APUSH CHAP 14 LEARNING CURVE

How did Abraham Lincoln view secession?

As an illegal act that constituted an insurrection against the Union -- In his inaugural address, Lincoln called secession an illegal, insurrectionist act.

How did Senator John C. Crittenden think that his compromise plan would solve the secession crisis of 1861?

By allowing the extension of slavery but limiting its spread, it had something for both the South and North -- Crittenden sought to extend the line of the Missouri Compromise to the California border, thus simultaneously giving southerners access to more land open to slavery while reassuring northerners that the spread of slavery would be limited.

How did African Americans precipitate the adoption of the policy of emancipation?

By slaves escaping across Union lines -- Slaves forced the issue of emancipation by escaping to Union lines. Although Abraham Lincoln eventually adopted the military necessity argument--and many in the North had moral objections to slavery--of wanting to punish the South, these ideas became more popular after escaped slaves forced the issue.

Which announcement by Abraham Lincoln freed the slaves in the rebellious states and gave the war a moral and political purpose?

Emancipation Proclamation -- Lincoln gave the war a moral and political purpose when, on September 22, 1862, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation and freed the slaves in the rebellious states.

What was the primary reason Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in September 1862?

He believed that ending slavery in the North would undermine England's support of the Confederacy. -- He believed that ending slavery in the North would undermine England's support of the Confederacy.

Why did Abraham Lincoln reject General Winfield Scott's plan for the war early in 1861?

He found it to be not aggressive enough --- Scott's plan called for strangling the South with economic sanctions and a naval blockade, which Lincoln did not believe was aggressive enough to end the war quickly.

What was a result of General Ulysses S. Grant's campaign in Virginia in the spring and summer of 1864?

It caused severe casualties for both armies but did not end the war -- Grant's campaign caused huge casualties on both sides, but Lee's army managed to continue fighting. Despite taking heavier casualties than the Confederates, Grant's army continued with the campaign, and Lincoln refused to stop Grant.

What was the significance of the assault on Fort Wagner by the 54th Massachusetts Infantry?

It convinced Union officers of the value of black soldiers -- The 54th Massachusetts Infantry under Colonel Robert Gould Shaw was an all-black unit with white officers. Their assault on Fort Wagner was costly and a failure, but the bravery of the troops was recognized by Union leaders.

Why was Maryland a strategic location that Abraham Lincoln was determined to keep in the Union?

It covered the nation's capital on three sides -- Maryland was vital to the Union's security because it bordered the nation's capital on three sides. If Maryland went to the Confederacy, Washington, D.C., would be cut off from the rest of the Union.

Why was Vicksburg an important target for the Union armies?

Its capture would cut the Confederacy in half at the Mississippi River -- Vicksburg's capture completed Union control of the Mississippi River and cut the Confederacy in half.

Why was General George B. McClellan relieved of his command of the Army of the Potomac by Abraham Lincoln in 1862?

Lincoln thought McClellan lacked the nerve to use his troops to achieve a major victory -- Lincoln relieved McClellan after repeated failures to use his advantages and commit to a major assault.

What justification did Abraham Lincoln give for announcing the emancipation policy?

Military necessity -- Considering the Battle of Antietam "an indication of the Divine Will," Lincoln issued a preliminary proclamation of emancipation on September 22, 1862, basing its legal authority on his duty as commander in chief to suppress the rebellion.

What group of northerners was most likely to support the war effort?

Native-born Republicans -- The native-born Republicans were the most ardent supporters of the war effort. Democrats, both native and foreign born, were more likely to oppose the war, especially the poor urban immigrants who objected to the draft and a war to end slavery.

Why did the border states—Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri—where slavery was legal, not join other southern states in seceding in the months before Abraham Lincoln took office?

Nonslaveholding yeomen had more political strength there. -- White opinion was especially divided in the four border slave states (Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri), where yeomen farmers held greater political power and, from bitter experience as well as writings of journalist Hinton Helper, knew that all too often "the slaveholders . . . have hoodwinked you."

Based on the map, which of the following areas would be least likely to supply men for the Confederate army?

Northern Georgia -- Northern Georgia had a large area where delegates were opposed to secession, suggesting that volunteers for the army were unlikely to come from that area in large numbers.

In 1864, Ulysses S. Grant sent troops under which general to punish Shenandoah Valley residents for supplying Confederate troops?

Philip Sheridan -- Sheridan first served under Ulysses S. Grant in the western theater and afterward was one of the first to use the "scorched earth" strategy in the Shenandoah Valley. His pursuit of Robert E. Lee with his cavalry in Virginia was instrumental to the Confederate general's surrender at Appomattox in April 1865.

The victory of which political party in 1860 threatened southern whites?

Republican - To southern whites in 1860, the victory of the Republican Party and Abraham Lincoln presented an immediate danger to the slave-owning republic that had existed since 1776. Lincoln did not win one single electoral vote in the South, and many Republicans vowed to limit and even end the slave system.

What was the "great truth" that Confederate vice president Alexander Stephens said was the "cornerstone" of the Confederacy?

Slavery was the natural condition of African Americans. -- Confederate vice president Alexander Stephens insisted that his nation's "cornerstone rests upon the great truth that the Negro is not equal to the white man, that slavery—subordination to the superior race—is his natural or normal condition."

Compare the figures for the northern and southern economies in 1860. In what way were the disadvantages of the South even more pronounced than these data suggest?

Southern population data counted slaves as well as white Americans -- The southern population data included approximately 4 million enslaved African Americans, who could not be relied on to fight for the South.

Why did the Confederacy not achieve a more effective economic program?

States' rights philosophy left most power with the state governments. -- The Confederacy's states' rights philosophy prevented the secessionist government from putting together a coherent economic policy, leaving most taxation up to the states. Planters resisted taxation despite their wealth, and there was no national bank, but these were only part of the larger fiscal problems.

Based on the map, what generalization can be made about the Union conquest of the South?

The Union strategy focused on Tennessee and the Mississippi River Valley first. -- Union troops gained control of most of Tennessee, the upper Mississippi River Valley, and New Orleans in 1862, which took place before other advances.

What loophole of the South's draft was controversial?

The ability of draftees to hire substitutes -- Because of a loophole in a Confederate draft law, draftees could hire substitutes. High casualties during the war and the decrease of available white men drove up the price to $300 by 1864, three times a worker's yearly wages. Laborers and yeomen proclaimed that the conflict was a "rich man's war and a poor man's fight."

Why did the northwestern section of Virginia decide to break away from that state?

The counties in Virginia's northwest were dominated by yeomen farmers with strong Union loyalties -- In October 1862, the northwest of Virginia voted to break away as a separate territory, which was admitted to the Union as the state of West Virginia in 1863.

In the South, women worked as civil servants in what part of the Confederate government?

The postal service -- The Confederacy made efficient use of women workers in the postal service. Southern women also worked in factories, but generally in textile plants. In the North, women worked as clerks in the federal bureaucracy.

According to Abraham Lincoln, why was secession illegal?

The union was "perpetual." -- Lincoln plausibly concluded that the absence of any reference to secession in the Constitution meant that the Union was a perpetual bond, and he vowed to "hold, occupy, and possess" federal property in the seceded states and "to collect duties and imposts" there.

After the victory at Gettysburg, what did Abraham Lincoln expect?

The war would continue indefinitely -- Because of Meade's failure to follow up the battle with an attack on Lee's army in an attempt to destroy it, Lincoln knew the war would go on for some time. However, the battle prevented any further southern invasions of the North.

Based on the map of the Battle of Gettysburg, what statement explains the course of the battle?

Union forces were driven back the first two days but repelled a Confederate attack on the third to win the battle. -- Union troops were initially positioned north and west of the town of Gettysburg on July 1 but were forced to pull back. On July 2, they were also forced by Confederate attacks to fall back from a western position to the south of their line. On the third day, they successfully beat back Pickett's Charge. The larger map indicates that Gettysburg was a Union victory.

Based on the map, which of the following states was most deeply divided over seceding in 1861?

Virginia -- Virginia was firmly in support of secession in the south and on the eastern seaboard, but the northwestern counties opposed it strongly and would eventually separate from Virginia to become the state of West Virginia.

Why did southerners object to the Confederate draft?

it favored the rich -- Southerners raised the cry of a "rich man's war and a poor man's fight" in response to draft exemptions for the owners of twenty or more slaves and those who could pay a $300 commutation fee.