APUSH Crash Course Book Terms and More

The Second Great Awakening

A wave of religious enthusiasm led by preachers such as Charles Finney and Lyman Beecher that spread across America between 1800 and 1830. Middle class women made Americans aware of the moral issues posed by slavery.

The First Great Awakening

A wave of religious revivals that spread across the American colonies during the 1730s and 1740s.

George Whitefield

An English man who traveled to America where he preached the "Great Awakening" who became perhaps the best-known preacher in Great Britain and North America during the 18th century. Because he traveled throughout the American colonies and drew great crowds and news coverage, he was one of the most widely-recognized public figures in colonial America.

Hudson River School

Art school lead by Thomas Cole that emphasized America's natural beauty. (John James Audubon)

Federalist Papers

Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay wrote this to support the ratification of the Constitution in 1787.

John Marshall

Chief Justice who believed that a strong central government best served the nation's interests. He opposed states' rights and established the principle of judicial review, upheld the supremecy of federal legislation over state legislation, and promoters business enterprise

Royal Colony

Colony ruled or administered by officials responsible to and appointed by the reigning sovereign of Great Britain; ex: New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

Proprietary Colony

Colony that belongs to the king; ex: Delaware, Pennsylvania, Maryland

John Locke

Creator of the ideology of natural rights

Webster-Hayne Debate

Daniel Webster forcefully rejected nullification in this debate. Jackson's opposition to nullification enhanced his reputation as a strong President

Doctrine of Nullification

Developed by John C. Calhoun;This theory is based on the principle that individual states should have the right to declare certain federal laws as unconstitutional. People like minded with John C. Calhoun were concerned with too much power with the national government and with slavery.

Seneca Falls Convention 1848

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott issued the "Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions" and called for women's suffrage, women's right to retain property after marriage, greater divorce and child custody rights, and equal educational opportunities (Year)

John Winthrop

He led the Puritans in New England

Petition of Lechmere 1761

James Otis argues the MA Supreme Court against writs. (Year)

Lost generation

Key writers included Sinclair Lewis and F. Scott Fitzgerald. These people were disillusioned with American society during the 1920s. These writers criticized middle-class materialism and conformity.

Erie Canal

Man made waterway in Ohio completed in 1825; strengthened commercial and political ties between NYC and the growing cities on the Great Lakes.

Lowell, MA

Northern capital of textile mills

Horizontal Integration

Occurs when one company gains control over other companies that produce the same product.

Pequot War

One of the first armed conflicts between the Indian tribes and an alliance of the English colonists of the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Saybrook colonies and their Native American allies (lost)

Sarah Moore Grimké

One of the first women to publicly support both abolition and women's rights.

Sir Walter Raleigh

One who made tobacco popular and founder of the Carolinas

Proclamation Line 1763

Parliament establishes western boundary for colonists

Intolerable Acts 1774

Parliament's angry response to the Boston Tea Party. (Year)

Anti-Federalists

People who feared that a strong central government would become tyrannical. They drew support from rural areas, feared heavy taxes from Congress, feared the idea of government raising a standing army, and believed that individual rights needed protection.

Whigs

People who hated Andrew Jackson and supported Henry Clay and his American System

Back country

People who lived here were often unhappy due to the Government's negligence of the Indians

Dred Scott v. Sanford 1857

Supreme court case involving a free slave that would permit the expansion of slavery beyond the Southern states and ultimately disregard the Missouri Compromise of 1820. (Year)

Cult of Domesticity

The idealization of women in their roles as wives mothers/ this phrase refers to the belief that women should be the custodians of morality and stay home to raise children.

Stono Rebellion

The largest slave uprising in the British mainland colonies, with 21 whites and 44 blacks killed. The uprising was led by native Africans who were from the Central African Kingdom of Kongo. 1739

"A City Upon a Hill"

The model society that John Winthrop called on the Puritans to build based on Christianity.

Frederick Douglass

The most prominent Black abolitionist during the Antebellum period

Patronage

The policy of placing political supporters in office - supported by the Jacksonians

Stamp Act 1756

The primary act used to support British troops in America. (Year)

Taylorism

The system of a scientific management that sought to develop a disciplined labor force by eliminating waste motion to increase factory production and lower labor costs.

Tariff of Abominations 1828

The tariffs passed between 1816 and 1828 were the first tariffs in American history whoset primary purpose was protection. This forced John C. Calhoun to formulate his doctrine of nullification (Year)

Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago

The treaty that ended the Mexican American war and settled that America would obtain California and New Mexico (present day Nevada) and Colorado and Wyoming with the recognition of the Rio Grande as the Texan border

New England Confederation

1603; a short-lived military alliance of the English colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven

Mayflower Conpact

1620; The first governing document of Plymouth Colony written by pilgrims.

Sugar Act

1764; Tax on trade

Quartering Act

1765; Colonial assemblies must pay for supplying of British garrisons

Virginia Resolution

1765; Virginia assembly votes not to comply with Stamp Act

Declaratory Act

1766; Parliament repeals Stamp Act and declares its right to tax as they see it

Townshend Acts

1767; Tax on tea, glass, paper, lead, and paint that replaced the direct taxes of the Stamp Act. It led to boycotts by Boston merchants and served as a key contributor to the Boston Massacre.

Gaspee Incident

1772; A British ship was beached in Providence, RI, This upset Americans because it was one of the last of the customs racketeering ships. It was burned down by local inhabitants. It greatly angered the British and showed how militant the colonials were becoming.

Committees of Correspondence

1774; Emerge as a shadow government to conduct espionage against the British goods

Trade and Navigation Acts

A series of laws that restricted the use of foreign ships for trade between Britain and its colonies

War of 1812

A war between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France. Its consequences included contributing to the demise of the Federalist party, intensifying nationalist feelings, promoting industrialization, and advancing the career of Andrew Jackson

Kansas Nebraska Act

This act proposed that the territory of Nebraska be split in two. It would repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820, heighten sectional tensions, permit the expansion of slavery beyond the Southern border, would lead to a divisive debate over the expansion of slavery into the territories, split the democratic party, form the republican party, and ignite a bloody contest for Kansas.

Compromise of 1850

This admitted California as a free state, abolished the slave trade in D.C, continued protection of slavery in D.C, passed another Fugitive Slave Act, and established governments in Utah and New Mexico

Wilmot Proviso

This called for the prohibitition of slavery in the areas obtained by the Mexican American War. (Never ruled)

Marbury v. Madison 1803

This case established the principal of judicial review. The ruling gave the Supreme Court the authority to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional.

Bacon's Rebellion

This exposed tensions between the former indentured servants, who were poor, and the rich planters known as the gentry involving Sir William Berkeley.

Proclamation of 1763

This forbade British colonists to cross an imaginary boundary along the crest of the Appalachian Mountains. The primary purpose was to avoid conflict between the trans-Appalacian Indians and British colonists seeking inexpensive land. (Year)

American Colonization Society

This group worked to return the freed slaves to the west coast of Africa

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

This provided for the orderly creation of territorial governments and new states and excluded slavery north of the Ohio River. It also supported public education. The first state admitted to the Union from the Northwest Territory was Ohio.

Shays' Rebellion

This rebellion was sparked by the economic frustrations of MA farmers who were losing their farms because they could not pay debts in hard currency. They sought to revolutionize an end to farm foreclosures, an end to imprisonment for debt, relief from oppressively high taxation, and increased circulation of paper money. This rebellion helped convince key leaders that the Articles of Confederation were too weak and that the U.S. needed a stronger central government.

Missouri Compromise of 1820

This settled the first major 19th century conflict over slavery. Maine and Missouri were entered into the Union as a free state, thus maintaining the balance of free and non-free slave states in the Senate. This closed the remaining territory of the Louisiana Purchase above the 36° 30' line. (Year)

Treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty established America's new boundaries. The U.S. stretched west to Mississippi, north to the Great Lakes, and south to Spanish Florida. America agreed that Loyalists would not be further persecuted.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Two guys who were put on trial for being anarchists (communists) and were executed. This case was significant because it illustrated a fear of radicals and recent immigrants.

Steamboats

Used on the Erie Canal; made by Robert Fulton. They dramatically increased river traffic while significantly lowering the cost of river transportation.

King Philip's War

(1675-1676) This war marked the last major effort by the Native Americans of southern New England to drive out the English settlers.

The French and Indian War

(1754-1763) This war was a pivotal point in America's relationship with Great Britain because it lead to Great Britain to impose revenue taxes on the colonies. It also resulted in France relinquishing its North American empire and England dominating lands east of the Mississippi and parts of Canada.

Alien and Sedition Acts

1798-99; This is the reason why the federalist party eventually falls apart. Part 1: Adams was concerned that a lot of recently arrived immigrants would vote anti-federalist. Most of them were farm folks hence he thought they would support Jefferson. He thought that many of those people would want us to get involved in the French Revolution for the sense that we owed them for them helping us in our revolution, so he extends the amount of years you have to live in the country for citizenship to keep people from voting. Part 2: Direct violation of the first amendment: our right to free speech and press. Many of our editorial being written were saying "We need to get involved in the French Revolution, we need to support the Jacobins, the revolutionaries and overthrow the monarch." When people wrote things like this, they would recieve notice from representatives of the federal government and get questioned and sometimes be jailed. Adams got away with this.

Rush-Bagot Treaty

1817; This treaty declared that the border between the US and Canada did not need armed forces after the War of 1812.

Monroe Doctrine

1824; This American documents played a large role in serving as a merging sense of nationalism that has shaped our foreign policy since its ruling. The Western Hemisphere is ours to police, and later the Roosevelt Corollary would be added to that to say that, should you choose to mess with American policy in the Western Hemisphere, you would receive the "big stick" in the form of the military.

Texas

1836; President Jackson opposed its admission into the union because he feared it would ignite controversy over slavery

Mexican War

1846-1848; led by Abraham Lincoln and supported by Transcendentalists and opposed by Whigs; ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago (US gained California and New Mexico//present day Nevada// and Colorado and Wyoming with the recognition of the Rio Grande as the Texan border.) The Wilmot Proviso called for prohibition of slavery in these areas although it never became a federal law.

Peter Zenger

A German immigrant who printed a publication called The NEW YORK WEEKLY JOURNAL that harshly pointed out the actions of the corrupt royal governor, Williams Cosby. It accused the government of rigging elections and allowing the French enemy to explore New York harbor and accused the governor of an assortment of crimes and basically labeled him an idiot. (1st Amendment)

Anne Hutchinson

Best known for her struggle with MA Bay authorities over religious doctrine and gender roles. She challenged clerical authority and claimed to have had revelations from God. She was banished to Rhode Island, but she later moved to NY where she was killed by the Native Americans.

Writs of Assistance 1760

British search warrants for goods smuggled by colonists. (Year)

William Bradford

Founder of Plymouth

Roger Williams

Founder of Rhode Island; he advanced the cause of religious toleration and freedom of thought and believed that the state was an improper and ineffectual agency in matters of spirit.

Frontier Thesis

Frederick Jackson Turner's writing on the origin of the distinctive aggressive, violent, innovative and democratic features of the American character.

Alexander Hamilton

He wanted to establish a national bank, adopt a protective tariff to raise revenue, fund the national debt, assume state debts incurred during the Revolutionary War, tax distilled liquor to raise revenue, expand domestic manufacturing, subsidize domestic manufacturers (Congress rejected this proposal) Born in Barbados, the first secretary of treasury, assumed the idea of the national bank, suggested assuming all the state debts from the revolution. Opponents (mainly Thomas Jefferson) saw his programs as elitist. He died from wounds from a duel.

Marcus Garvey

He was the charismatic leader of the Universal Negro Improvement Association. He was identified with Black pride, Black economic development, Black nationalism, and Pan-Africanism. He was committed to the idea that Black Americans should return to Africa, so he was part of the "back to Africa movement" with the Black Star line ships.

Thomas Hobbes

His 1651 book Leviathan established social contract theory, the foundation of most later Western political philosophy.

Popular Sovreignty

Idea that the people should have the voice, not the government

Worcester v. Georgia 1831

In this case, President Jackson chose to ignore the ruling of the Native American tribes being their own sovereign nation and set the Indian Removal Act and sent them on the Trail of Tears. (Year)

Washington's Farewell Address

In which he warned Americans about the dangers of foreign entanglements; would later justify President Wilson's opponents's opposition to the League of Nations and (during the 1930s) the neutrality acts

Iroquois Confederacy

Indian tribes across upper New York state that during the 17th and 18th centuries played a strategic role in the struggle between the French and British for mastery of North America. The five Iroquois nations, characterizing themselves as "the people of the longhouse," were the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. After the Tuscarora joined in 1722, the confederacy became known to the English as the Six Nations and was recognized as such at Albany, New York (1722).

Robert Fulton

Invented the steam engine

Warren G. Harding

President from the 1920s who showed no leadership despite its economic crisis

Horace Mann

Primary advocate of free public education in the 1800s.

Jonathan Edwards

Protestant preacher who played a critical role in the first great awakening

Dorothea Dix

She worked to reform the treatment of people with mental and emotional disabilities. (Not in women's rights)

Republican Motherhood

Suggested that women should be responsible for raising their children to be virtuous citizens of the new American republic.

McCulloch v. Maryland

The Marshall Supreme Court case established that no state could control an agency of the federal government. In other words, the federal law ALWAYS overrules a federal law. This case involved a branch of the federal bank of the US in Maryland. Maryland law makers had a lot of friends who owned privately owned banks, and so to try to drive the national bank out of the market and get local citizens of Maryland to use local banks, they tried to impose a tax to the national bank.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

The Marshall court severely limited the power of state governments to control corporations, which were the emerging form of business. This reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts.

Half-Way Covenant

The Puritans established this to ease requirements for church membership.

Battle of Antietam

The Union victory in northern Maryland persuaded England and France to remain neutral instead of siding with the South for their cotton due to the bloodiness of the battle. While both European powers saw advantages in a divided America, they followed a cautious policy toward both the North and South. The Union victory lead to the Emancipation Proclamation.

Battle of Saratoga 1777

The battle that convinced the French government to declare war on Great Britain and openly aid the American cause. French military aid and financial assistance played a key role in enabling America to win the Revolutionary War. (Year)

Social Gospel

The belief that the rich were the guardians of society's wealth and, as such, had a duty to serve society in humane ways. (Andrew Carnegie)

William Lloyd Garrison

The editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper known as "The Liberator" and also a founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants and animals between the New World and Europe following the discovery of America New world crops such as corn, tomatoes, and potatoes had a dramatic effect on the European diet. Also, the Old World domesticated animals such as horses, cows, and pigs.

House of Burgesses

The first democratically-elected legislative body in the British American colonies.

Anne Bradstreet

The first notable American poet and the first woman to be published in colonial America (1612-1672)

Phyllis Wheatley

The first published African American poet whose writing helped create the genre of African American literature (1754-1784)

Andrew Carnegie

The foremost advocate of the Gospel of Wealth; helped build the steel industry until he sold his business and systematically gave his collected fortune away to cultural, educational, and scientific institutions for "the improvement of mankind"

Freedom of Consciences

The freedom of an individual to hold or consider a fact, viewpoint, or thought, independent of others' viewpoints.

Charter Colony

Written contracts between the British King and the American colonists, defining the share each should have in the government and were not to be changed without the consent of both parties for colonies; ex: Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts (would switch)