APUSH CH.22

A. Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."

Liberty Cabbage

During World War I, the German product Sauerkraut, due to concerns the American public would reject a product with a German name, was relabeled "Liberty cabbage" by American sauerkraut makers for the duration of the war. This showed the American pushback against Germany and German culture.

Zimmerman Telegram

German Arthur Zimmerman sent a telegram to the German minister in Mexico City telling him to promise the Mexican President German help if Mexico went to war with the U.S. the telegram was intercepted and decoded by the British, shocked the American public. along with the return of previous territories

U-Boat

German lethal submarines used in unrestricted submarine warfare, first submarines used

Selective Service Act (1917)

This 1917 law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. By the end of WWI, 24.2 had registered; 2.8 had been inducted into the army. Age limit was later changed to 18 to 45.

War Industries Board

This government agency oversaw the production of all American factories. It determined priorities, allocated raw materials, and fixed prices; it told manufacturers what they could and could not produce. headed by Bernard Baruch

Committee on Public Information

It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

Reservationists

Members of the Senate who were ready to ratify the Treaty of Versailles with modifications; the group is often divided into the "mild" Reservationists, who wanted only minor changes, and the "strong" Reservationists, who favored the significant changes advocated by Henry Cabot Lodge.

Schenck v. U.S. (1919)

Oliver Wendell Holmes; clear and present danger test; shouting "fire" in a crowded theater; limits on speech, esp. in wartime.

Great Flu Pandemic of 1918

The 1918 flu pandemic (the Spanish Flu) was an unusually severe and deadly influenza pandemic that spread across the world. Historical and epidemiological data are inadequate to identify the geographic origin. Added to the already high death toll numbers of WWI. Most care came from the red cross

Red Scare

(HT) , Most instense outbreak of national alarm, began in 1919. Success of communists in Russia, American radicals embracing communism followed by a series of mail bombings frightened Americans. Attorney General A. MItchell Palmer led effort to deport aliens without due processs, with widespread support. Did not last long . Sacco/Vanzetti trial demonstrated anti-foreign feeling in 20's.

War Labor Board

(WLB) settled disputes between business and labor without strikes so that production would not be interrupted and morale would be high

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

(crown prince) heir to Austrian throne from 1896: assassinated on June 28, 1914 during good-will mission in Sarajevo, Bosnia (Aus-Hung) by Serbians, sparking WWI: caused Germany and other Austro Allies to declare war on Serbia and its allies

Wilsonianism

(or Internationalism) is the belief that America's national security requires involvement and sometimes diplomatic or military alliances overseas.

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Fourteen Points

A peace program presented to the U.S. Congress by President Woodrow Wilson in January 1918. It called for the evacuation of German-occupied lands, the drawing of borders and the settling of territorial disputes by the self-determination of the affected populations, and the founding of an association of nations to preserve the peace and guarantee their territorial integrity. It was rejected by Germany, but it made Wilson the moral leader of the Allies in the last year of World War I.

Liberty Bonds

A war bond that was sold in the United States to support the allied cause in World War I. Subscribing to the bonds became a symbol of patriotic duty in the United States and introduced the idea of financial securities to many citizens for the first time.

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Sarajevo

Administrative center of the Bosnian province of Austrian Empire; assassination there of Arch-duke Ferdinand in 1914 started World War I

Marcus Garvey

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Sussex Pledge

After the Lusitania sunk Woodrow Wilson threatens to end diplomatic relations with Germany, than Germany promises not to sink more merchant vessels without warning, did anyway

Triple Entente

Alliance among Britain, Russia, and France at the outset of the 20th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I.

Triple Alliance

Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I.

Doughboys

American reinforcements. 31,000 are transferred in March 1918 to France. Initially Wilson doesn't want them to fight until trained better, but the Ludendorff offensive changes this.

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

An organization created in the 20s designed to protect the individual constitutional rights of all Americans. Controversial groups protected by the ACLU include the KKK, Sacco & Vanzetti, socialists, radical African-Americans, etc.

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

Anti-redism. Convicted 1921 of murder of Mass. paymaster and his guard. Jury and judge prejudiced because defendants were Italian, atheists, anarchist, draft dodgers, etc. Electrocuted 6 years later

Abrams v. U.S. (1919)

USSC declares that all of the Espionnage Act's amendments were constitutional. "Bad Tendancy", made it a criminal offense to urge cutback of production of materials necessary to the war against Germany with intent to hinder the progress of the war

Espionage Act (1917)

United States federal law passed shortly after entering World War I, on June 15, 1917, which made it a crime for a person to convey information with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies. The legislation was passed at the urging of President Woodrow Wilson, who feared any widespread dissent in time of war, thinking that it constituted a real threat to an American victory.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

When Germans announced resumption of unrestricted submarine, US broke off diplomatic ties, and later declared war on Germany

Central Powers

World War I alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies

Sedition Act (1918)

added to Espionage Act to cover "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the American form of government, the Constitution, the flag, or the armed forces.

Women's Peace Party

formed at a 1915 Washington D.C. conference by women like Jane Addams who believed that progressive social reforms would help eliminate the economic causes of war.

Big Four

four most important leaders, and members of Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson- USA, David Lloyd George- UK, George Clemenceau- France, and Vittorio Orlando- Italy.

War Revenue Act (1917)

greatly increased federal income tax rates while simultaneously lowering exemptions.

Bernard Baruch

headed the War Industries Board which placed the control of industries into the hands of the federal government. an example of War Socialism.

War-Guilt clause

in treaty of Versailles; declared germany and austria responsible for WWI; ordered Germany to pay reparation to Allied powers, another example of germans cause for WWII

Chicago Race Riots

major racial conflict in Chicago, included arson looting and murder, Irish immigrants thought that incomers would take their jobs, especially asians because they would work for a lower pay

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Article 10

part of the League of Nations that said that if any nation was attacked, the other countries in the treaty would defend them; the US did not join the League of Nations because of it

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans, very harmful to the germans, led to WWII

Jeannette Rankin (MT)

was the first woman in the United States Congress, elected in Montana in 1916 and again in 1940. A lifelong pacifist, she was one of fifty members of Congress who voted against entry into World War I in 1917, and the only member of Congress who voted against declaring war on Japan after the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941