APUSH Civil Rights Unit

SNCC

(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)-a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement.

Tuskegee Airmen

332 Fighter Group famous for shooting down over 200 enemy planes. African American pilots who trained at the Tuskegee flying school

Little Rock 9

9 black students that attended an all white school and had national guard to protect them.

Nation of Islam

A group of militant Black Americans of the religion Islam and believe in independence for Black Americans.

Voting Rights Act

A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. 1965

Stokely Carmichael

A leader of the Black Nationalist movement in 1966, he coined the phrase "Black Power". Broke off from the nonviolent movements.

Letter From Birmingham Jail

A letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. after he had been arrested when he took part in a nonviolent march against segregation. He was disappointed more Christians didn't speak out against racism. written to clergy man

Black Panthers

A militant African-American political organization formed in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to fight police brutality and to provide services in the ghetto.

Black Power

A philosophy of racial pride. Said that African Americans should create their own culture and political institutions.

Affirmative Action

A policy designed to give special attention to or compensatory treatment for members of some previously disadvantaged group.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa.

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality

Jesse Owens

African American track star in the 1936 Berlin Olympics

Harlem Renaissance

African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished WRITERS:

Desegregation of Armed Services

Aka Executive Order 9981. It ended segregation in the military and provided equal opportunities for all people regardless of race. By truman

Joe Lewis

An African American boxer who became a national hero when he knocked out German boxer Mac Schmeling

Huey Newton

An American political and urban activist who founded the Black Panther Party for Self Defense. The Black Panther Party worked for the right of self-defense for African-Americans in the United States.

Malcolm X

Black Muslim leader who said Blacks needed to have separate society from whites, but later changed his views. He was assasinated in 1965.

A Philip Randolph

Black labor leader, who threatens a march to end discrimination in the work place; Roosevelt guarantees equal employment opportunities for minorities with companies that get federal grants

Bull Conner

Chief of the police in Birmingham. He attacked protesters viciously with dogs, fire hoses, and electric cattle prods. He said that the streets would flood with blood before integration.

CORE

Congress of Racial Equality , First civil rights organization to use non-violent tactics to promote racial equality and desegregation

Wilmington Race Riots

Democratic party wins and tells blacks to leave or be lynched. Inspired Jim Crow

Talented 10th

DuBois's idea of leadership by educated black elite

Fair Employment Act

FDR. Prohibited discrimination in the national defense industry.

George Wallace

Four time governor of Alabama. Most famous for his pro-segregation attitude and as a symbol for states' rights.

John Lewis

Freedom Rider also participated at march from selma to montgomery. Gave speaches

Freedom Rides

Freedom Riders rode in interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to test the ruling of unsegregated public places

W.E.B. DuBois

He believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately. He helped found the Niagara Movement in 1905 to fight for equal rights. He also helped found the NAACP.

James Meredith

He was a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city buses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

KKK

Ku Klux Klan--Against Blacks, Jews, Catholics. Used terror to control them

Watts Riots

LA police strikes black bystander , causes violence for a week due to resentment

Jim Crow

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

First Great Migration

Mass movement of African Americans to the northern US. Businesses sent recruiting agents into south to find workers for their factories and mills, mass movement, led to a slow but steady growth in black political influence in northern cities.

Freedom Summer

Movement of northern college students to enter the south and register blacks to vote; three were killed

Medgar Edgars

NAACP leader that was shot and killed. Anti segregation. lawyer who defended blacks , killed by kkk

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Helped with civil rights for African Americans

Marian Anderson

One of the greatest concert singers of her time. First African-American to perform at the Whitehouse. The DAR refused her use of Constitution Hall for a concert, so Eleanor Roosevelt set her up to perform at the Lincoln Memorial.

Bobby Seale

Organized the militant group the Black Panthers & Hugh Newton wanted black rights through violence.

16th St. Baptist Church

Predominantely African American Church bombed during Civil Rights Movement resulting in four deaths Birmingham

Civil Rights Act

Resulted in Prohibited segregation in all Public Facilities and discrimination in education and employment 1964

Segregation

Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences

Nashville sit ins

Sit-ins were staged at numerous stores in Nashville's central business district. Sit-in participants, who consisted mainly of black college students, were often verbally or physically attacked by white onlookers. students were arrested

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference used christian principals in order to fight segregation--nonviolent, consisted of black preachers, and had a lot of influence, churches were linked together, led by MLK

2nd Great Migration

The Second Great Migration was the migration of more than 5 million African Americans from the South to the other three regions of the United States. It took place from 1941, through World War II, and lasted until 1970

Bakke vs California

The Supreme Court ruled that a university's use of racial "quotas" in its admissions process was unconstitutional, but a school's use of "affirmative action" to accept more minority applicants was constitutional in some circumstances.

Atlanta Exposition

This speech was given by Booker T. Washington in which he state that the black community should submit to white racism and disenfranchisement in return for jobs and education

Brown vs Boe

a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students and denying black children equal educational opportunities unconstitutional. 1954

Ida B. Wells-Barnett

an African American journalist and newspaper editor. An early leader in the civil rights movement, she documented the extent of lynching in the United States. helped found the NAACP

Scottsboro Boys

frame up of a rape to black boys

March on Washington

held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally

Dixiecrats

southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party.

March from Selma to Montgomery

state troopers waited for the marchers at the other side of a bridge and attacked them/prevented them from passing. This was aired on ABC later that night. They were marching for voting rights

Plessy-v-Ferguson

supreme court ruled that segregation public places facilities were legal as long as the facilities were equal. Separate but equal

Sit-ins

to protest at lunch counters that served only whites, African Americans students began staging this

Children's March

took place in Birmingham 1963, where children's nonviolent protest was met with firehoses and dogs. Images captured for TV.

Double V Campaign

victory: at war victory: at home with civil rights

Freedom Summer Mississippi

white students joined black students in registering black mississippians to vote in the democratic primary

Red Summer

whites invade black sections of texas

Swann vs Mecklenberg

you can use buses to integrate