to the 38th parallel. Truman was extremely upset and dismissed MacArthur. Some believe that MacArthur was the reason that the US failed to "liberate" North Korea. Also MacArthur, while back in the states, was always publicly dismissing Truman's ideas. At one point he was even going to run for president.

slave codes

Early 18th century laws limited the rights of Blacks, gave almost absolute authority to white masters, color was the only factor in determining if someone subject to slave codes

Hunter gatherers

Early societies that existed not by farming but by moving from place to place and gathering food as they went

Panic of 1837

Economic downturn. When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

Edgar Allen Poe

Edgar Allan Poe lived from 1809-1849 and was cursed with hunger, cold, poverty, and debt. He was orphaned as a child and when he married his fourteen year old wife, she died of tuberculosis. He wrote books that deal with the ghostly and ghastly, such as "The Fall of the House of Usher." (pg. 345)

Eisenhower Doctrine

Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East.

Native Americans

Eisenhower sought to cancel the tribal preservation policies of the "Indian New Deal," in place since 1934 . He proposed to "terminate" the tribes as legal entities and to revert to the assimilationist goals of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. A few tribes, notably the Klamaths of Oregon, were induced to terminate themselves. In return for cash payments, the Klamaths relinquished all claims on their land and agreed to their legal dissolution as a tribe. But most Indians resisted termination, and the policy was abandoned in 1961.

"Elasticity" of the currency

Elastic currency is currency the volume of which would be regulated automatically by the demands of business. In order to attain that end it would be necessary to authorize the issue of circulating notes by banks under such conditions as would make it profitable to the banks to increase the volume of their oustanding notes in times of trade activity and large demand for money and make it expensive for them to maintain a large volume of outstanding circulation in times of business depression and stagnation in the money markets. Various propositions to provide for such a currency have been advanced, all based on the theory of note issues secured, at least in part, by the general assets of the banks instead of by a deposit of bonds and regulated by a graduated tax on the amount of circulation issued, the high tax being expected to discourage excessive issues, except at times when the need for more money is marked and imperative and when its absence would result in stringency and abnormal interest rates , thus discouraging enterprise and restricting business. There was a plan at one time for an elastic currency based on bond s. It was proposed that the government should issue bonds which might at will be converted by the holders into currency and which might be reissued by the government for currency. The bonds were to bear interest only while outstanding. It was assumed that when money was in excessive supply the bonds would be held in preference to currency, while on the other hand, when the supply of currency was inadequate the deficiency could readily be made up by converting bonds into currency. The bonds were to be sold by the government for gold which was to be held as a special fund so that when bonds were turned back to the government the currency exchanged for them would be secured by the gold received for the bonds. Two objections to the plan were raised and caused it to be abandoned. One objection was that the proceeds of the bonds would not be available for the general purposes of the government. The other objection was that the plan made the government responsible for the regulation of the money market and imposed an additional tax on the people to the extent of the interest paid on the bonds.

Rock and Roll/ Elvis Presley

Elvis created a new musical idiom known forever after as rock and roll. Rock was "crossover" music, carrying its heavy beat and driving rhythms across the cultural divide that separated black and white musical traditions. Listening and dancing to it became a kind of religious rite for the millions of baby boomers coming of age in the 1950s.

Fugitive Slave Law

Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, which irritated the South to no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.hu

Employment Act (1946)

Enacted by Truman, it committed the federal government to ensuring economic growth and established the Council of Economic Advisors to confer with the president and formulate policies for maintaining employment, production, and purchasing power

Pendleton Act of 1883

Enacted civil service reform, said the Civil Service Exam must be taken in order to recieve most government jobs (highest scores got the jobs), banned federal employees from giving campaign money to their party

Homestead Act (1862)

Encouraged westward settlement by allowing heads of families to buy 160 acres of land for a small fee ($10-30); settlers were required to develop and remain on the land for five years.

Sir Walter Raleigh

English explorer who established England's first American colony in 1585. This settlement was off the coast of North Carolina, on Roanoke Island.

Charles Darwin

English naturalist and scientist whose theory of evolution through natural selection was first published in "On The Origin of the Species" in 1859.

John Smith

English soldier, sailor, and author. He is remembered for his role in establishing the first permanent English settlement in North America at Jamestown, Virginia, and his brief association with the Native American girl Pocahontas during an altercation with the Powhatan Confederacy and her father, Chief Powhatan. He was a leader of the Virginia Colony (based at Jamestown) between 1607 and 1609, and led an exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay.

Roger Williams

English theologian, a notable proponent of religious toleration and the separation of church and state, and an advocate for fair dealings with Native Americans. In 1644, he received a charter creating the colony of Rhode Island, named for the principal island in Narragansett Bay. He is credited for originating either the first or second Baptist church established in America.

Ernest Hemingway

Ernest Hemingway, who had seen action on the Italian front in 1917, was among the writers most affected by the war. He responded to pernicious propaganda and the overblown appeal to patriotism by devising his own lean, word-sparing but wordperfect style. In The Sun Also Rises (1926), he told of disillusioned, spiritually numb American expatriates in Europe. In A Farewell to Arms (1929), he crafted one of the finest novels in any language about the war experience. A troubled soul, he finally blew out his brains with a shotgun blast in 1961.

red scare

Erupted in the early 1920's. The American public was fearful that communism would spread in the US. Liberal minded individuals and groups were often suspected. This fear helped businessman regain influence with government and the public in general, and was used to limit the growth of unions and labor strikes.

Espionage Act (1917) and Sedition Act (1918)

Espionage Act: Law which punished people for aiding the enemy or refusing military duty during World War I. Sedition Act: Added to Espionage Act, this act deemed "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the American form of government, the Constitution, the flag, or the armed forces as criminal and worthy of prosecution-- the reason why Eugene V. Debs was imprisoned.

Lord Baltimore

Established Maryland as a haven for Catholics. He unsuccessfully tried to reconstitute the English manorial system in the colonies and gave vast tracts of land to Catholic relatives, a policy that soon created tensions between the seaboard Catholic establishment and back-country Protestant planters

Wagner Act

Established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining,process by which a union representing a group of workers negotiates with management for a contract,, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.

Congress Committee on Conduct of War

Established by Congress during the Civil War to oversee military affairs. Largely under the control of Radical Republicans, the committee agitated for a more vigorous war effort and actively pressed Lincoln on the issue of emancipation.

National Labor Union

Established by William Sylvis in 1866, the NLU wanted 8 hour work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor; attempted to unite all laborers.

National Aeronautical Space Administration

Established by the National Aeronautics and Space Act on July 29, 1958, replacing its predecessor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). The agency became operational on October 1, 1958.

Fletcher v. Peck

Established firmer protection for private property and asserted the right of the supreme court to invalidate state laws in conflict with the federal constitution.

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission), monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states, created to regulate railroad prices.

Federal Trade Commission Act

Established to preserve competition by preventing unfair business practices and investigate complaints against companies.

African-American voters

Even though the New Deal was far from favoring blacks (segregation was still prominent within many of its programs) a majority of African American voters for the first time shifted away from the Republican party to the Democratic party as Roosevelt's spending programs gave them some relief from the depression and the republicans had done little to nothing to repay them for their previous support.

Sand Creek Massacre (1864)

Event at which Colonel John Chivington and his troops attacked and destroyed a village of friendly Cheyenne and Arapaho encamped in southeastern Colorado Territory; killed over 150 inhabitants, about two-thirds of whom were women and children.

Lee Harvey Oswald

Ex-Marine and communist and communist sympathizer who assassinated JFK in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. He was murdered two days later as he was being transferred from one jail to another

"King Cotton"

Expression used by Southern authors and orators before the Civil War to indicate the economic dominance of the Southern cotton industry, and that the North needed the South's cotton. In a speech to the Senate in 1858, James Hammond declared, "You daren't make war against cotton! ...Cotton is king!".

J. Edgar Hoover

FBI director who urged HUAC to hold public hearings on communist subversion to find communist sympathizers and fellow travelers to isolate them and their influence. FBI sends agents to infiltrate groups suspected of subversion and wiretap telephones

Atlantic Charter

FDR and Chuchill meeting that stated that condemned aggression, affirmed national self-determination, and endorsed the principles of collective security and disarmament.

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations with Latin America by using economic influence rather than military force in the region

McNary Haugen Bill (not passed), 1924

Farm proposal of the 1920's, passed by Congress but vetoed by president Coolidge, that provided for the federal government to buy farm surpluses and sell them abroad.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

Francisco Franco

Fascist dictator of Spain that led the Nationalists to victory in the Spanish Civil War in the 1930s and controlled Spain's government for nearly 40 years.

Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)

Federal funds for children in families that fall below state standards of need. In 1996, Congress abolished AFDC, the largest federal cash transfer program, and replaced it with the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant

Interstate Highway Act

Federal legislation signed by Dwight D. Eisenhower to construct thousands of miles of modern highways in the name of national defense. Officially called the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act, this bill dramatically increased the move to the suburbs, as white middle-class people could more easily commute to urban jobs

Federalists & Anti-Federalists

Federalists was political group who believed in a strong and powerful central government/executive branch. They were influential during Washington's presidency and taught America how to walk. Initiated political party system with the Republicans. Anti-Federalists were mostly commoners who were afraid of strong central government and being taken advantage of. They included Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams.

Philippine Independence (July 4, 1946)

Filipinos fought hard for their liberty; refused Americanization

Trusts

Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies.

Korean War

First "hot war" of the Cold war. The Korean War began in 1950 when the Soviet-backed North Koreans invaded South Korea before meeting a counter-offensive by UN Forces, dominated by the United States. The war ended in stalemate in 1953

Comstock Lode

First discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada.

Sugar Act, 1764 (The American Revenue Act of 1764)

First law ever passed by Parliament for raising revenue from the colonies. Increased the duty (tax) on foreign-produced sugar. was eventually reduced, but set the stage for the stamp tax uproar.

Teheran Conference

First major meeting between the Big Three (United States, Britain, Russia) at which they planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war

Security Council

Five permanent members( US, UK, France, China, USSR) with veto power in the UN. Promised to carry out UN decisions with their own forces.

Platt Amendment (1901)

Following its military occupation, the United States successfully pressured the Cuban government to write this modification into its constitution. It limited Cuba's treaty-making abilities, controlled its debt, and stipulated that the United States could intervene militarily to restore order when it saw fit.

Japanese occupation

Following its own Imperialist dreams, Japan began its own militarized occupation of Vietnam in 1940. The Japanese kept both the French and the figurehead Vietnamese emperor in place-- essentially a double puppet government. Eventually surrender to Vietminh.

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Title IX (1972)

Forbids gender discrimination in federally subsidized education programs

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Compromise of 1850

Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession

James Buchanan Duke

Formed the American Tobacco Company and controlled 90% of the cigarette market.

Dwight Eisenhower

Former U.S General who led the Allied forces in D-Day during WWII who was the Republican candidate for president in the election of 1952. As president, he filled his cabinet with successful corporate executives and was criticized for ignoring some important issues. In domestic policies, he described his approach as "modern Republicanism."

Berlin Wall

Fortified and guarded barrier between East and West Berlin erected on orders from Soviet Permier Nikita Khrushchev in 1961 to stop the flow of people to the West; until its destruction in 1989, the wall was a vivid symbol of the divide between the communist and capitalist worlds

the Alamo

Fortress in Texas where four hundred American volunteers were slain by Santa Anna in 1836. "Remember the Alamo" became a battle cry in support of Texan independence.

Mormons

Founded by Joseph Smith Unpopular because of their polygamy, they moved to Missouri, then to Nauvoo, Illinois. They were then led to the Great Salt Lake by Brigham young after Smith was killed.

progressive education

Founded by a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" named John Dewey, which formed the foundation of progressive education. Dewey believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."

Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Founded in 1874, this organization advocated for the prohibition of alcohol, using women's supposedly greater purity and morality as a rallying point.

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Founded in 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Jane Addams

Founder of Settlement House Movement; first American woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.

Gustavus Swift/Philip Armour

Founders of the American meat-packing industry. Targeted in Upton Sinclair's muckraker novel, The Jungle, due to the absence of federal inspections resulting in tainted meat and eventually the passing of the Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906.

Big Four

Four heads of state at Versailles. David Lloyd George of Great Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and Woodrow Wilson of the USA

Allied Powers

France, Britain, and Russia, and later Japan and Italy.

Election of 1852

Franklin Pierce (Democrat) vs Winfield Scott (Whig); Pierce won landslide

Denmark Vesey

Free slave in South Carolina; a mulatto who inspired a group of slaves to seize Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, but one of them betrayed him and he and his thirty-seven followers were hanged before the revolt started.

Jesuit Missionaries

French Catholics who tried ferociously to convert the Indians to Christianity. Their efforts scorned, suffered tortures at the hands of the Indians. They made few permanent converts, but they played a vital role as explores and geographers.

Huguenots

French Protestants. The Edict of Nantes (1598) freed them from persecution in France, but when that was revoked in the late 1700s, thousands fled to other countries, including North America.

New France/ Quebec

French colony in North America, founded in 1608. Lost to the British in 1763.

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)

Charles De Gaulle

French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970)

Napoleon Bonaparte

French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)

Acadians

French residents of Nova Scotia, many of whom were uprooted by the British in 1755 and scattered as far south as Louisiana, where their descendants became known as "Cajuns"

Robert de La Salle

Frenchman who explored the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico in 1682. He claimed the region for France and named it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV.

Marquis de Lafayette

Frenchman who was made a major general in the colonial army at the age of 19; the "French Gamecock"; his services were invaluable in securing further aid from France.

Potsdom Conference

From July 17 to August 2, 1945, President Harry S Truman met with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and British leaders Winston Churchill and later Clement Attlee (when the Labour party defeated Churchill's Conservative party) near Berlin to deliver an ultimatum to Japan: surrender or be destroyed.

Fundamentalism & Modernism

Fundamentalism: movement that pushed that the teachings of Darwin were destroying faith in God and the Bible. It consisted of the old-time religionists who didn't want to conform to modern science. Modernism: A cultural movement during the early 1900's, people went against traditional ideals, promoted technology and the forms of expression that were different and unique to the current time.

Treaty of Greenville

Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. 1795 Allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added size and very fertile land to America.

Hay- Pauncefote Treaty (1901)

Gave America exclusive rights to build a canal in South America and fortify it

Pinckney Treaty

Gave America what they demanded from the Spanish: Free navigation of the Mississippi, large area north of Florida. (helped America to have unexpected diplomatic success) Jay Treaty helped prompt the Spanish to deal with the port of New Orleans.

War Powers Act (1973)

Gave any president the power to go to war under certain circumstances, but required that he could only do so for 90 days before being required to officially bring the matter before Congress.

John J. Pershing

General John J. ("Black Jack") Pershing, a grimfaced and ramrod-erect veteran of the Cuban and Philippine campaigns, was ordered to break up the bandit band. His hastily organized force of several thousand mounted troops penetrated deep into rugged Mexico with surprising speed. As the threat of war with Germany loomed larger, the invading army was withdrawn in January 1917.

Zachary Taylor

General that was a military leader in Mexican-American War and 12th president of the United States. Was a Whig. Sent by president Polk to lead the American Army against Mexico at Rio Grande, but defeated. Died in 1850

General George B. McClellan

General who was given command of the Army of the Potomac. A brilliant, thirty-four year old West Pointer. He was a superb organizer and drillmaster, and he injected splendid morale into the Army of the Potomac. He consistently believed that the enemy outnumbered him. He was overcautious and he addressed the president in an arrogant tone. He fought against General Robert E. Lee in the Seven Days' Battle.

Election of 1988

George Bush (winner) vs. Michael Dukakis. Bush was elected on the strength of his association with Reagan, seeming poised to confirm the ascendancy of his predecessor's conservative values.

George McGovern

George Stanley McGovern, Ph.D (born July 19, 1922) is a former United States Representative, Senator, and Democratic presidential nominee. McGovern lost the 1972 presidential election in a landslide to incumbent Richard Nixon. McGovern was most noted for his opposition to the Vietnam War. He is currently serving as the United Nations global ambassador on hunger.

Carl Schurz

German immigrant who fought for political freedom in his home country, and against slavery and unfair treatment of the Native Americans in America. nineteenth-century. He thought he knew everything about America until he got here and found out there was no freedom at all because there wasn't any freedom of speech. After 10 years in America, Lincoln then names him american minister to Spain, then serves as a general in the union army, newspaper correspondent, an editor, a U.S senator from Missouri, and the secretary of the interior.

U-boats

German submarines used in World War I

German-Americans

German-Americans numbered over 8 million, counting those with at least one parent foreignborn, out of a total population of 100 million. On the whole they proved to be dependably loyal to the United States. Yet rumormongers were quick to spread tales of spying and sabotage; even trifling epidemics of diarrhea were blamed on German agents. A few German-Americans were tarred, feathered, and beaten; in one extreme case a German Socialist in Illinois was lynched by a drunken mob.

Berlin airlift (1948-1949)

Germany as divided into four zones after World War I, city of Berlin was divided into 2 zones East Germany and east Berlin- under control of the USSR West Germany and west Berlin- under control of France, Britain, and the US What happens- USSR cuts of land routes to west Berlin in order to force out US, France and Britain Us response- fly supplies non-stop to West Berlin until the Russians back down and reopen land to West Berlin

Four "G's"

God, Gold, Glory, and Gateway

British East India Company

Government supported joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies after the Dutch. Granted a Monopoly of American Tea Business.

DeWitt Clinton

Governor of New York who started the Erie canal project. His leadership helped complete the canal, which boosted the economy greatly by cutting time traveled from west New York to the Hudson.

Appomattox

Grant's large army pursued Lee's in VA & engaged in series of running fights; Union forces blocked Lee's retreat at a town called Appomattox Court House; APRIL 9 = Grant & Lee met in a private home: Lee's troops outnumbered >2:1, Lee surrendered, remaining Confederate forces surrender soon afterward

Workman's Compensation Act (1916)

Granted assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability--act restricting child labor invalidated by the Supreme Court.

Al Capone

Grasping and murderous booze distributor. He was known as "Scarface". From Chicago. In 1925, he began six years of gang warfare that netted him millions of blood-splattered dollars; branded "Public Enemy Number One"; could not be convicted of the cold-blooded massacre, on St. Valentine's Day in 1929, of seven disarmed members of a rival gang; after serving most of an eleven year sentence in a federal penitentiary for income-tax evasion, he was released as a syphilitic wreck

Alexander Hamilton

Great political leader; youngest and brightest of Federalists; "father of the National Debt"; from New York; became a major general; military genius; Secretary of Treasury; lived from 1755-1804; became Secretary of the Treasury under George Washington in 1789; established plan for economy that went in to affect in 1790 including a tariff that passed in 1789, the assumption of state debts which went into affect in 1790, and excise on different products (including whiskey) in 1791, and a plan for a national bank which was approved in 1791; plan to take care of the national debt.

Brain Trusts

Group of academic advisers that FDR gathered to assist him during the 1932 presidential campaign. These men would quickly help FDR develop an economic plan whose programs became the backbone of the New Deal: regulation of bank and stock activity, large scale relief and public works programs for people living in both urban and rural areas. In their first one hundred days in office, the Brains Trust helped Roosevelt enact fifteen major laws

Utopian Societies

Group of small societies that appeared during the 1800s in an effort to reform American society and create a "perfect" environment (Ex. Shakers, Oneidas, Brook Farm, etc.).

Coxey's Army

Group of unemployed workers led by Jacob Coxey who marched from Ohio to Washington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for government relief.

Committees of Correspondence

Groups organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams. Served as a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. Provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament.

Social Security Act

Guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65. Set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Alexander Hamilton

Hamilton emerged as a major political figure during the debate over the Constitution, as the outspoken leader of the Federalists and one of the authors of the Federalist Papers. Later, as secretary of treasury under Washington, Alexander Hamilton spearheaded the government's Federalist initiatives, most notably through the creation of the Bank of the United States.

Teapot Dome Scandal

Harding Administration scandal in which Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall profited from secret leasing to private oil companies of government oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California.

Uncle Tom's Cabin (Harriet Beecher Stowe)

Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery. It heightened Northern support for abolition and escalated the sectional conflict.

Impeachment of Johnson

He intentionally violates Tenure Act because it was set up to get him impeached by firing Secretary of War Edwin Stantin, at the Trial his lawyer says his only crime is opposing Congress, 12 Democrats and 7 Republicans vote him "not guilty", so he escaped impeachment by one vote

Benjamin Franklin

He owned a successful printing and publishing company in Philadelphia. He conducted studies of electricity, invented bifocal glasses, the lighting rod, and the stove. He was a important diplomat and statesman and eventually signed the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States.

James G. Blaine

He served as Secretary of State in two administrations and envisioned America to expand its influence in Latin America.

Joseph Pulitzer

He used yellow journalism in competition with Hearst to sell more newspapers. He also achieved the goal of becoming a leading national figure of the Democratic Party.

Richard Olney

He was Secretary of State under Cleveland and warned England that grave consequences would follow if England did not allow arbitration in the Venezuelan boundary dispute.

Dean Acheson

He was Secretary of State under Harry Truman. It is said that he was more responsible for the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine than those that the two were named for.

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

Dupuy de Lôme

He was a Spanish minister in Washington. He wrote a private letter to a friend concerning President McKinley and how he lacked good faith. He was forced to resign when Hearst discovered and published the letter. This publishing helped to spark the Spanish-American War.

Richard M. Nixon

He was a committee member of the House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American Activities (to investigate "subversion"). He tried to catch Alger Hiss who was accused of being a communist agent in the 1930's. This brought Nixon to the attention of the American public. In 1956 he was Eisenhower's Vice-President.

George Whitefield

He was a great preacher who had recently been an alehouse attendant. Everyone in the colonies loved to hear him preach of love and forgiveness because he had a different style of preaching. This led to new missionary work in the Americas in converting Indians and Africans to Christianity, as well as lessening the importance of the old clergy.

Eli Whitney

He was a mechanical genius that graduated from Yale.While in Georgia he was told that the South would make a lot of money if someone could invent a machine to separate the seed from cotton. In 1793, within ten days of being told this, Whitney had constructed a rough machine fifty times more effective than the handpicking process.

John Dewey

He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."

Citizen Genet

He was a representative of the French Republic who came to America in order to recruit Americans to help fight in the French Revolution. He landed in Charleston SC around 1793 after the outbreak of war between France and Britain. The actions were exposing the new vulnerable government. It also showed how the government was maturing.

Frederick Jackson Turner

He was an American historian in the early 20th century. He is best known for The Significance of the Frontier in American History, where he stated that the spirit and success of the United States is directly tied to the country's westward expansion.

Strom Thurmond

He was an American politician who served as governor of South Carolina and as a United States Senator. He also ran for the presidency of the United States in 1948 under the segregationist States Rights Democratic Party banner.

Jonathan Edwards

He was an American theologian and Congregational clergyman, whose sermons stirred the religious revival, called the Great Awakening. He is known for his " Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God " sermon.

Michael Dukakis

He was governor of Massachusetts and George Bush's Democratic opponent in the election of 1988.

Sen. Sam Ervin

He was head of the Senate committee that conducted a long and televised series of hearings in 1973 to 1974.

Alfred E. Smith

He was the Democratic presidential candidate in the 1928 election. He was the first Catholic to be elected as a candidate. Had too many "problems" to win against Hoover. The "Happy Warrior" who attracted votes in the cities but lost them in the South (because he was Catholic and against prohibition). He was a four-time governor of NY.

John Hay

He was the Secretary of State in 1899; dispatched the Open Door Notes to keep the countries that had spheres of influence in China from taking over China and closing the doors on trade between China and the U.S.

Hiram Revels

He was the first African-American senator, elected in 1870 to the Mississippi seat previously occupied by Jefferson Davis. Born to free black parents in North Carolina, he worked as a minister throughout the South before entering politics. After serving for just one year, he returned to Mississippi to head a college for African American males.

Walter Mondale

He was the vice president of Carter and when he won the democratic nomination he was defeated by a landslide by Reagan. He was the first presidential candidate to have a woman vice president, Geraldine Ferraro.

John F. Kennedy

He won the 1960 presidential election against Nixon. During his presidency, he sent the Green Beret (Marines) to Vietnam and he helped develop the Peace Corps. His foreign policy was Flexible Response and his domestic program was the New Frontier. He appointed his brother, Robert Kennedy as Attorney General

Ray Stannard Baker

He worked with Tarbell and Steffans at McClure's. Best known for his work "Railroads on Trial". He was the first prominent journalist to write on race relations in the South- "The Clashes of the Races in a Southern City." He believed that social justice required journalism of "righteous indignation."

Nathaniel Hawthorne

He wrote the Scarlet Letter in 1850. This was his masterpiece. He also wrote The Marble Faun. Many of his works had early American themes. The Scarlet Letter is about a woman who commits adultery in a Puritan village. Hawthorn's upbringing was heavily influenced by his puritan ancestors.

Herbert Croly

He wrote the The Promise of American Life (1909) where he called for an activist fed government of the kind Alexander Hamilton had advocated in the 1790s but one that would serve all citizens, not merely the capitalist class.

Eugene V. Debs

Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike. He was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America. Debs ran for president five times between 1900 and 1920. In 1920, he campaigned from prison where he was being held for opposition to American involvement in World War I

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Gifford Pinchot

Head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them

Headright System

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

Germans

Heavy-accented Germans constituted about 6 percent of the total population, or 150,000, by 1775. Fleeing religious persecution, economic oppression, and the ravages of war, they had flocked to America in the early 1700s and had settled chiefly in Pennsylvania.

World's Columbian Exposition

Held in Chicago, Americans saw this World's Fair as their opportunity to claim a place among the world's most "civilized" societies, by which they meant the countries of western Europe. The Fair honored art, architecture, and science.

Henry David Thoreau

Henry David Thoreau was a famous American transcendentalist who turned to the environment for inspiration. Thoreau built a cabin at Walden Pond and lived there alone for two years. In 1854 Thoreau published his book, Walden, which was about his time spent living in isolation and his different feelings on society.

Lewinsky affair

High profile scandal involving Clinton's sexual relationship with a young White House intern; although he repeatedly lied about the affair, he eventually was forced to admit to his relationship, leading the House Republicans to pass two articles of impeachment on the basis of perjury and obstruction of justice; after midterm elections reduced the House Republicans' majority and public opinion swayed in favor of keeping Clinton in office, he was found not guilty.

Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy

Him, along with Nixon, led the hunt for Communists in Washington

Nixon's "southern strategy"

His attempt to woo conservative white voters from the democratic party by promising not to support new civil rights legislation.

Hoover "Good Neighbor" policy

Hoover's attempt to abandon the US intervention policy in Latin America. He removed troops from Latin American countries and made a goodwill tour of LA, both of which greatly improved US relations with these countries.

Walt Whitman

Humanist and poet who helped to start the transition between transcendentalism and realism. Wrote "Leaves of Grass," which was highly controversial due to its overt sexual themes

IBM

IBM, International Business Machines, was part of the historic shift to a mass consumer economy after World War II, and symbolized another momentous transformation to the fast-paced "Information Age."

Graft

Illegal use of political influence for personal gain

new immigrants

Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who formed a recognizable wave of immigration from the 1880s until 1924, in contrast to the immigrants from western Europe who had come before them. These new immigrants congregated in the ethnic urban neighborhoods, where they worried many native-born Americans, some of whom responded with nativist anti-immigrant campaigns and others of whom introduced urban reforms to help the immigrants assimilate.

Dartmouth v. Woodward

In 1810, this further expanded the meaning of the contract clause of the Constitution. After the Republicans gained control of the New Hampshire government, they tried to revise the Dartmouth College charter, to make it a public school instead of private. Daniel Webster defended the college, he argued that the charter was in fact a contract that was protected by the same doctrine that the court had already upheld in Fletcher v. Peck. The Court ruled for Dartmouth, proclaiming the corporation charters such as the one the colonial legislature had granted the college were contracts and this inavidable. This decision placed important restrictions on the ability of state governments to control corporations.

Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire

In 1911 the tragic fire killed 146 people, mostly women because the owner kept the stairway doors locked to prevent theft, following stricter building acts and factory codes, and worker insurance.

League of Nations

In 1919, after the war, Wilson proposed it in the 14th point of his peace plan. He envisioned it as an Assembly with seats for all nations and a special council for the great powers. The US voted not to join the League because in doing so, it would have taken away our self-determination, and Congress could not decide whether to go to war or not.

Equal Rights Amendment

In 1923, the National Women's Party campaigned for the equal rights of women in the work place. It was never passed.

October Stock Crash of 1929

In 1929, the stock market crashed and caused a world wide Depression. As early as March the stock market had mini-crashes, signaling something was seriously wrong. In October 1929, on Black Friday it crashed. The Thursday before 12 mil. stocks had changed hands. The full devastation was not fully realized until the following Tuesday.

Hermann Goering

In 1936 he headed a Nazi Four-Year Plan to prepare the German economy for a war. He sought economic self-sufficiency , or AUTARKY, and emphasized the production of armaments over goods for civilians. Goering's slogan was "guns not butter."

Baruch Plan

In 1946, Bernard Baruch presented an American plan to control and eventually outlaw nuclear weapons. The plan called for United Nations control of nuclear weapons in three stages before the United States gave up its stockpile. Soviet insistence on immediate nuclear disarmament without inspection doomed the Baruch Plan and led to a nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union.

"Levittown"

In 1947, William Levitt used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in surburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. Levittown became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII.

James Meridith

In 1962 became the first black American to attend the Univesity of Mississippi after beign blocked several times by segregationist politicians. An icon of the Civil Rights Movement, Meredith receded from public view following his brace steps toward educational integration

Vietnam pullout

In 1973 the U.S. withdrew the 27,000 troops and would reclaim 560 prisoners of war and South Vietnam would receive limited amount of U.S. support. North Vietnam would have troops in South Vietnam and an election was used to determine the future government of South Vietnam.

Martin v. Wilks

In 1974, the Jefferson County, Alabama Personnel Board signed a consent decree that required them to hire and promote African-American firefighters. The accused, a white fireman, took issue with the agreement, claiming that he and other white firefighters (who were not parties to the original consent decrees signed in 1974) were more qualified than some of the black firefighters receiving promotions. The Supreme Court of the United States upheld the appeal of the white firefighters in a 5-4 decision on the issue of whether the white firefighters have a constitutional right to challenge the previously established decrees

Family Leave Bill

In 1993, Congress passed this to mandate job protection for working fathers as well as mothers who needed to take time off work for family-related reasons.

Boston Massacre, 1770

In March 1770, a crowd of colonists protested against British customs agents and the presence of British troops in Boston. Violence flared and five colonists were killed.

"Kamikazes"

In World War II, Japanese pilots who loaded their aircraft with bombs and crashed them into enemy ships

Lincoln's Inaugural Address 1860

In his inaugural address, Lincoln said that there would be no conflict unless the South provoked it; he said that secession was impractical, this was true because the Mississippi River and the Appalachians ran the wrong way to make secession possible

Writ of Habeas Corpus Art. I Section IX paragraph 2

In law, an order requiring that a prisoner be brought before a court at a specified time and place in order to determine the legality of the imprisonment. Civil liberty that was suspended by Lincoln in defiance of the Constitution and Supreme Court's chief justice. This was done so that anti-Unionists could be summarily arrested.

Women Christian Temperance Union

In response to the increase in drinking imported by New Immigrants, this society was formed in 1874 to fight against alcohol consumption, using women's supposedly greater purity and morality as a rallying point.

Cultural nationalism

In the 1980's new social issues came up as conservatives fought new-right activists. During this time, many Americans with different cultural backgrounds (like the Japanese, Chinese, etc.) began to seek rights like the African-Americans had in the 1960's. They often fought such things as unfair laws and segregation.

Contract with America

In the 1994 congressional elections, Congressman Newt Gingrich had Republican candidates sign a document in which they pledged their support for such things as a balanced budget amendment, term limits for members of Congress, and a middle-class tax cut.

Post-war South

In the war's aftermath, Southerners experienced collapsed property values, damaged railroads, and agricultural hardships. The elite planters were faced with overwhelming economic adversity perpetuated by a lack of laborers for their fields. However, it was the newly freed slaves in the former Confederate states that faced the greatest challenge: what to do with their new found freedom.

Ghost Dance Cult

Indian cult formed in reaction to the banning of the Sun Dance ritual. When it spread to the Dakota Sioux, it was stopped in 1890 at the Battle of Wounded Knee. The tribes believed that the shirts and spirits of their ancestors would protect them and save their land.

Gen. Victoriano Huerta

Indian revolutionary president of Mexico; collapsed in July 1914 under pressure from Argentina, Brazil, and Chile; succeeded by Venustiano Carranza

Robert C. Weaver/ HUD

Influential Black economist, he served in the Department of the Interior and was Secretary of Housing and Urban Affairs under Lyndon B. Johnson, becoming the first Black Cabinet official in the U.S.

Office of Price Administration

Instituted in 1942, this agency was in charge of stabilizing prices and rents and preventing speculation, profiteering, hoarding and price administration. The OPA froze wages and prices and initiated a rationing program for items such as gas, oil, butter, meat, sugar, coffee and shoes in order to support the war effort and prevent inflation.

IBRD (World Bank)

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (1944); Established as part of the Bretton Woods system. Created to finance reconstruction after WWII. Since 1950s it has let money to lesser developed countries to finance development projects and humanitarian needs.

Suez Crisis

International crisis launched when Egyptian President Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, which had been owned mostly by French and British stockholders. This crisis failed without aid from the United States and marked an important turning point in the post-colonial Middle East and highlighted the rising importance of oil in world affairs

London Economic Conference

International economic conference called by League of Nations. When proposals were made to stabilize currencies, Roosevelt withdrew his support. Conference ended without any agreement.

Kyoto Treaty

International treaty to acknowledge that human induced climate change exists and the developed world must reduce greenhouse gasses, signed 1997.

Dingley Tariff Act (1897)

Introduced by U.S. Representative Nelson Dingley, Jr., of Maine, raised tariffs in United States to counteract the Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act of 1894, which had lowered rates.

Alexander Graham Bell

Inventor of the telephone.

Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini

Iranian religious leader of the Shiites

Ancient Order of Hibernians

Irish Catholic Fraternal Organization that required members to be Catholic and either Irish born or of Irish descent. Its purpose was to act as guards to protect Catholic Churches from anti-Catholic forces in the mid 19th century, and to assist Irish Catholic immigrants, especially those who faced discrimination or harsh coal mining working conditions.

Cyrus McCormick

Irish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. The reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker. The invention helped the agricultural growth of America.

Neutrality Proclamation

Issued by George Washington, established isolationist policy, proclaimed government's official neutrality in widening European conflicts also warned American citizens about intervening on either side of conflict.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Lincoln as a way to broaden the goals of the war and achieve a moral victory, but through its principles it freed absolutely no slaves on the day it was given; changed the purpose of the war and caused Europeans to withdraw from supporting south

Specie Circular

Issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

It outlawed literacy tests and sent federal voter registrars into several southern states.

Seaman's Act

It required decent treatment and a living wage on American merchant ships. One unhappy result of this well intentioned law was the crippling of America's merchant marine, as freight rates spiraled upward with the crew's wages. It gave relief to sailors who were treated brutally from cat-o'-nine-tails days onward.

Food Administration/Herbert Hoover

It was a government organization created to stir up a patriotic spirit which encouraged people to voluntarily sacrifice some of their own goods for the war. It helped the war effort by helping create a food surplus to feed America and its allies. Herbert Hoover: He was the head of the Food Administration who also led a charity drive to feed Belgians. He ensured the success of the Food Administration and created a surplus of food through volunteer actions.

October War (1973)

It was a war between the Arabs and Israel. Its motive was for the Arabs to regain the territory lost to Israel in the Six-Day War. Kissinger went to Moscow to restrain the Soviets while Nixon placed America's nuclear forces on alert and gave the Israelis $2 billion dollars worth of war supplies. This helped the Israelis and brought a cease fire.

Hamilton's Economic Plan

It was created by Alexander Hamilton to stabilized the American economy. It consisted of federal assumption of all debts, including state and federal debts. Along with this, he proposed the chartering of the U.S. bank to help restore American credit.

Reconstruction Finance Corp. 1932

It was designed to provide indirect assistance to insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and even hard-pressed state and local governments. Under this plan, to preserve individualism, no loans were made to individuals. It granted over 2 billion dollars to the local and state governments. It was charted under the Herbert Hoover administration.

Committee on Public Information (George Creel)

It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

Maine boundary dispute (Aroostook war)

It was over the Maine boundary dispute. The British wanted to build a road from Halifax to Quebec. It ran through land already claimed by Maine. Fights started on both sides and they both got their local militia. It could have been a war, but it never proceeded that far.

Articles of impeachment

It was passed by the House Judiciary Committee and its key vote came in July 1974 when Nixon was accused of obstruction of justice with Watergate. Other articles talked of Nixon's abuse as president and his contempt for congress.

Marco Polo

Italian adventurer who returned to Europe in 1295 and told tales of his 20 year trip to China; spurred others to look for a route to the East

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Italian immigrant anarchists convicted of murdering a Massachusetts paymaster and his guard in 1921. They were supported by Liberals and Radicals. The case lasted 6 years and resulted in their execution based on arguable weak evidence. Rampant xenophobia in America contributed to their fate.

United States Steel Corp.

J. P. Morgan and attorney Elbert H. Gary founded U.S. Steel in 1901 by combining Carnegie's Carnegie Steel Company with Gary's Federal Steel Company and Moore's National Steel Company for $492 million. At one time, U.S. Steel was the largest steel producer and largest corporation in the world. U.S. Steel maintained the labor policies of Andrew Carnegie, which called for low wages and opposition to unionization. The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers union that represented workers at the Homestead, Pennsylvania plant was, for many years, broken after a violent strike in 1892. Limited clashed over contract negotiations in what has become known as The Homestead Strike.

"common man"

Jackson felt that government should be run by common people - a democracy based on self-sufficient middle class with ideas formed by liberal education and a free press. All white men could now vote, and the increased voting rights allowed Jackson to be elected.

Revolution of 1828

Jackson's election showed shift of political power to "the common man" (1828), when the government changed hands from quincy adams to jackson

Election of 1856

James Buchanan won election with all southern state votes except Maryland.

Election of 1844 & James Polk

James K. Polk - Democrat. Henry Clay - Whig. James G. Birney - Liberty Party. Issues that the candidates had to talk about: The annexation of Texas and the reoccupation of Oregon, and tariff reform. Manifest Destiny Issues: The annexation of Texas and the reoccupation of Oregon. Tariff reform.

Battle of New Orleans

January 8, 1815; Final major battle of the War of 1812; Major General Andrew Jackson and his American Forces defeated an invading British Army intent on seizing New Orleans and the vast territory America had acquired in the Louisiana Purchase

Japanese immigration

Japan did not allow citizens to emigrate until 1884 when many worked on sugar plantations of Hawaii; recruited to work in California where they performed the most dangerous jobs; barred from citizenship and faced racism

Jefferson Davis

Jefferson Davis was the President of the Southern Confederate States from 1860 to 1865 after their succession from the Union. During this time, Davis struggled to form a solid government for the states to be governed by. Jefferson Davis worked hard with solidating the civil government and carrying out military operations.

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. Jefferson's goals for his revolution were to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule.

John Brown at Pottawatomie

John Brown and his sons slaughtered five men as a response to the election fraud in Lawrence and the caning of Sumner in Congress

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty

North Korean attack (1950)

June 25, 1950, spearheaded by Soviet-made tanks, North Korean army columns rumbled across the 38th parallel. The South Korean forces were shoved back southward to a dangerously tiny defensive area around Pusan, their backs were to the sea.

NYC Draft Riots

Just after the Battle at Gettysburg. Mobs of Irish working-class men and women roamed the streets for four days until federal troops suppressed them. They loathed the idea of being drafted to fight a war on behalf of slaves who, once freed, would compete with them for jobs. The riot lynched several African Americans and burned down black homes, businesses, and even an orphanage. It was the bloodiest riot in American history. Only the arrival of the federal troops halted the violence

Schenck v. United States, 1919

Justice Holmes' claim that Congress could restrict speech if the words "are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create and clear and present danger" when Schenck was convicted for mailing pamphlets urging potential army inductees to resist conscription.