APUSH- Chapters 13 & 14

Why did the Whig party die?

After the election of 1852, few Whigs remained in the South. The struggle over the Kansas-Nebraska Act destroyed Whigs as a national party. All Northern Whigs voted against the act, and the Whigs that remained in the south joined the Democratic party. The Whig party never recovered it's southern influence, and being separated by the issue of slavery, their party had little standing. The Whigs were losing hold of the North as well, and they started to be separated into different groups.

What were the causes and consequences of the Mexican War?

Causes- Polk wanted to buy California and New Mexico from Mexico, and made his point clear by sending troops around their border. The border dispute of Texas forced Polk to enter the disputed area and fight for it. This started an anti-America regime in Mexico. Taylor sent his troops into Rio Grande, and Mexican troops killed 11 American soldiers. This started the war. Consequences- The US forces won every battle, humiliating Mexico and leaving a legacy of national hostility and border violence. The US won and claimed New Mexico, Texas, and California as their own. Taylor's victories in Rio Grande classified him as a hero and won his presidency two years later. Whigs and people in the Northeast considered the war wicked and disgraceful and were worried that the expansion into Mexico would just lead to more slavery. Whigs and Democrats were split into free or slave states. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed that sheared off half of Mexico and increased the size of the US by one fourth.

How was filibustering related to the demands for the expansion of slavery?

Cuban soldier Narciso López was making America's dreams to hold Cuba difficult to attain. This temporarily dampened southerners' enthusiasm for Cuba, but they then decided that it was necessary to continue the expansion of slavery. Franklin Pierce, a Democrat from NH, encouraged a filibustering expedition to Cuba. His plan failed, but the idea of filibustering continued to lurk and expanded to William Walker in Nicaragua, who there restored the institution of slavery.

How did the Nebraska-Kansas issue lead to deeper divisions within the U.S.?

Deeper divisions caused by the Nebraska-Kansas issue were bleeding kansas (fighting in kansas due to pro-slaverers and anti-slavers fighting for a free vs. slave state), popular sovereignty was put into question seeing as excluding slavery was against the constitution, northerners and southerners were moving in causing a recipe for destruction, & the violence foreshadowed the civil war.

What impulses lay behind the Manifest Destiny of America's westward expansion?

Impulses such as the search for cheap land, gold, and better opportunity, which was driven in part by the depression of 1837, lay behind the Manifest Destiny of America's westward expansion.

What were the origins of Nativism?

In the 1840s, bad conditions in Germany and Ireland lead to major increases in immigration to the United States. In 1845, 15% of the population were immigrants. Many of the immigrants practiced Catholicism, which was a problem to the Anglo-American protestants. Fear of the pope and the Roman Church was imbedded into America. Fights between the religious groups broke out in 1844, and soon nativist political parties emerged in eastern cities with the intent of curbing the political rights of immigrants. The nativists fought to keep immigrants out of politics and education. They also wanted to lengthen the naturalization period. Alas, they fell apart due to being separated by the issue of slavery.

How was violence in Kansas related to the issue of slavery?

Missourians went into Kansas to promote a pro-slavery government and vote as many times as possible. They cast at least 1,700 illegal ballots and sent a pro-slavery delegate to congress. This continued and "border ruffians" continued to vote illegally for pro-slavery legislature in Kansas. The legislature legalized slavery and created a death-penalty for helping a slave escape. Members of the Free State Party would not follow the legislature. They created a new territory in Kansas and elected a free-state legislature. By 1856, the two territories would engage in violence. Senator Brooks beat Senator Sumner with a cane due to the opposing views on Kansas and beat him to a state of unconsciousness. When Sumner was later making a speech in Washington, a group of armed pro-slavery Missourians marched on the free capital of Lawrence and shelled and sacked the town. The first sight of civil war started in Kansas that year.

What role did the issue of slavery play in the election of 1856?

Northerners excitedly voted for Republicans for religious reasons, seeing as slavery was seen as a sin. Middle states were up for grabs due to the propaganda that accused Republicans of favoring racial equality. Hundreds of thousands of voters were convinced, and Buchanan won.

What issues were at stake in the congressional debates that led to the Compromise of 1850? How successfully did the compromise resolve these issues?

Slavery issues, such as the handling of fugitive slaves, were at stake in the congressional debates that led to the Compromise of 1850. The North and South were at odds on whether to keep and expand slavery, or to abolish it. The Nort wanted California to be a free state, and the South wanted it to be a slave state. The compromise called for California to be issued as a free state, and for the rest of the conquered Mexican territories to be issued as slave states. Slavery was maintained in the nation's capital, but the slave trade was prohibited. Finally, and most controversially, a fugitive slave law was passed, requiring northerners to return runaway slaves to their owners under penalty of law. The compromise was not that successful, because even though the North got the best half of the deal, abolitionists still refused to enforce the fugitive slave law. This caused continued tensions.

What was the "free labor ideology?

The "free labor ideology" was the idea that an economy is more efficient when workers WANT to work. The Republicans claim slavery is the downfall of this eutopia because it ties in the idea of bondage. The North wanted to abolish slavery to do this, but Southerners believed that a free-labor system would cause violence and unrest. Slavery vs. Free.

What was the Compromise of 1850? Why was it so important? How successful was it?

The Compromise of 1850 contained the admission of california as a free state, mexico into two sections of New Mexico and Utah, settlement of the TX-NM dispute, and the abolition of slave trade. The Fugitive Slave Law was also passed that allowed for Southern slave-owners to take back slaves who had escaped. It was important because it was made to prevent a civil war between the North and South. The compromise was unsuccessful, because the war was imminent anyways and would occur in 11 years. Along with this, the Fugitive Slave Law was flawed because Northerners didn't return their slaves, and Southerners would come up and kidnap free black men saying that they were theirs.

How did the Democratic party split prior to the 1860 presidential election?

The Lecompton constiution of Kansas split Democratic Party because Northern democrats prefered popular sovereignty, and felt that the voting was fraudulent. They were against the constitution and wanted a fair election. The Northerners split off while the Southern Democrats wanted the pro-slavery state with the Lecompton constiution.

Why did the Republican rather than the Know-Nothing party emerge as the new majority in the North?

The Republicans, branching off of the Whigs, gained popularity as a reminder of America's fight for freedom in 1776. The Republicans hoped to pick up the pieces of old parties in the North, but nativism took hold in the Northeast led by hostility towards immigrants. Republicans and the now called "Know-Nothings" would compete for the North. The Republicans ended up emerging as the majority party in the North over the "Know-Nothings" because the issue of slavery in the South and North split the force in half just like it did to the Whigs. Republicans on the other hand, were agreed on the fact that slavery should be stopped and is wrong. The northerners joined the Republicans, and the southerners the Democrats.

How did the question of slavery affect the election of 1848?

The candidates were mostly judged on their position on the question of slavery. The Free Soil Party was formed to keep the West Lands free of slavery to preserve jobs for whites. General Taylor was a southern slaveholder who opposed the spread of slavery to the territories, he was uninterested in politics but was recruited by the Whig Party as their nominee in the 1848 presidential election and won. If slavery wasn't the main question of the election, Taylor may not have won and the Free Soil Party would not have been formed.

Why was the election of 1848 so significant?

The election of 1848 was significant because each presidential candidate elected by the parties had a separate view on how to answer the question of slavery. The Democrats became divided into anti-slavery, pro-slavery, and popular sovereignty. Due to the division and Taylor's fame, the Democrats lost the election and the Whigs won.

03.02: Student will analyze causes and consequences of internal migration and patterns of settlement in what would become the U.S., and explain how migration has affected American Life.

The main cause of internal migration in the US was manifest destiny. the patterns of settlement in what would become to the US were IDFK. migration has affected it I give up it just has.

03.01: Student will examine the United States territorial expansion between 1801 and 1861, and how it affected relations with external powers and Native Americans.

The manifest destiny ideology led to the removal of many Indian nations in the Southeast and old Northwest, acquisition of a large part of Mexico through the Mexican-American War, and abrasive encounters with Native Americans, Mexicans, Chinese immigrants, and others in the West. War of 1812 might come into play, doubt it but maritime issues, the british attacking and sabotaging trade ships, americans wanting to continue west even with border divisions, natives supporting british to keep land. Treaty of Guadalupe: Ended the war between the United States and Mexico, Mexico ceded 55 percent of its territory, including parts of present-day Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado, Nevada, and Utah, to the United States. https://americanhistory.si.edu/presidency/timeline/pres_era/3_655.html

How did the economic developments widen the breach between the North and South?

The north-south river system became obsolete to the east-west system, lessening the chumminess between the North and South. America was applauded for its high rates of literacy compared to Britain and listed it as one of the reasons they were the second greatest industrial economy in the world. Less citizens and slaves were literate in the South as compared to the North, so the northerners took that as evidence of the backward and repressive nature of a slave society. The South was pressed that it relied on the North to have a flourishing economy, because they had the ships that would allow them to export the cotton. The Southerners began calling for economic independence from the North, because the northerners were treating the slaves with too much decency and hospitality. The South rallied for reopening the slave trade. After the Panic of 1857, Southerners took credit for bringing back the economy and claimed that the Cotton Economy is the best. Northerners were not grateful, and instead blamed them for not instituting higher tariffs that would've lessened the panic. Republicans (Lincoln) promoted the free-labor ideology, where workers are more efficient because they WANT to work. They claim slavery is the downfall of this eutopia because it ties in the idea of bondage. The North wanted to abolish slavery to do this, but Southerners believed that a free-labor system would cause violence and unrest. The differing books, Impending Crisis (slavery is the root of evil and destruction) and Cannibals All, caused even further sectional tensions.

How did westward expansion relate to the issue of slavery?

Westward expansion related to the issue of slavery because all of the states that emerged from the Louisiana Purchase, excluding Iowa, had become slave states. The southern states wanted to expand slavery, while the northern ones were against it.

What were the major issues of the Lincoln-Douglas debates?

Whether the supreme court would legalize slavery in all states Douglas felt that the country could continue as half slave half free, but Lincoln felt that one side would prevail in the end. Douglas didn't care if slavery was voted up or down, but Lincoln said the only way to true American freedom was the total extinction of slavery.

03.03: Student will examine how the industrial revolution, increasing immigration, the rapid expansion of slavery, and the westward movement changed the lives of Americans.

the rise of manufacturing in New England and increasing mobility throughout the nation. As settlers moved to what is now the Midwest, the national infrastructure grew up around them, connecting the nation's cities and towns through a system of roads, canals and railroads. As the West gradually developed, the existing states were rapidly torn apart by the slavery issue. Economic and social divisions became accentuated and both North and South clung to their beliefs and customs. as settlers poured into the new mexican territories, the future of slavery and westward expansion were clearly synced.