apush exam - all srfi

consumer revolution

an increase in consumption in English manufactures in Britain and the British colonies fueled by the Industrial Revolution. Although the consumer revolution raised living standards, it landed many consumers- and colonies as a whole- in debt

White League

an organization established in 1874 by the Redeemer Democrats to restore political power to the prewar white Democrats

Anti-Lynching Bill

bill to stop the lynching of African Americans

Edmond Genet was a French diplomat who __________.

commissioned American ships to fight the British

The Quebec Act __________

granted religious toleration to Catholics in Canada

Agriculture in the 1920s __________.

experienced declining incomes and increased bank foreclosures

Muckrakers __________.

exposed the problems of industrial and urban life

Industrial Workers of the World

Radical union organized in Chicago in 1905 and nicknamed the Wobblies; its opposition to World War I led to its destruction by the federal government under the Espionage Act.

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

Vanderbilt

Railroads

Hawley-Smooth Act of 1930

Raised tariffs on imports to an all-time high and made it nearly impossible for the Allied Powers to pay off their remaining $4.3 billion in war loans.

Restrictive Covenants

provision in a property deed preventing sale to a person of a particular race or religion; loan discrimination; ruled unconstitutional

Vietnamization

policy of equipping and training of the South Vietnamese to fight for themselves

What did the Fourteen Points attempt to do?

provide a peace agenda to create a new democratic world order

Tammany Hall

a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism

gentility

a refined style of living and elaborate manner that came to be highly prized among well-to-do English family after 1600 and strongly influenced leading colonist after 1700

revival

a renewal of religious enthusiasm in a Christian congregation. In the eighteenth century, revivals were often inspired by evangelical prechers who urged their listeners to experience a rebirth

department store

a retail store that carries a wide variety of product lines, each operated as a separate department managed by specialist buyers or merchandisers

Alien Land Act

bill passed by California legislature in 1913 that declared aliens who were ineligible for citizenship (immigrants from Asia) were also ineligible to own land

Margaret Sanger was a __________.

birth-control advocate

Shays's Rebellion convinced many Americans of the need for _________

a stronger central government

What did Calvin Coolidge believe was the chief business of the American people?

business

reconquista

campaign by Spanish to drive Muslim from mainland

Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Railroads were to the late nineteenth century what __________ were to the 1920s.

cars

New Negro

a term popularized during the Harlem Renaissance implying a more outspoken advocacy of dignity and a refusal to submit quietly to the practices and laws of Jim Crow racial segregation.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

Unanimous Supreme Court decision which ruled that segregation in public schools was "inherently unequal" and thus unconstitutional and that desegregation should go ahead with "all deliberate speed"; reversed the 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson decision that had ruled that "separate but equal" facilities were allowable under the Constitution.

Indian New Deal

Under Commissioner of Indian Affairs John Collier, the administration launched an "Indian New Deal". Collier ended the policy of forced assimilation and allowed Indians unprecedented cultural autonomy. He replaced boarding schools meant to eradicate the tribal heritage of Indian children with schools on reservations, and dramatically increased spending on Indian health.

Works Progress Administration

Under the direction of Harry Hopkins, the WPA became the main federal relief agency. It put workers directly onto the federal payroll. The agency's workers greatly expanded the nation's infrastructure.

War Advertising Council

Under the watchful eye of the War Advertising Council, private companies joined in the campaign to promote wartime patriotism, while positioning themselves and their brand names for the postwar world.

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Mary Bethune

United States educator who worked to improve race relations and educational opportunities for Black Americans (1875-1955)

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)

Marshall Plan

United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

Helen Hunt Jackson

United States writer of romantic novels about the unjust treatment of Native Americans (1830-1885)

Wagner Act

Upheld the right of industrial workers to join unions. The act did not apply to farm workers. The act outlawed many practices used by employers to squelch unions.

The writer whose work encouraged the passage of the Meat Inspection Act was __________.

Upton Sinclair

McNary-Haugan farm bill

Vetoed by President Calvin Coolidge in 1927 and 1928, the bill to aid farmers would have artificially raised agricultural prices by selling surpluses overseas for low prices and selling the reduced supply in the United States for higher prices.

Alexander Stephens

Vice President of the Confederacy

What did the British Writs if Assistance generally perceived by American colonists as?

Violations of colonists rights to privacy

Whiskey Rebellion

Violent protest by western Pennsylvania farmers against the federal excise tax on whiskey, 1794.

Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934

Virtually cut off Filipino immigration. The act granted independence to the Phillipines, classified all Filipinos in the United States as aliens, and restricted immigration to fifty persons per year.

Define welfare capitalism. What led to the emergence of this belief in the United States?

Welfare capitalism was a system of labor relations that stressed management's responsibility for employee's well being. Many corporations offered workers health insurance, old-age pension plans, and the opportunity to buy stock in the company at below-market prices. Their goal was to create a loyal and long-serving workforce. The emergence was caused by the goal of deterring production-line workers from joining labor unions.

Suez crisis

When Egyptian president Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, British, French, and Israeli forces staged a joint assault on Egypt, cutting off Western Europe's oil supply; when the United States, who had been kept in the dark about the plan, refused to release emergency oil supplies, the allies were compelled to withdraw troops and the United Nations was forced to intervene.

Church of England

When the Pope would not annul Henry VIII's marriage, he split off from the Roman Catholic church and created Anglicism in 1534.

Freedom Summer

a voter registration drive in Mississippi spearheaded by the collaboration of civil rights groups, the campaign drew the activism of thousands of black and white civil rights workers, many of whom were students from the north, and was marred by the abduction and murder of three such workers at the hands of white racists

defensive war

a war in which the army stays in its own area and defends that area from attack, rather than advancing into enemy territory

new woman

a woman of the turn of the 20th century often from the middle class who dressed practically, moved about freely, lived apart from her family, and supported herself

2nd wave of secession

after the battle at fort sumter, arkansas, Tennessee, virginia, and north carolina also secede from the Union.

Berlin airlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

Lend-Lease Act

allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S

Amending the Constitution

amendments could be proposed 2 ways (1) new constitutional convention requested by 2/3 of the states (2) 2/3 vote in both houses of congress

Williams vs. Mississippi

an 1898 Supreme Court cases ruling that allowed states to impose poll taxes and literacy tests. by 1908, every southern state had adopted such measures.

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

yellow dog contract

an agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their development.

Boss Tweed

William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.

United States in Russia

Wilson's policies toward the Soviet Union revealed the contradictions within the liberal internationalist vision. On the one hand, in keeping with the principles of the Fourteen Points and its goal of a worldwide economic open door, Wilson hoped to foster trade with the new government. On the other, fear of communism as a source of international instability and a threat to private property inspired military intervention in Russia

Soft Underbelly

Winston Churchill's plan that attacked Italy so Germany could eventually be attacked from below.

the ''flapper''

With her bobbed hair, short skirts, public smoking and drinking, and unapologetic use of birth-control methods such as the diaphragm, the young, single "flapper" epitomized the change in standards of sexual behavior, at least in large cities.

Women in Government

With the New Deal women entered the higher ranks of the government in significant numbers. Frances Perkins, the first woman named to a cabinet post, served as secretary of labor t/o FDR's presidency.

End of Progressivism

Women gained the right to vote, the democrats were able to be a major part of america again. Monopolies were pulled apart as best as possible, and mostly everything became safer. Yet nothing towards civil rights had been seen through.

Daughters of Liberty

Women who spun and wove at home so as not to purchase British goods.

''New Feminism''

Women's emancipation movement in the social, economic, cultural, and sexual spheres.

''liberal internationalism''

Woodrow Wilson's foreign policy that rested on the conviction that economic and political progress go hand in hand.

''moral imperialism''

Woodrow Wilson's idea that Americans were ''meant to carry liberty and justice'' throughout the world.''

WPA

Work Progress Administration: Massive work relief program funded projects ranging from construction to acting; disbanded by FDR during WWII

Free Labor

Working for wages or owning a farm or shop.

Letters from an American Farmer

Written by Hector St. John de Cre?vecoeur, this French work illustrated the process of exclusion of non-white citizens in the American community.

progress and poverty

Written by Henry George, critical of entreprenuers, after studying poverty in America, determined that rich didn't pay fair share of taxes and proposed "Single Tax" on incremental value of land

Thoughts on Government

Written by John Adams in 1776; insisted that the new state constitutions should create ''balanced governments.''

"The Grapes of Wrath"

Written by John Steinbeck. Immortalized the Okies' and their journey.

1630 A Model of Christian Charity

Written by John Winthrop. Inequality is good, enables God to manifest Himself and be glorified. Allows rich to be generous and give and the poor to receive and be humble. Increases interdependence and community. Love is a ligament that binds the body of Christ (church, people, community). City upon a Hill. "Eyes of the world" focused on them. Influenced American religious and societal ideals.

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Written by Mary Wollstonecraft; asserts the ''rights of humanity'' should not be ''confined to the male line.''

Notes on the State of Virginia

Written by Thomas Jefferson and published in 1785; a comparison of the races that claimed blacks lacked, partly due to natural incapacity and partly because the bitter experience of slavery had rendered them disloyal to the nation.

Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom

Written by Thomas Jefferson, this bill eliminated religious requirements for voting and officeholding and government financial support for churches.

Montgomery bus boycott

Yearlong boycott sparked by the arrest of Rosa Parks for violating the city's Jim Crow statues by sitting in the "whites only" section of a city bus.

''Annuity System"

Yearly grants of federal money to Indian tribes that institutionalized continuing government influence in tribal affairs and gave outsiders considerable control over Indian life.

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Students for a Deomcatic SOciety (SDS)

a campus-based political organization founded in 1961 by Tom Hayden that became an iconic representation of the New Left. Originally geared toward the intellectual promise of "participatory democracy," SDS emerged at the forefront of the civil rights, antipoverty, and anitwar movements during the 1960s

rebate

a cash refund given for the purchase of a product during a specific period

proprietorship

a colony created through a grant of land from the English monarch to an individual or group, who then set u a form of government largely independent from royal control

Lockout

a company tool to fight union demands by refusing to allow employees to enter its facilities to work

electric generator

a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy

Peace Corps

a federal agency created by President Kennedy in 1961 to promote voluntary service by Americans in foreign countries, it provides labor power to help developing countries improve their infrastructire, health care, educational systems, and other aspects of their societies. Part of Kennedy's New Frontier vision, the organization represented an effort by postwar liberals to promote American values and influence through productive exchanges across the world

joint- stock corporation

a financial organization devised by English merchants around 1550 that facilitated the colonization of North America. In these companies, a number of investors pooled their capital and received shares of stock in the enterprise in proportion to their share of the total investment

Bill Haywood

a labor leader of the (IWW), refused to accept the wages granted by the War Labor Board and War Industrial Board and urged his workers to strike for better wages. He was sentenced to 10 years in prison, and eventually moved to Soviet Russia where he was honored on his death by being buried in the Kremlin wall

Statue of Liberty

a large statue symbolizing hope and freedom on Liberty Island in New York Harbor

Holocaust

a large-scale destruction, especially by fire; a vast slaughter; a burnt offering

constitutional monarchy

a monarchy limited in its rule by a constitution. imposed on England after glorious revolution

Traditionalists

a person who has deep respect for long-held cultural and religious values

Grange

an association formed by farmers in the last 1800s to make life better for farmers by sharing information about crops, prices, and supplies

injunction

an authoritative command or order

The New Deal failed to generate __________.

an economic recovery

enlightenment

an eighteenth century philosophical movement that emphasize the use of reason to reevaluate previously accepted doctrines and traditions and the power of reason to understand and shape the world

land banks

an institution, established by a colonial legislature that printed paper money and lent it to framers, taking a lein on their land to ensure repayment

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation

philanthropy

charity; a desire or effort to promote goodness

The painters who were part of the Ashcan School focused their art on __________.

city life

A cause not widely championed by Progressives was __________.

civil rights for blacks

The Roosevelt Corollary __________.

claimed the right of the United States to act as a police power in the Western Hemisphere

Bank Holiday

closed all banks until gov. examiners could investigate their financial condition; only sound/solvent banks were allowed to reopen

New Deal Coalition

coalition forged by the Democrats who dominated American politics from the 1930's to the 1960's. its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals.

John O Sullivan

coined the term "manifest destiny"

tribute

collecting goods from conquered peoples. Meso-Americans did it. Once Spain conquered them, they practiced it on them

Most of the text of the Declaration of Independence __________.

consists of a list of grievances against King George III

contras

counterrevolutionary group in Nicaragua that opposed the Sandinistas; Guerrillas who fought against the Sandinistas in Nicaragua

The Congress of Industrial Organizations __________.

created unions of industrial workers

Causes of the Great Depression

credit buying, overproduction, less consumer spending, falling stocks

Daguerreotype

crude photography perfected in 1839 by Louis Daguerre

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

declared full constitutional equality for women. Although it passed both houses of Congress in 1972, a concerted grassroots campaign by anti-feminists led by Phyllis Schlafly persuaded enough state legislatures to vote against ratification. The amendment failed to become part of the Constitution.

What was a main cause of the Great Depression?

declining American purchasing power

Gabriel's Rebellion __________.

demonstrated that the slaves were as aware of the idea of liberty as anyone else

From 1914 to 1916, U.S. intervention in Mexico __________.

demonstrated the weaknesses of Wilson's foreign policy

Cultural pluralism __________.

described a society that gloried in ethnic diversity

manumission

release from slavery

heresy

religious doctrine that is inconsistence with teaching of the church

President Theodore Roosevelt __________.

helped striking coal miners to negotiate a favorable settlement with their employers

Battan Death March

horrifying 60-‐mile march of American prisoners by the Japanese during WWII

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

how should the nation deal with its colonies? (1) two stages: the area would be subordinate to the federal government, then when a territory had 60,000 inhabitants, it would be admitted by Congress as a state, with equal privileges (2) exactly what the Cont. Congress had promised when the land was surrendered in 1781 (3) forbade slavery

baby boom

huge leap in the birthrate in the decade and a half after 1945. More than 50 million babies were born by the end of the 1950s.

New Immigrants

immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880's from southern and eastern Europe

Old Immigrants

immigrants who had come to the US before the 1880's from Britain, Germany, Ireland, and Scandinavia, or Northern Europe

Pullman Strike

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

Yeoman Farmers

family farmers who hired out slaves for the harvest season, self-sufficient, participated in local markets alongside slave owners

causes of farmer's economic issues

farm prices plummeted, cost more to produce things rather than sell theme, more crops more price decline. Expensive to pay for machinery.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

federal law that banned racial discrimination in public facilities and strengthened the federal government's power to fight segregation in schools. Title VII of the act prohibited employers from discriminating based on race in their hiring practices, and empowered the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to regulate fair employment

Sunbelt

fifteen-state area that when from Virginia, through Florida and Texas, to Arizona and California. It increased population rate nearly double

Dr Elizabeth Blackwell

first female graduate of a medical college

Russo-American Treaty of 1824

fixed Russia's southernmost limits at the 54 degree 40' (tip of Alaska)

The Ku Klux Klan __________.

flourished in the early 1920s, especially in the North and West

Co-ops

form of ownership where the residents own a corporation that owns the property

Non-Intercourse Act

formally reopened trade with all nations of the world, except Britian and France

containment doctrine

formulated of Truman's piecemeal responses to various Soviet challenges took on intellectual coherence in 1947

Berlin Wall

fortified and guarded barrier between East and West Berlin erected on orders from Soviet Permier Nikita Khrushchev in 1961 to stop the flow of people to the West; until its destruction in 1989, the wall was a vivid symbol of the divide between the communist and capitalist worlds

W. E. B. Du Bois __________.

founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

European Econimic Community (EEC)

free trade zone in Western Europe created by Treaty of Rome in 1957, often referred to as the "Common Market," this collection of countries originally included France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxemourg. The body eventually expanded to become the European Union, which by 2005 included 27 member states

Canadian Shield

geological shape of North America; 10 million years ago; held the northeast corner of North America in place; the first part of North America to come above sea level.

The new state constitutions created during the Revolutionary War __________.

greatly expanded the right to vote in almost every state

Moderate Republicans

group that viewed Reconstruction as a practical matter of restoring states into the Union and keeping the former Confederates out of government

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

signed April 4, 1949. twelve original signatories pledged to regard an attack on one as an attack on all and promised to respond with "armed forces if necessary.

10th Amendment

reserves all rights not explicitly delegated or prohibited to the States

The Espionage Act (1917) and the Sedition Act (1918) __________.

restricted freedom of speech

Drys

supported prohibition

Slave Power

term used by antislavery advocates to describe conspiracy of southern politicians and northern business owners. Planned to expand the bounds of slavery into new territory

Butler v. U.S.

killed the AAA, although FDR insisted on continuing by creating smaller state-level AAA

covenant of work

the Christian idea that God's elect must do good works in their earthly lives to earn their salvation

The Sedition Act targeted __________.

the Republican press

Nixon Doctrine

the U.S. will not do the majority of fighting in countries threatened by communism, will provide aid

competency

the ability of a family to keep a household solvent and independent and to pass the ability on to the next generation

silent majority

label nixon gave to middle-class americans who supported him, obeyed the laws, and wanted "peace with honor" in vietnam, he contrasted this group with students and civil rights activists who disrupted the country with protests in the late 1960s and early 1970s

economic individualism

the autonomy of individuals to manage their own financial decisions without government interference

President McKinley

the president during the Spanish American War; asked congress to go to war in Cuba

Cheif Joseph

tribal cheif of the Nez Perce tribe. he fought to preserve his homeland and did much to awaken the conscience of America to the plight of Native Americans

The Red Scare __________.

was an intense period of political intolerance inspired by labor strikes and fears of the Russian Revolution

Roosevelt's "Court-packing" plan __________.

was criticized by many

The New Jersey Plan __________.

was mainly supported by the smaller, less populated states

World War I __________.

was rooted in European contests over colonial possessions

Dollar Diplomacy __________.

was used by William Howard Taft instead of military intervention

Grimke Sisters

were 19th-century American Quakers, educators and writers who were early advocates of abolitionism and women's rights.

The 1924 Immigration Act __________.

set quotas that favored immigration from northern and western Europe

Kent State University

shooting of students(protesting invasion of cambodia) by members of the Ohio National Guard

patriarchy

social identity and property descends through the male line

Sears Catalog

sold groceries, drugs, furniture, clothing, and tools

white-collar worker

someone in a professional or clerical job who usually earns a salary

Bootlegger

someone who makes or sells illegal liquor

squatters

someone who settlers on land he or she does not own or rent. Many eighteenth-century settler established themselves on land before it was surveyed and entered for sale, requesting the first right to purchase the land when sales began

William Jennings Bryan "Cross of Gold" Speech

speech promoting the idea of changing the exchange rate of silver to gold

animism

spiritual beliefs centered around natural world. Practiced by Indians. This made English believe they were better for their more sophisticated religion

Cuban missle crisis

standoff between JFK and Khrushchev in October 1962 over Soviet plans to install nuclear weapons in Cuba. Although the crisis was ultimately settled in American's favor and represented a foreign policy triumph for Kennedy, it brought the world's superowers perilously close to brink of nuclear confrontation

republic

state governed without monarchy by representatives of the people

Red Summer

summer of 1919 brought race riots, began in July when whites invaded a black section of Longview, Texas and burned shops and houses. It was a lash out against the growth of blacks in cities

Neo-Europeans

terms for colonies which colonist sought to replicate economies and social structure of home countries

Virtual representation was the idea __________.

that each member of Britain's House of Commons represented the entire empire, not just his own district

For which three accomplishments did Thomas Jefferson wish to be remembered?

the Declaration of Independence, the University of Virginia, the Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom

Redemption

the action of saving or being saved from sin, error, or evil.

tribalization

the adaption of stateless people to the demands imposed on the by neighboring states

covenant chain

the alliance of the Iroquios, first with the New York then all Colonies. The Covenant chain became a model for relations between the British Empire and other native American people

toleration

the allowance of different religious practices. Lord Baltimore persuaded the Maryland assembly to enact the toleration Act which granted all Christian the right to follow their beliefs and hold church services. the crown imposed toleration on Massachusetts bay in its new royal charter of 1691

The New Deal concentrated power in the hands of __________.

the executive branch

To what did the "invisible hand" refer?

the free market

In the Federalist #10, James Madison argued that __________.

the large size of the United States was a source of political stability

civil rights act of 1875

law that banned discrimination in public facilities and transportation

civil rights act of 1866

law that established federal guarantees of civil rights for all citizens

grange laws

laws that set maximum rates for shipping freight and for grain storage

Voting Rights Act of 1965

legislation pushed through Congress by President Johnson that prohibited ballot-denying tactics, such as literacy tests and intimidation. It was a successor to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and sought to make racial disenfranchisement explicitly illegal

Chisholm Trail

the major cattle route from San Antonio, Texas, through Oklahoma to Kansas

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

2nd New Deal

legislative program focusing on reform begun by FDR in 1935 when the first attempt to end the Depression failed

Blacklist

list of persons who were not hired because of union strikes

Sutter's Mill

location where gold was discovered in California in 1848, setting off the gold rush

Working conditions in factories

long hours, low pay, unsafe conditions, poor lighting and lack of ventilation

Employment Act of 1946

made it government policy to "promote maximum employment, production, and chrchasing power", and created a three member Council of Economic Advisers to provide the president with the date and the recommendations to make the policy a reality.

During the early years of the republic, African-Americans __________.

made up well over 10 percent of the total population

As a result of the American Revolution, Americans rejected __________.

the principle of hereditary aristocracy

Nueces vs. Rio Grande River

the region was claimed by both Mexico and the U.S. on the disputed border between Texas and Mexico; American soldiers under Zachary Taylor moved into the region between these two rivers, which made war inevitable

tenancy

the rental property. to attract tenants in New York's Hudson River Valley, Dutch and English manorial lords granted long tenancy leases, with the right to sell improvements- houses and barns, for example to the next tenants

The Teapot Dome scandal involved __________.

the secretary of the interior, who received money in exchange for leasing government oil reserves to private companies

household mode of production

the system of exchanging goods and labor that helped eighteenth-century New England free-holders survive on ever-shrinking farms as available land became more scarce

Life on the home front

many goods were unavailable, people began reading and watching movies, and going to sports games, jobs began giving people their first extra cash

March on Washington

massive civil rights demonstration in August 1963 in support of Kennedy-backed legislation to secure legal protections for American blacks. One of the most visually impressive manifestations of the Civil Rights Movement, it was the occasion of Martin Luther King's famous "I Have a Dream" speech

sit-down strike

method of boycotting work by sitting down at work and refusing to leave the establishment

The Progressive movement drew its strength from __________.

middle-class reformers

Six-Day War

military conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbors, the war ended with an Israeli victory and territorial expansion into the Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights, the Gaza Strip, and the West Banks. This war was a humiliation for several Arab states, and the territorial disputes it created formed the basis for continued conflict in the region

Mississippi Freedom Democratic party

political party organized by civil rights activists to challenge Mississippi's delegation to the Democratic National Convention, who opposed the civil rights planks in the party's platform. Claiming a mandate to represent the true voice of Mississippi, where almost no black citizens could vote, it demanded to be seated at the convention but were denied by party bosses. The effort was both a setback to civil rights activism in the south and a motivation to continue to struggle for black voting rights

Voting Restrictions

poll tax, literacy test, grandfather clause

Hector St. John Crèvecoeur's Letters from an American Farmer __________.

popularized the idea of the United States as a melting pot of ethnicities

Era of Good Stealings

post-Civil War period marked by corruption in the railroad industry, stock market, politics, and judicial system.

trans-Saharan trade

primary avenue for trade in Africa. controlled by Ghana, Mali, and Songhai

affrimation action

program designed to redress historic racial and gender imbalances in jobs and education, the term grew from an executive order issued by JFK in 1961 mandating that projects paid for with federal funds could not discriminate based on race in their hiring practices. In the 1960s, President Nixon's Philadelphia Plan changed the meaning of administrative action to require attention to certain groups, rather protect indiviudals against discrimination

Apollo

program of manned space flights run by American's National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); the project's highest achievement was the landing of Apollo 11 on the moon of July 20, 1969

The Civilian Conservation Corps __________.

put young men to work in national parks

The Agricultural Adjustment Act __________.

raised farm prices by establishing quotas and paying farmers not to plant more

counter-reformation

reaction from Catholic church. creatic new monastic and missionary orders

Black Panther party

organization of armed black militants formed in Oakland, California, in 1966 to protect black rights. They represented a growing dissatisfaction with the non-violent wing of the civil rights movement, and signaled a new direction to that movement after the legislative victories of 1964-1965

guilds

organizations of skilled workers in medieval times that regulated trade

Freedom Riders

organized mixed-race groups who rode interstate buses deep into the South to draw attention to and protest racial segregation, beginning in 1961. This effort by northern young people to challenge racism proved a political and public relations success for the Civil Rights Movement

"Americanization" __________.

refers to the process of assimilation

In 1778, the focus of the war shifted __________.

to the South, where the British captured Savannah that year

The Irish and Chinese in America

took low skill jobs, were looked down upon because they were poor

Nuremberg war crimes trial

twenty-two top culprtis were tried by Allies during 1945-1946. The accusations that were included were: commiting crimes against the laws of war and humanity and plotting aggressions contrary to solemn treaty pledges.

During the process of ratifying the Constitution, __________.

two states, Rhode Island and North Carolina, voted against ratification

Coxey's Army

unemployed workers marched from Ohio to Washington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for government relief

The Great Depression and the economic crisis that ensued discredited supporters of __________.

unregulated capitalism

Stonewall Rebellion

uprising in support of equal rights for gay people sparked by an assault by off-duty police officers at a gay bar in New York. The rebellion led to rise in activism and miltiancy within the gay community and furthered the sexual revolution of the late 1960s

During the Progressive era, __________.

urban development highlighted social inequalities

Bimetallism

the use of both gold and silver as a basis for a national monetary system

Boarding School Movement

thousands of Indian children were taken from their parents and sent to boarding schools under the leadership of the Bureau of Indian Affairs

KKK Act

was one of several important civil rights acts passed by Congress during Reconstruction, the period following the Civil War when the victorious northern states attempted to create a new political order in the South. The act was intended to protect African Americans from violence perpetrated by the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), a white supremacist group.

Scientific management __________.

was pioneered by Frederick W. Taylor

During the 1920s, consumer goods __________.

were frequently purchased on credit

After the Revolution, African-Americans in the North __________.

were happy that the process of abolition under the new state constitutions meant that all current slaves would be free during their lifetimes

What did "slumming" mean?

whites going to Harlem's dancehalls, jazz clubs, and speakeasies

First Red Scare

widespread fear of Communism in the US during the 1920s after the revolution in Russia

Temperance Movement

(1) drinking decreased the efficiency of labor + threatened the sanctity of the family (2) American Temperance Society (3) T.S. Arthur's novel "10 Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There" 1854 (4) two approaches: temperance or legislation (5) Neal S. Dow was the "father of prohibition"; sponsored the Maine Law of 1851

Atlantic Cable

1866 Telegraphs between US and Europe laid by Cyrus W. Field

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war

Huey Long

"Every Man a King" which proposed giving $5000 to citizens by taxing the wealthy

Stock Market

Stock prices surged 40% in 1928 and 1929, as investors got caught up in speculative frenzy. On Black Thursday, October 24, 1929, and again on Black Tuesday, October 29, the bubble burst. More than 28 million shares changed hands in panic trading. Overnight, stock values fell from a peak of $87 billion to $55 billion. The unequal distribution of wealth became the structural weakness. Hundreds of banks failed and depositors lost all their money.

Salt II

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty agreement between Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and American president Jimmy Carter. Despite an accord to limit weapons between the two leaders, the agreement was ultimately scuttled in the U.S. Senate following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979.

Clayton Antitrust Act

Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act, exempted unions from prosecution

scabs

Strikebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike

Five Nations Iroquois

Strong ties with Dutch; traded furs for guns and wampum; attacked French and Hurons. Fought w/ British in both French & Indian War and later in the American Revolution. Were originally brought together by mourning ceremonies that Hiawatha learned from spirits. Eventually became Six Nations.

Peace Democrats

Sub-division of the fractured democratic party. Tens of thousands who did not support the Lincoln Administration. The hippies of the civil war.

Adverse effects of the AAA

Subsidies went primarily to the owners of large farms, who often cut production by reducing the amount of land they rented to tenants and sharecroppers. Such practices forced 200,000 black families off the land. Some blacks tried to protect themselves by joining the Southern Tenant Farmers Union (STFU) but the union was able to accomplish very little. Hundreds of thousands of black sharecroppers and white small holders moved to the cities.

Nativist

Such sentiments recalled the raction to migrants from Ireland and Germany in the 1840s. During the 1920s more than 23 million immigrants came to the United States from southern and eastern Europe. Nativist animosity fueled a new drive against immigration.

Army-McCarthy hearings

Televised hearings in which the U.S. Army fought back against Senator McCarthy's unwarranted accusations; the broadcast fascinated the American public and led to McCarthy's downfall, as he appeared irrational, reckless, and mean-spirited; he was condemned by Congress a few months later.

Checkers Speech

Televised speech made by vice-presidential candidate Richard Nixon, in which he responded to scandalous reports regarding a misuse of funds while he was in the Senate; the speech, in which he referred to the family's dog, saved his candidacy and illustrated the political potential of television.

TVA

Tennessee Valley Authority

McCarthyism

Term for the dangerous forces of unfairness and fear that a democratic society can unleash; refers to the ruthless red-hunting of Senator McCarthy, who destroyed countless careers by feeding on the America's fears of communist infiltration, damaging the American traditions of fair play and free speech.

Garrisonians

Term used to describe the radical followers of William Lloyd Garrison

Annexation of Texas

Texas decides to secede from Mexico and attempts to declare its independence which eventually leads to our adoption of the land as a state although it was feared that it would cause conflict with mexico leading to war. Southern states in support of this as Texas brought slaves with it meaning it would increase agricultural profits

What did "strict constructionists" believe?

That the federal government could only exercise powers specifically listed in the constitution.

GI Bill of Rights

The "GI Bill of Rights" provided money for education and other benefits to military personnel returning from World War II.

zoot suit riots

The "zoot suit" riots of 1943, in which club-wielding sailors and policemen attacked Mexican-American youths wearing flamboyant clothing on the streets of Los Angeles, illustrated the limits of wartime tolerance.

James Wilson of Pennsylvania is the delegate at the Convention credited with...

The 3/5 Compromise

Iranian hostage crisis

The 444 days in which American embassy workers were held captive by Iranian revolutionaries after young Muslim fundamentalists overthrew the oppressive regime of the American-backed shah, forcing him into exile. These revolutionaries triggered an energy crisis by cutting off Iranian oil. The crisis began when revolutionaries stormed the American embassy, demanding that the United States return the shah to Iran for trial. The episode was marked by botched diplomacy and failed rescue attempts by the Carter Administration. After permanently damaging relations between the two countries, the crisis ended with the hostage's release the day Ronald Reagan became president

Economic Expansion Abroad

American manufacturers actively promoted foreign sales of consumer products. To supply these markets, firms built factories in foreign countries and bought up existing businesses.

Beaver Wars

Between the 1640s and 1680s, during the bloody conflicts, the Iroquois fought the French and their Indian allies for control of the fur trade in eastern North America and the Great Lakes region.

What was a characteristic of the federal government under the articles of confederation?

Congress could not levy taxes or regulate commerce.

Ellis Island and Angel Island

Reception center in New York Harbor through which most European immigrants to America were processed from 1892 to 1954.

RFC

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Johnson's Plan

Reconstruction plan nicknamed "Restoration"; did not punish the South except for the rich & highest ranking Confederate officers; opposed equal rights for African Americans

Old Lights

Conservative clergymen who were against the emotional approach of the Great Awakening. Include the following denominations: Congregationalist (Puritans)

Birth of a Nation

Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.

'smoking gun' tape

Recording made in the Oval Office that proved conclusively that Nixon knew about the Watergate break-in and endeavored to cover it up. When the tape's existence became public knowledge, Nixon's Congressional support evaporated and the Supreme Court ordered he hand the tape to investigators

Election of 1866 (Midterm)

Referendum on Reconstruction ( Johnson's policies rejected) -after election, Republicans have a "supermajority" and control Reconstruction (override presidential vetoes)

Arsenal of Democracy

Referred to America's Ability to supply its European allies with war supplies prior to the U.S. entry into WWII.

Robber Barons

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

Hoover's Voluntarism

Reflecting his idea of voluntarism on the business community, he asked business executives to maintain wages and production levels and to work with the government to rebuild America's confidence. He also refused to consider direct federal relief for unemployed Americans and urged reliance on private charity, but unemployment during the depression was too massive for private charities.

3 R's of the New Deal

Relief, Recovery, Reform

missions

Religious settlements run by Catholic priests/friars intended to convert Native populations and provide spiritual support to settlers.

21st Amendment

Repeal of Prohibition

Which of the following, without a doubt, the most divisive issue that nearly threatened the work of the entire Convention?

Representation

Bretton Woods

Representatives from 44 countries met in New Hampshire to design a new international monetary system; resulted in the establishment of the IMF and the World Bank.

election of 1896

Republican William McKinley defeated Democratic-Populist "Popocrat" William Jennings Bryan. 1st election in 24 years than Republicans won a majority of the popular vote. McKinley won promoting the gold standard, pluralism, and industrial growth.

Herbert Hoover

Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.

What is meant by "New Era?"

Republican dominance in the federal government from 1920 to 1932 was known as the New Era, characterized by business-government cooperation. It was a time period in which business boomed, while farmers and unions struggled. Republicans moved away from laissez-faire and accepted limited government regulation as an aid to stabilizing government.

5th party system

Republican vs Democrats; FDR and the New deal changed from a sectional coalition into a class based ones; Hoover and the conservative federal government

Washington Naval Arms Conference of 1921

Revealed American strategy in the Pacific. The goal was to deter both excessive expenditure on arms and the buildup of Japanese naval power.

Acoma Revolt (1598)

Revolt of the Acoma Pueblo Indians on a Mesa in New Mexico against the Spaniards. They ambushed, killing 11 of Juan de Oñate's men. Spanish retalliate, burning village, capturing 500 & enslaving them, and indiscriminately killing 600.

Jim Crow Laws

Rigid set of antiquated segregation laws that governed all aspects of southern blacks' existence, keeping them economically inferior and politically powerless.

NYC Riots

Riots that took place as a result of the uncustomary drafting done by the Union army, in July 1863, stopped by federal troops and is the bloodiest riot in American history.

How did the Second New Deal differ from the first?

Roosevelt and his advisors abandoned the middle ground and moved to the liberal left. The Second New Deal emphasized social justice: the use of national legislation to enhance the power of working people and the security and welfare of the old, disabled, and the unemployed.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

Roosevelt considered effective agricultural legislation "the key to recovery." It was a measure jointly developed by the administration officials and major farm organizations that represented a new level of government involvement in the farm economy. The AAA set up an allottment system for seven major commodities (wheat, cotton, corn, hogs, rice, tobacco, and dairy products). The act provided cash subsidies to farmers who cut their production of these crops. By dumping cash in farmers' hands, the AAA stabilized the farm economy.

The Hundred Days

Roosevelt promised "action now." In a legendary legislative session, known as the Hundred Days, Congress enacted fifteen major bills. This legislation focused primarily on banking failures, agricultural overproduction, the business slump, and soaring unemployment.

What were some of the failures of the Social Security Act?

Roosevelt refused to include a provision for national health insurance because that would make it more difficult to get the measure through Congress.

Francis Perkins

Roosevelt's Secretary of Labor and first woman cabinet member in U.S. history.

FDR

Roosevelt, the President of the United States during the Depression and WWII. He instituted the New Deal. Served from 1933 to 1945, he was the only president in U.S. history to be elected to four terms

William Berkeley

Governor of Virginia. Did not provide protection to the settlers from the Indians, and actually acted favorably towards the Deog, which pissed off some indentured servants and freeholders, leading to Bacon's Rebellion in 1676.

Vicksburg

Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union.

Speakeasies

Illegal bars

War Industries Board

Run by financier Bernard Baruch, the board planned production and allocation of war materiel, supervised purchasing, and fixed prices, 1917-1919.

Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

Pocahontas

Saved John Smith from execution Later married John Rolfe and moved to England with him. She helped fix relations between the Powhatan and the Jamestown settlers, initially by performing cartwheels in the nude.

Capt. John Smith

Saved the settlement of Jamestown during that first, hard winter by taking over as leader. He enforced the "no work, no food" rule, the digging of wells, building of better shelters, planting of crops and raiding of Powhatan villages for food.

Court ruling on National Industrial Recovery Act

In May 1935, the Court ruled that the act represented an unconstitutional delegation of Congress's legislative powers to a code-writing agency in the executive branch of the government.

At one point during the Convention, George Washington scolded the delegates. What issue angered him?

Secrecy

Earth Day

International day of celebration and awareness of global environmental issues launched by conservationists on April 22, 1970

Manhattan Project

Secret American program during World War II to develop an atomic bomb; J. Robert Oppenheimer led the team of physicists at Los Alamos, New Mexico.

The "Associated State"

Secretary of Commerce, Herbert Hoover, was the most active member of the Harding administration. Under Hoover's direction, the Commerce Department fostered the creation of two thousand trade associations representing companies in almost every major industry. Government officials worked with the associations, providing them with statistical research and assisting them to devise industry-wide standards. Hoover hoped to create an "associated state" between the government and businesses that would promote the public interest.

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

SEC

Securities and Exchange Commission

Bases for Destroyers Deal

Sept. 1940- British gives US 8 base sites from Newfoundland to S. America; US trades destroyers;

2nd Great Awakening

Series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and baptism, stressed philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for protestants. Attracted women, African Americans,and Native Americans

Watergate

Series of scandals that resulted in President Richard Nixon's resignation amid calls for his impeachment. The episode sprang from a failed burglary attempt at Democratic party headquarters in Washington's Watergate Hotel during the 1972 election.

Panic of 1893

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930's.

Mary McLeod Bethune

Served during the 1920s as the president of the National Association of Colored Women. In 1935 she organized the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW), a coalition of the major associations of black women. She served as the director of the National Youth Administration's Division of Negro Affairs under the New Deal.

20th Amendment

Set subsequent inaugurations for January 20th.

Freedman's Bureau, 1865

Set up to help freedmen and white refugees after Civil War. Provided food, clothing, medical care, and education. First to establish schools for blacks to learn to read as thousands of teachers from the north came south to help. Lasted from 1865-72. Attacked by KKK and other southerners as "carpetbaggers" Encouraged former plantation owners to rebuild their plantations, urged freed Blacks to gain employment, kept an eye on contracts between labor and management, etc

Charles II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism

Which of the following is TRUE of how the new state constitutions in the Revolutionary era dealt with the issue of religious liberty?

Seven state constitutions began with a declaration of rights that included a commitment to "the free exercise of religion."

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Hoovervilles

Shanty towns where people lived in packing crates, due to the depression.

What did Shay's rebellion illustrate?

Sharp social and economic devisions between eastern merchants and bankers and western farmers.

"Forty acres and a mule"

Sherman's Special Field Order; slogan promising blacks (freedman) forty acres of land & a mule to plow with ; failed reconstruction attempt

March to the Sea

Sherman's march to Savannah which cut off confederate supplies received by the sea

Treaty of Greenville

Signed in 1795 whereby twelve Indian tribes ceded most of Ohio and Indiana to the federal government.

Okinawa

Site of important battle near Japanese mainland; last battle before atomic bombs; Allies won

Scallawags

Southerners who joined the Republican Party

Appotomax Court House

The place famous for General Lee Surrendered

Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina

South Carolina's original founding document written by John Locke & Lord Shaftesbury. Vision was for an almost feudal, manorial system. However, the settlers sensibly refused to work under a lord, preferring to have freeholds of their own, which made the document pretty much worthless.

Why did the New Deal end?

Southern Democratic opposition brought the New Deal to a halt. The international scene also increasingly preoccupied Roosevelt and pushed domestic reform further into the background.

Settlers of the Old Northwest

Southerners (1) white farmers who had been pushed off land (2) escaped the low social position as nonslaveholders in a slave society (3) dominated settlement in the 1820s Northerners (1) arrive in the 1830s (2) wanted to re-create world they had left behind

Sputnik

Soviet satellite launched into orbit in 1957, astounding the world and rattling America's self-confidence regarding scientific superiority and military security; Eisenhower established NASA and set aside billions for missile development.

Hernando de Soto

Spanish Conquistador; explored in 1540's from Florida west to the Mississippi with six hundred men in search of gold; discovered the Mississippi, a vital North American river.

Juan Ponce de Leon

Spanish Explorer; in 1513 and in 1521, he explored Florida, thinking it was an island. Looking for gold and the "fountain of youth", he failed in his search for the fountain of youth but established Florida as territory for the Spanish, before being killed by a Native American arrow.

Conquistadores

Spanish explorers that invaded Central and South America for it's riches during the 1500's. In doing so they conquered the Incas, Aztecs, and other Native Americans of the area. Eventually they intermarried these tribes.

Sir Walter Raliegh

Sponsored the settlement of Roanoke in the Carolinas in 1584. He left the colony to get supplies and when he returned, they'd vanished almost without a trace.

KKK

Stands for Ku Klux Klan and started right after the Civil War in 1866. The Southern establishment took charge by passing discriminatory laws known as the black codes. Gives whites almost unlimited power. They masked themselves and burned black churches, schools, and terrorized black people. They are anti-black and anti-Semitic.

Protestant Reformation

Started in 1517 with the publication of German theologian Martin Luther's "95 Theses" that criticized Catholicism by marginalizing Pope's authority, revealing that the merits of Saints had no scriptural foundation, and demeaning the selling of indulgences. It was heightened by John Calvin's focus on salvation & sovereignty as well has his doctrine of predestination. His community in Geneva, Switzerland and led to the establishment of the Protestant churches (Lutherans, Calvinists, Presbyterians, Anglicans, Anabaptist) throughout the 16th century.

Levittown

Started on New York's Long Island in the 1940s. Many builders revolutionized the techniques of home construction.

redemptioner

a common type of indentured servant in the Middle colonies in the eighteenth century. Unlike other indentured servants, redemptioners did not sign a control before leaving Europe. Instead, they found employers after arriving to America

Navigation Acts

Starting in 1650 with decisions made by Charles II's Parliament, laws were passed that required (among other things) that all goods to and from the colonies be transported on British ships. Goal: to keep colonial trade in the hands of the motherland. It wasn't a cup of tea or a piece of cake, though: many of the acts were hard to enforce, and thus, largely ignored by foreign and colonial merchants.

Nathaniel Hawthorne (Literary Dissenter)

(1) "The Scarlet Letter" on the puritan practice of adultress' wearing the letter A (2) "The Marble Faun" on evil and guilt

Music

(1) "darky" tunes became popular (2) "dixie" adopted as confederate battle hymn (3) Stephen C. Foster popular song writer; "Old Folks at Home" in 1852

German Immigrants

(1) 1.5 million between 1830 and 1860 (2) were uprooted farmers or liberal political refugees (3) better conditions than the Irish; modest amounts of material goods, could settle out in the middle west (WI) (4) better educated than Americans; supported public schools and the arts (5) opposed slavery (6) sought to preserve their language and culture

Women's Rights Movement

(1) 10% of women avoided marriage (2) gender differences increased with economic roles (3) reformers increasingly felt that the home was cage (4) most reformers werewhite and well-to-do; also joined the temperance and abolition movements

Shakers

(1) 1770s (2) founded by Mother Ann Lee (3) 6000 members by 1840 (4) prohibited marriage and sex; extinct by 1940

Other Industry

(1) 1798: Eli Whitney creates concept of interchangable parts, became the basis of modern mass production, assembly lines (2) 1846: Elias Howe and Isaac Singer invent the sewing machine, foundation of the ready-made cloth industry (3) 1844: Samuel F. B. Morse invents the telegraph (4) 1850-60 saw 28,000 registered patents

The Louisiana Purchase

(1) 1800: Napoleon Bonaparte of France induces king of Spain to cede trans-Mississippi region of Louisiana (2) 1803: Jefferson sends James Monroe to join Robert R. Livingston in France; instructed to buy New Orleans + as much land to its east as possible for max $10 million (3) Napoleon suddenly decided to sell all of Louisiana + abandon New World empire (4) Livingston secures treaty with France April 30, 1803; Louisiana for $15 million (5) Jefferson contradicts his strict-constructionist ideology; nowhere in the const. was he authorized to negotiate such a treaty

William Cullen Bryant

(1) 1817 "Thanatopsis"; first high-quality US poem (2) editor of the New York Evening Post (3) set model for journalism

British Seek US Alliance

(1) 1823: British Foreign Secretary George Canning approached US w/ a proposition (2) the US would combine w/ Britain in joint declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring Latin American territory (3) tell European despots to keep hands off Latin American Republics Why did the British want alliance? (1) feared that the Yankees would one day seize Cuba, jeopardize Britains Caribbean islands

Free Incorporation Laws

(1) 1848 (2) businessmen could create corporations without applying for individual charters from the legislature

Urban Growth

(1) 33 states by 1860 (2) 43 major cities by 1860; New York, New Orleans, Chicago (3) slum conditions (4) Boston pioneers sewer system; NY uses piped water supply

Western Growth

(1) 9 frontier states had joined the original 13 between 1791 and 1819 (2) admitted alternately as free or save states (3) cheap land, immigration, pacification of Indians, improved transportation (4) still weak in population + influence; forced to ally with other sections

The XYZ Affair (1797)

(1) Adam's envoy reaches Paris hoping to meet French foreign minister Talleyrand (2) secretly approached by 3 go-betweens, x y and z (3) French demanded bribe; negotitations break down

Jeffersonian Restraint

(1) Alien & Sedition acts expired (2) new Naturalization Law of 1802; reduced to previous 5 years of residence (3) got rid of only one Hamiltonian feature: excise tax (4) left most of the Hamiltonian framework in tact; did not tamper with programs for funding national debt + assuming state debts

The Panic of 1837

(1) American banks collapsed, some of them pet banks (2) factories closed + unemployment (3) Divorce Bill: separate the government from banking altogether, proposed independent treasury (4) Independent Treasury Bill (1840) causes (1) speculation w/ shaky currency (2) Bank War + Specie Circular (3) failures of wheat crop (4) failure of 2 prominent banks in Britain

General Andrew Jackson + Florida

(1) Americans believed FL was destined to become part of the US (2) Latin American revolutions drew Spanish troops out of FL to squash rebels (3) General Andrew Jackson secured commission to enter Spanish territory (4) hung 2 Indian chiefs, executed British subjects, seized Spanish posts (5) had exceeded instructions from congress

American Scientists

(1) Benjamin Silliman: chemist and geologist at Yale (2) Professer Louis Agassiz: biologist at Harvard, insisted on original research + memory work (3) Asa Gray: founded American botany, published over 350 writings, set new textbook standards (4) John J Audubon: painted birds in "Birds of America"

United States vs Britain

(1) Britain had been retaining chain of northern frontier posts on US soil (2) British were eager to starve out the French West Indies; seized about 300 American merchant ships (3) Hamilton's economy depended on trade w/ Britain (4) Jay's Treaty + Pinckney's Treaty

Threats to American Neutrality

(1) Britain had supremacy on the seas, Napoleon had supremacy on land (2) Berlin Decree (1806): France would seize ships trading w/ England (3) Orders in Council: ships must stop in England first (4) impressment: forced enlistment of Americans into the British navy

The Chesapeake

(1) British capture US war ship; not given this right by gov. (2) demand surrender; US refuse (3) British warship fires on the Chesapeake (4) London Foreign Office admits it was wrong

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Election of 1832

(1) Clay (National Republicans.) vs Jackson (Dem.-Rep.) (2) first Third Party: The Anti-Masonic Party (3) first calling of national nominating conventions to name candidates (4) parties adopted formal platforms, publicized positions on issues (5) Jackson wins 219 to 49

Cohens v Virginia (1821)

(1) Cohens found guilty of illegally selling lottery tickets; appealed to Supreme Court (2) conviction was upheld (3) Marshall asserted the right of the SC to review all decisions of the state supreme court in questions involving power of the federal government

Post- Revolutionary War Christianity

(1) Congregational Church continued to be legally established in New England (2) Anglican church tainted by British association; reforms as Protestant Episcopal Church (3) Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom 1777

Alexander Hamilton's Plan

(1) Congress to fund the entire national debt + assume state debts (2) debt was a blessing; the more creditors to whom the gov owed money, the more people with a personal stake in the nations success (3) customs duties; required foreign trade (4) domestic taxes; whiskey

Maritime Transportation

(1) Cyrus Field stretch cable from Newfoundland to Ireland in 1858; permanent in 1866 (2) Clipper ships introduced in the 1840s and 50s; golden age for Yankee shipping, monopoly of tea (3) British eventually prevail with the iron tramp steamers; more reliable

President James Madison

(1) Democratic-Republican, 1808 Election (2) crippling factions within his Republican party; unable to dominate congress

Politics for the People

(1) Election of 1840 demonstrated major change in American politics (2) advantage to be able to claim humble origins; appealed to the common people

Election of 1796

(1) Federalist John Adams vs Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson (2) Adams wins narrowly 71 to 68 (3) as the runner-up, Jefferson becomes Vice President

The French Revolution

(1) France proclaims itself a republic; Americans celebrate (2) Reign of Terror + Britain sucked into conflict (3) Jeffersonians favored honoring the Franco-American alliance (4) George Washington believed that war had to be avoided at all costs; Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

The Convention of 1800

(1) France wanted no war with America (2) treaty signed in Paris (2) France annuled the 22 year alliance (3) US greed to pay the damage claims of American shippers

The Trail of Tears

(1) GA legislature declares Cherokee Council illegal + asserted own jurisdiction (2) Supreme Court upheld rights of Indians; Jackson: "John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it" (3) Jackson proposes removal of remaining eastern tribes beyond the Mississippi (4) Indian Removal Act (1830) (5) The Bureau of Indian Affairs established in 1836 (6) Resistance from Sauk and Fox tribes, Seminole's flee to Florida; bloodily crushed by Jackson's troops

Fletcher v Peck (1810)

(1) GA legislature granted 35 million acres to private speculators (2) next legistlature canceled the transaction (3) Supreme Court decreed that the legistlative grant was a contract and that the constitution forbids state laws "impairing" contracts (4) further protected property rights against popular pressures

Architecture

(1) Greek Revival 1820-1850; stimulated by Greek independence from the Turks 1820 (2) gothic reforms 1850 (3) Thomas Jefferson; VA home Monticello + University of VA at Charlottesville

Compromise Tariff of 1833

(1) Henry Clay (2) reduce tariff of 1832 by 10% over 8 years

The Whigs

(1) Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun; Jackson's opponents grouped together (2) name chosen to reflect opposition to the "monarch" (3) four presidents: William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, Zachory Taylor, Millard Fillmore (4) progressive in support of government programs + reforms; internal improvements, public schools (5) downfall = internal conflict over slavery

Figures of Education

(1) Horace Mann: fought for better schools, "Father of Public Education" (2) Noah Webster: "Schoolmaster of the Republic", published dictionary (3) William H. McGuffey: McGuffey's Readers on patriotism and morals

New Harmony

(1) Indiana 1825 (2) founded by Robert Owen (3) 1000 people (4) little actual harmony, colony collapsed

Election of 1836

(1) Jackson chooses Martin Van Buren (NY) as successor (2) Whigs were unable to nominate single candidate; run several in hopes of winning in HOR (3) leading favorite Whig candidate General William Henry Harrison (4) Van Buren wins closely in popular vote; 170 to 124 (all whigs) of electoral

Death of the National Bank (1836)

(1) Jackson gradually removes federal deposits, places in "pet banks" (2) currency becomes unreliable (3) Jackson authorizes treasury to issue a Specie Circular; decree that all public lands must be purchased with metallic money (4) contributes to financial panic + crash of 1837 (5) Jackson leaves his sucessor to deal w/ damage

Election of 1816

(1) James Monroe nominated by Republicans (2) Federalists ran candidate for the last time (3) Monroe wins 183 to 34

The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

(1) Jefferson (KY) and Madison (VA) (2) the 13 sovereign states were the final judges of whether the federal gov had overstepped their authority (3) nullification of alien & sedition acts (4) federalists argued that it was up to the supreme court to nullify unconstitutional legislation

The Aaron Burr Conspiracies

(1) Jefferson's first term VP; dropped in second (2) Joined with a group of Federalist extremists to plot the secession of NE and NY (3) exposed by Hamilton; killed by Burr in duel (4) planned to separate the western part of the US from the east; create a new confederacy (5) arrested and tried for treason (6) aquited; flees to Europe

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804)

(1) Jefferson's personal secretary Meriwhether Lewis + young army officer William Clark + aided by Sacajawea (2) explore northeastern part of LA purchase (3) sought land trail to the pacific (4) rich scientific observations, maps, and knowledge of Indians in the region (5) Lewis kills Blackfoot Indians as a warning to others

Other Non-Transcendentalist Writers

(1) John Greenleaf Whittier: poems against injustice, intolerance, inhumanity, slavery (2) James Russell Lowell: political satirist, Biglow Papers (3) Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes: "The Last Leaf" honored last white indian of the boston tea party (4) Louisa May Alcott: Little Women (1868) (5) Emily Dickinson: poetry on nature, love, death; not published until after death

Roads

(1) Lancaster turnpike completed in PA in the 1790s (2) construction of the National Road/Cumberland Road 1811-1852 (3) stagecoaches were common by 1858

The Hartford Convention (Federalists)

(1) MA issues call for convention at CT prior to capture of New Orleans (2) MA, CT, RI dispatch full delegations; NH and VM sent partial (3) 26 men met in complete secrecy from Dec 15 1814-Jan 5 1815 (4) relatively moderate demands: (5) sank away into disgrace + obscurity after victory (6) reflected fear that NE was falling subordinate to an agrarian south and west

McChulloch v Maryland (1819)

(1) MD attempts to tax the bank of the US (2) John Marshall declares the bank constitutional.; cites Hamiltonan doctrine of implied powers (3) States could not tax federal agencies

Declaring War (1812)

(1) Madison believed war w/ Britain was inevitable (2) vigorous assertion of American rights would demonstrate effectiveness of democracy (3) Madison asks congress to declare war on June 1, 1812 (4) support from South, West, Republicans in middle states (5) opposed by pro-British Federalists; near-treason

Other Prominent Women's Rights Figures

(1) Margaret Fuller: edited journal "The Dial", helped bring republican gov. to Italy (2) Sara & Angelina Grimke: championed anti-slavery (3) Lucy Stone: retained her maiden name after marriage (4) Amelia Bloomer: refused to wear traditional women's clothing

Brook Farms

(1) Massachusetts 1841 (2) 20 intellectuals committed to transcendentalism (3) prospered until a fire destroyed new communal building (4) inspired Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel The Blithedale Romance

Shays' Rebellion

(1) Masschusetts, 1786 (2) backcountry farmers were losing land to forclosures and tax (3) led by Captain Daniel Shays; demanded that the state issue paper money, lighten taxes, and suspend property takeovers (4) MA authorities raise small army to fight back; crushed the Shaysites (5) MA legislature soon passed debtor-relief laws (6) showed that a stronger central government was needed; wanted by Conservatives

The Treaty of Greenville (1795)

(1) Miami confederacy gave up land in the Old Northwest (2) Indians recieve payment of $20,000 and annuity of $9,000 + right to hunt on ceded lands (3) Indians felt it could limit the US's ability to determine the fate of Indian peoples

The Missouri Compromise

(1) Missouri admitted to the union as a slave state (2) Maine separated from Massachusetts + admitted as a free state (3) Missouri could retain slaves, but prohibited in the remainder of the LA purchase (north of the 36 degree 30') (4) lasted 34 years; but ultimately avoided a solution to the slavery problem

Gibbons v Ogden (1824)

(1) NY attempts to grant monopoly of waterbourne commerce between NY and NJ to a private company (2) the Constitution gives congress control of interstate commerce

The Bank War

(1) National Bank set to expire in 1836 (2) Daniel Webster + Henry Clay present renewal bill to congress 1832 (3) if Jackson signed = anger western followers; didn't sign = surely lose the next election (4) renewal bill passed through Congress, vetoed by Jackson (5) Jackson declares the bank unconstitutional (against McC v MD); executive branch superior to judicial

Election of 1828

(1) National Republicans: JQ Adams, New England + North East (2) Democratic Republicans: Jackson, West + South (3) Middle States + Old Northwest = divided (4) new campaign tactics; attacks (5) Jackson wins 178 to 83 (6) political center shifted from east coast to the emerging states (7) first "party overturn" since Jefferson in 1800

John Adams

(1) New England (2) one of the ablest statesmen; stern principles, stubborn devotion (3) intellectual aristocrat; no appeal to the masses presidential handicaps (1) had stepped into Washington's shoes (2) Hamilton resigned from treasury in 1795; plotted against the president (3) inherited a violent quarrel with France

Oneida

(1) New York 1848 (2) founded by John Humphrey Noyes (3) practiced free love/complex marriage, birth control, and selective breeding (4) flourished for 30 years until transforming into stainless steel company

Macon's Bill No. 2

(1) Non-intercourse act set to expire in 1810 (2) if either France or Britain repealed commercial restrictions US would restore embargo against the nonrepealing nation (3) both nations imply that trade restrictions would be lifted if the others' were (4) Napoleon had no intention of allowing unrestricted trade between America and Britain; deal w/ Madison (5) British refuse to revoke Orders in Council; embargo reestablished

Irish Immigrants

(1) Potato famine 1840s; 2 million arrived in US between 1830 and 1860 (2) too poor to move west; crowded in seabord cities (3) hated by natives and blacks for taking jobs (4) Catholic; clashed with the Protestants (5) The Ancient Order of Hibernians; secret society from Ireland (6) Irish vote became valuable because population was concentrated

Jay's Treaty

(1) President Washington sends John Jay to London in 1794 (2) negotiations sabotaged by Hamilton (3) British promised to evacuate US posts + pay ship damages (4) binded the US to pay the debts still owed to British merchants on pre-revolutionary accounts (5) angered Jeffersonians; would have to pay debt while northerners would collect damages

Lucretia Mott

(1) Quaker (2) abolitionist + women's rights activist (3) she and her fellow female delegates were not recoginized at London antislavery convention

First Abolition of Slavery

(1) Quakers found first anti slavery society in 1775 (2) Continential Congress calls for complete abolition of the slave trade in 1774 (3) several northen states abolished slavery altogether or allowed for gradual emancipation (4) law everywhere discriminated against blacks

The Great Compromise

(1) Representation by popultion in the House of Representatives (2) equal representation in the Senate; 2 senators per state (3) every tax or revenue bill must originate in the House

The Treaty of Ghent (1814)

(1) Russia proposed mediation (2) brought together 5 American peacemakers to the Belgium city of Ghent in 1814 (3) armistice: both sides agreed to stop fighting + restore conquered territory (4) no mention of grievances for which americans had fought: indians, search + seizure, Orders in Council, impressment, and confiscations

Cotton Industry

(1) Samuel Slater: Father of the Factory System in America, constructs the first efficient American machinery for spinning cotton thread 1791 (2) Handpicking cotton was expensive and time consuming (3) 1793: Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin, 50x more efficient (4) Cotton textiles becomes major American industry (5) revived the need for slave labor (6) both north and south prospered; south produced cotton, northern factories produced the finished goods

Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819 / Adams-Onis Treaty

(1) Spain cedes FL (2) Americans abandon claims to Texas; soon to become part of independent Mexico

The Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

(1) Stanton's Declaration of Sentiments: all men and women are created equal (2) demanded suffrage (3) although scorned by many, launched the modern women's rights movement

Commonwealth v Hunt (1842)

(1) Supreme Court of MA (2) labor unions were not illegal consipracies if their methods were "honorable and peaceful" (3) did not have immediate mass effect

Battle of Tippecanoe

(1) Tecumseh and The Prophet created a confederacy among all tribes east of the Mississippi river (2) US frontiersmen become convinced that British were contributing to Indians' growing strength (3) Indiana governor William Henry Harrison destroys Indian settlement

The Lone Star Rebellion

(1) Texans declare independence from Mexico in 1836 (2) Texan Commmander in Chief Sam Houston vs Santa Anna (3) Texans crushed at the Alamo (4) Americans help Texans; against neutrality policy (5) Santa Anna signs two treaties; withdraw mexican troops, recognize Rio Grande as Southwestern Texas boundary (6) Texans seek Union w/ the US; opposed by northerners as conspiracy by the south for more slave states

President Martin Van Buren

(1) The "Little Magician" (2) accomplished strategist; experience in legislative + administrative life handicaps (1) resentment from own party; had been forced through by Jackson (2) couldn't live up to Jackson's military command (3) inherited Jackson's numerous enemies (4) Rebellion in Canada 1837; remain neutral (5) prospective annexation of Texas (6) economic panic left by Jackson

Effects of the War of 1812

(1) The War of 1812 was a globally insignificant war; 6000 Americans killed/wounded (2) other nations developed new respect for America's fighting skill (3) Sectionalism w/ New England Federalists; led to death of party (4) Manufacturing prospered behind British blockade; less dependence on European workshops (5) Canadian patriotism + good relations with US (6) US nationalism; emerged as one nation

Election of 1800

(1) Thomas Jefferson vs John Adams (2) Jefferson and his VP running mate Burr tied for the presidency; Jefferson wins in HOR (3) Revolution of 1800: first peaceful party overturn/transfer of power in American history

"The Age of Reason"

(1) Thomas Paine, 1794 (2) declared that churches were intended to terrify + monopolize power

Texas

(1) US had abandoned to Spain when acquiring FL in 1819 (2) Mexicans win their independence from Spain (3) New Regime arranges for Stephen Austin to bring 300 American families in 1823 (4) Friction between Mexicans and Texans over slavery, immigration, local rights (5) slavery had been emanicpated in Mexico; Texans refuse (6) 1835: Santa Anna raises army to suppress Texans

War of 1812 / The Second War for Independence

(1) US was militarily unprepared; poor offensive strategy (2) Canada = important battleground; British defeat @ The Battle of the Thames (3) British set fire to the capital (4) victory at Fort McHenry; writing of the Star Spangled Banner (5) The Treaty of Ghent

Marbury v. Madison

(1) William Marbury named by President Adams as the Justice of Peace for the District of Columbia (2) commission was never delivered, sued (3) Marshall dismisses the suit to avoid direct showdown (4) Part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 on which the appeal had been based on was unconstitutional (5) creates Judicial Review: the Supreme Court alone has the last word on the question of consitutionality

Cherokees

(1) abandoned their semi-nomadic life for settled agriculture w/ private property (2) Cherokee National Council + written legal code + 3 branches of gov (3) became prosperous cotton planters + slave owners (4) among the "Five Civilized Tribes"

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1) abolitionist + women's rights activist (2) suffrage for women (3) women don't have to obey their husbands (4) principle author of the Declaration of Sentiments

Land Ordinance of 1785

(1) acreage should be sold and proceeds should help pay off national debt (2) area was to be surveyed before sale and settlement (3) divided into townships 6 square miles, each split into 36 sections of 1 square mile (4) 16th section set aside for the public schools

Articles of Confederation

(1) adopted by congress in 1777, ratified by all 13 states by 1781 (2) helped convince France that America had genuine gov. in the making (3) no federal executive branch, judicial was left exclusively to the states included (1) unicameral congress; amendments required unanimous ratification (2) central gov could make treaties and establish a postal service could not (1) regulate commerce; states established conflicting tariffs + navigation laws (2) tax; states rarely fulfilled 1/4 of the quota (3) command, coerce, or control a state/citizen

American Historians

(1) almost exclusively New Englanders, especially Boston (2) Boston provided best libraries (3) most were abolitionists; biased against the south in writing (4) New England interpretation dominated American history until the end of the 19th c. prominent historians (1) George Bancroft: published 6 volumes on the history of the US (2) William H. Prescott: published account of the conquests of Mexico and Peru (3) Francis Parkman: series of volumes beginning in 1851, wrote about struggle between France and Britain in colonial times for NA

Railroads

(1) appeared in the US in 1828 (2) the most significant contribution to the development of the economy (3) defied terrain and the weather (4) opposition from canal backers + considered dangerous (5) by 1859 guages became standardized, better brakes, and safety devices

Chief Justice John Marshall

(1) appointed by Adams towards the end of his term (2) federalist; lived on after Federalist party died out

Louisiana

(1) aquisition of foreign territory + peoples by purchase and incorporation into the union on a basis of equal membership (2) US gov agrees to accept French Louisianan's legal code based on French civil law (3) virtually all the significant European powers removed from North America (4) Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804)

Force Bill (1833)

(1) authorized the president to use army and navy (if necessary) to collect federal tariff duties (2) nullified by the South Carolina legislature

Unitarian Faith

(1) begins in New England (2) God existed in only 1 person, not in the orthodox trinity (3) stressed goodness of human nature; free will and salvation through good works (4) pictured God as a loving father (5) appealed to intellectuals with rationalism and optimism

Annapolis Convention

(1) called for by VA in 1786 (2) 9 states appointed delegates, only 5 were finally represented (3) Alexander Hamilton calls congress to meet in Philidelphia the next year to bolster the AOC

Transportation Revolution

(1) cheap and efficient carriers were imperative to the economy (2) southern state's righters opposed federal aid to these local projects (3) eastern states didn't like the drain of population

Workers & "Wage Slaves"

(1) children vulnerable to exploitation (2) many states gave working men the right to vote (3) many workers were loyal to Jacksonian Democratic party (4) demanded 10-hour days, higher wages, tolerable conditions, education for children, and end to debt imprisonment (5) strikes erupted in the 1830s and 40s (6) labor unions were regarded as criminal conspiracy

Darmouth College v Woodward (1819)

(1) college granted a charter in 1769 by King George III (2) NH legislature had changed it (3) appealed by Daniel Webster (4) Court ruled that original charter must stand; was a contract protected by the constitution (5) created a precedent that enabled chartered corporations to escape public control

Henry David Thoreau (Transcendentalist)

(1) condemned slavery; believed he should reduce bodily wants (2) wrote "Walden: Or Life in the Woods" (1854) + essay "On the Duty of Civil Disobedience" (3) influenced Gandhi and MLKJ

Columbia Convention

(1) congress passes new Tariff of 1832; less "abominable", still failed to meet southern demands (2) South Carolina legislature calls for special convention @ Columbia (3) declare existing tariff null and void in SC + threatened to take SC out of the Union if the gov tried to force collection of duties (4) Jackson privately threatens to invade the state (5) convention repeals nullification

The Erie Canal

(1) constructed under NY Governor DeWitt Clinton 1817-1825 (2) connected Lake Erie to the Hudson (3) new cities Rochester and Syracuse (4) New England potato farmers could not compete with Northwest farmers

State Constitutions

(1) continential congress calls colonies to draft new constitutions in 1776 (2) CT and RI merely retouch their colonial charters (3) MA invents the Constitutional Convention (4) some state move capitals to the interior features in common (1) made it easier to draft a federal charter (2) defined the powers of gov. and drew authority from the people (3) included bill of rights, election of legislators, weak executive+judicial branches (4) legislative branch was the most democratic branch

President James Monroe

(1) continued VA dynasty: Washington, Jefferson, Madison (2) least distinguished of the first 8 presidents (3) level-headed executive; good interpreter of public opinion (4) tour in 1817 to inspect military defenses; welcomed in Federalist New England (5) "Era of Good Feelings" (6) Almost unanimously reelected in 1820

Indian Removal Act (1830)

(1) countless Indians died on forced marches (2) newly established "permanent" Indian Territory (3) territories lasted only about 15 yrs

First Bank of the United States

(1) created by congress in 1791, chartered for 20 years (2) located in Philidelphia (3) capital of $10 million, 1/5 owned by the federal gov. (4) stock open to public sale; many subscribers

The Judiciary Act of 1789

(1) created federal district and circuit courts (2) organized the Supreme Court w/ chief justice and 5 associates (3) established office of the attorney general (4) John Jay became the first Chief Justice of the US

Panic of 1819

(1) deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, debtors prisons (2) caused by overspeculation of frontier lands (3) the west was especially hard hit; Bank of US foreclosed mortgages on countless farms (4) lay the foundation for Jacksonian Democracy

Women + Civic Virtue

(1) democracy depended on the unselfish commitment of each citizen to the public good (2) women charged with cultivating this morality in children and husbands (3) education opportunities expanded

The Westward Movement

(1) demographic center moved beyond the Alleghenies 1840 (2) disease, depression, premature death, and solitude for pioneers (3) exhausted land in tobacco regions (4) rendezvous system: traders meet up with trappers and Indians; beavers, buffalo, sea-otter near extinction (5) George Catlin inspires the National Park System by 1872

Continental Economy

(1) division of labor; each region specialized (2) south raised cotton for export to NE and Britain (3) west grew grain and livestock to feed factory workers in East (4) east made machines and textiles for the south and west (5) connections made civil war secession difficult

Bill of Rights

(1) drafted + guided through congress by James Madison, 1791 (2) protections for freedom of religion, speech, and the press (3) right to bear arms, trial by jury, assemble + petition the gov. (4) prohibits cruel and unusual punishments + arbitrary gov seizure of private property (5) preserved a strong central government while specifying protections for minority + individual liberties

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom of 1777

(1) drafted by Thomas Jefferson (2) separation of church and state (3) right of Virginians to choose their faith

Higher Education

(1) early colleges existed mostly for pride (2) state supported universities first in the south 1795 (3) Thomas Jefferson founded the University of VA in 1819; independent of religion+politics (4) too much learning was believed to be harmful to women; several seminaries founded for women (5) private or tax supported libraries, public lyceum lecturers, magazines

The Presidency

(1) elected indirectly through the Electoral College; or in the HOR with each state getting 1 vote (2) authority to make appointments to domestic offices (3) veto power of legislation (4) commander in chief; power to wage war (but not declare)

Pony Express

(1) established in 1860 (2) mail carrier made up of horsemen (3) lasted only 18 months

Philadelphia Convention

(1) every state represented except Rhode Island (2) 55 reps from 12 states convened on May 25, 1787 (3) sessions held in complete secrecy; did not want to advertise their own disagreements members: George Washington (chairman), Ben Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton goals (1) create a stable political structure that would endure (2) firm, dignified, respected government; protect US from weaknesses abroad (3) give the central government genuine power; control treaties and tariffs (4) preserve the union against mobocracy (5) curb the unrestrained democracy spreading in the states!

Post-War Manufacturing

(1) factories emerged as result of self-imposed embargos (2) British competitors return + dump goods on the US (3) infant US industries cry for protection; Congress passes the Tariff of 1816; first issued for protection

Women + The Economy

(1) factories undermined traditional women's work, but allowed them to work for wages in them (2) Catharine Beecher succeeded in making teaching a female occupation (3) poor white, immigrant, or black women employed as servants (4) most working women were single; left jobs for home when married

Federalists

(1) favored a strong federal government (2) leaders: George Washington, Ben Franklin (3) followers: wealthier, well-educated, better organized, lived in settled areas

Pinckney's Treaty of 1795

(1) fearing an Anglo-American Alliance, Spain moves to strike deal with US (2) granted the US everything they demanded (3) free navigation of the Mississippi river + FL territory

Native Americans before Jackson

(1) fed. gov. recognized them as separate nations (2) aquire their land through formal treaties; US often violated policy (3) many Americans thought they could be assimilated; devoted to civilizing and Christianize them (4) The Society for Propagating the Gospel among Indians was founded in 1787

James Fenimore Cooper

(1) first American novelist (2) "The Spy", "Leatherstocking Tales", "The Last of the Mohicans" (3) popular among Europeans

Washington Irving

(1) first American to be recongnized as literary figure (2) 1809 "Knickerbocker's History of New York" (3) 1819 "The Sketch Book" (4) interpreted America to Europe and vise versa

The Anti-Masonic Party

(1) first third party; powerful in Northeast (2) opposed secret societies, specifically the Masonic order (3) support from Protestant groups seeking reforms (4) Jackson himself was a mason, making it essentially an anti-jackson party

Europe Bands Together

(1) following Napoleon's collapse, rethroned autocrats in Europe join together (2) undertook to stamp out democratic tendencies from those influenced by the French Rev. (3) smothered rebelllions in Italy (1821) and Spain (1823) (4) Americans were alarmed; feared that Europe would intervine in the new world (5) Russia extends territory through British Columbia to San Fransisco Bay; US fears cut-off from Pacific access

The American Peace Society

(1) formed in 1828 (2) against war (3) led by William Ladd (4) promising progress until the Crimean War in Europe + the US Civil War

Dorothea Dix

(1) fought for better conditions for the mentally-ill (2) petitioned the MA legislature in 1843 (3) improved conditions, lessened idea that the insane = willfully peversed

The Mormons

(1) founded by Joseph Smith (1830) (2) antagonism toward Mormons over polygamy, drilling militia, and voting as a unit (3) Smith is killed; Brigham Young leads followers to Utah 1846 (4) grew quickly by birth and immigration from Europe (5) polygamy prevented Utah's entrance to the Union until 1896

Western Farming

(1) grain production (corn) in the trans-Allegheny region (2) produce floated down the Ohio/Mississippi River to the south (3) innovation turns subsistence farming into cash-crop agriculture (4) 1837: John Deere produces steel plow that could be pulled by horses (5) 1830s: Cyrus McCormick creates a mechanical mower-reaper (6) harvesting more crops than the south could devour

American Population Growth

(1) half of Americans were under age 30 (2) population doubled every 25 years (3) high birthrate (4) immigration rate quadruples; Europe was running out of room (5) US was the fourth most populous nation in the western world

The Tariff of 1828 / The Tariff of Abominations

(1) high tariff bill, surprisingly passed (2) protest from southerners why was it favored by the north and detested by the south? (1) tariffs protected American industry against European competition, but drove up prices for Americans + agricultural tariffs abroad (2) southerners sold their goods into an unprotected world market (3) northerners sold their goods in a heavily protected American market (4) growing anxiety in the south over federal interference w/ slavery

The Age of Reform

(1) intelligtent idealists inspired by the 2ndGA (2) perfect society: free from cruelty, war, alcohol, discrimination, slavery (3) women were prominent: wanted suffrage, reforms provided them w/ unique opportunity to enter public affairs (4) factory workers were largely ignored (5) imprisonment for debt gradually abolished after 1830 (6) criminal codes lighted; less capital offenses and brutal punishments, more use of prisons

Steamboat

(1) invented by Robert Fulton in 1807 (2) could now efficiently move against the current (3) populations clustered around riverbanks (4) low-cost shipping

President John Quincy Adams

(1) irritable, sarcastic, tactless; brilliant record in foreign affairs (2) one of the most successful secretaries of state, least successful president (3) first minority president; fewer than 1/3 of voters (4) declined to fire federal public servants to replace w/ his supporters (patronage) (4) nationalist: urged federal construction of roads, canals, astronomical observatory

President Andrew Jackson

(1) irritable, violent temper (2) first president from the west, frontier arisocrat; owned many slaves (3) no college education (4) first opened the white house to the common folk

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

(1) issued shortly after the outbreak of war betwen Britain and France (2) proclaimed the United States government's neutrality (3) warned against American citizens becoming partial to one side (4) enraged the pro-French Jeffersonians, satisfied the pro-British federalists

Painting

(1) lack of leisure time to sit for portraits and pay for them (2) early painters went to England to train and find patrons (3) puritan prejudice that art was a sinful waste of time (4) increasingly turned away from human portraits to landscapes and romanticism after war of 1812; Hudson River School prominent painters (1) Gilbert Stuart: competed w/ British, several portraits of Washington (2) Charles Willson Peale: 60 portraits of Washington (3) John Trumbull: painted revolutionary war

National Literature

(1) literature was imported or plagiarized from England (2) Americans poured creativity into practical outlets (3) boosted by nationalism after War for Independence and War of 1812 (4) The Knickerbocker group in NY wrote the first truly American literature

Medicine

(1) medicine was primitive and often harmful (2) bleeding remained a common cure/curse (3) smallpox plagues and yellow fever epidemic of 1793 (4) life expectancy was low; 40 years for white person born in 1850 (5) self-prescribed patent medicines and fad diets were popular (6) surgical operations performed w/out anesthetics until 1840

Feminization of Religion (2ndGA)

(1) middle class women were the most involved in the revivalism (2) made up majority of new church members, most likely to remain (3) active role in bringing families back to God

Early American Science

(1) more interested in practical gadgets than pure science; tools, navigation, etc. (2) mostly borrowed and adapted the findings of Europeans

Family Changes

(1) more people married for love instead of parental arrangement (2) families grew smaller; lower fertility rate, "domestic feminism" (3) less harsh punishments for children (4) children raised to be independent individuals

William Gilmore Simms

(1) most noteworthy literary figure from the south (2) aka "The Cooper of the South" (3) novelist; wrote 82 books (4) addressed the southern frontier in colonial days + revolutionary war

Post-Revolutionary War Steps towards Equality / "All men are created equal"

(1) most states reduced property requirements for voting (2) no more indentured servants by 1800 (3) growth of trade organizations for artisans and laborers (4) many states got rid of medieval inheritance laws

Anti-Foreignism

(1) natives feared that immigrants would outbreed, outvote, and overwhelm (2) most immigrants were Roman Catholic; tried to create their own education system (3) Order of the Star-Spangled Banner called for restrictions on immigration, naturalization, and deportation (4) attacks on Catholic schools and churches (5) yet American economy came to depend on immigrants; essential for Industrial Revolution

Treaty of 1818

(1) negotiated by the Monroe administration with Britain (2) permited Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada (3) fixed the northern limits of LA along the 49th parallel (4) 10-year joint occupation of Oregon

The Tallmadge Amendment

(1) no more slaves could be brought into Missouri (2) gradual emancipation of slavery (3) passed in HOR, defeated in the Senate

The Boston Associates

(1) one of the earliest investment capital companies (2) dominated textile, railroad, insurance, and banking in MA

Judiciary Act of 1801

(1) one of the last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress (2) created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices (3) president Adams signed the commissions on the evening of his last day in office (midnight judges) (4) seen by the Jeffersonians as attempt to entrench itself into one of the 3 branches; open defiance of the people's will (5) Republican Congress repeals the act the year after its passage

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

(1) one of the most popular american poets (2) wrote for the upper classes, although audience was actually lower classes (3) writings based on US traditions (4) immensely popular in Europe

Era of Good Feelings

(1) one-party rule; republican (2) considerable tranquility + prosperity in early years problems (1) tariff + bank issues (2) contested internal improvements + sale of public lands (3) sectionalism (4) beginning of conflict over slavery (5) Panic of 1819

Antifederalists

(1) opposed the stronger federal government (2) leaders: Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee (3) followers: states' rights devotees, backcountry dwellers, small farmers, the poorer classes, debtors (4) saw the constitution as a plot to steal power from the common folk (5) wanted a bill of rights

Tax-Supported Public Education

(1) originally existed to educate the poor (2) gradual support over fear of uneducated people w/ voting rights (3) triumphed in 1828; laborers demanded education for their children + manhood suffrage (4) one room school houses open only a few months of the year; ill-suited teachers (5) blacks were mostly left out from education

Transportation

(1) outcry especially in the West (2) 1817 Congress votes to distribute $1.5 million to the states for internal improvements (3) opposed by Democratic-Republicans; Madison vetoes (4) states forced to implement construction programs of their own (5) Erie Canal in NY by 1825

Utopias

(1) over 40 communistic communities were set up (2) New Harmony, Brook Farm, Oneida, Shakers (3) almost all failed or changed their methods

The South Carolina Exposition

(1) pamphlet written by John C. Calhoun (2) denounced tariff of 1828 as unjust and unconstitutional (3) proposed the states should nullify the tariff (4) similar to KY and VA resolutions

President Thomas Jefferson

(1) pledged friendship with all nations, alliances with none (2) unconventional, informal (3) forced to reverse many of his political principles (4) moderation; dismissed very few Federalists public servants for political reasons

Millerites / Adventists

(1) predicted Christ to return to earth on Oct 22, 1844 (2) prophesy failed to materialize, movement lost credibility

Why did Jackson hate the National Bank?

(1) private institution run by elite; president Nicholas Biddle (2) essentially a third branch of government; could print own money = too powerful (3) business; profit was first priority for investors

Maine Law of 1851

(1) prohibited manufacture + sale of liquor (2) other states followed Maine, a dozen passed similar laws by 1857 (3) within a decade, some were repealed or declared unconstitutional (4) by the civil war, there was much less drinking and consumption (especially among women)

The Small-State Plan / The New Jersey Plan

(1) proposed by NJ (2) fear that stronger states would band together and hoard power (3) equal representation in a unicameral Congress by state, regardless of size or population (same as AOC)

The Large-State Plan / The Virginia Plan

(1) proposed by populous VA (James Madison) (2) representation in both houses of a bicameral legislature should be based on population

Deism

(1) reason over revelation (2) rejected original sin of man (3) denied Christ's divinity but believed in a supreme being that created universe with an order

Jeffersonian Military

(1) reduced the military to a mere police force of 2500 officers (2) hoped to stay out of wars and alliances; win friends through "peaceful coercion" (3) distrusted large standing armies as invitations to dictatorships (4) bend principles for Pirates of the North African Barbary States; Pasha of Tripoli declared war on the US 1801 (5) Gunboats; believed they would provide protection while not getting involved in diplomatic incidents

Edmond Genet

(1) representative of the French Republic in Charleston SC (2) collected privateers + took advantage of Franco-American alliance (3) believed that neutrality did not reflect the true wishes of american people (4) non-authorized activity;recruited armies to invade Spanish FL and Louisianna, and British Canada (5) Washington demands his withdrawl + replacement

The Corrupt Bargain / Election of 1824

(1) republican rivals: John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, Willim H. Crawford, Andrew Jackson (2) war hero Jackson was the public's choice; failed to win majority of electoral vote (3) Clay eliminated from the race; but presided over the HOR (4) Adams is elected president in the HOR + appoints Clay as his Secretary of State (5) angered Jacksonians; believed Adams had bribed Clay

Transcendentalism

(1) resulted from liberalizing of Puritan theology in 1830s (2) influenced by German philosophers and Asian religions (3) clashed with John Locke (knowledge from reason) (4) truth came not by observation alone, from with inner light (5) stressed individualism, self-reliance, and non-conformity (6) rejected formal institutions

The Spoils System

(1) rewarding political supporters w/ public office (2) it was believed that office was simple enough for any upstanding american to learn (3) illiterates, incompetents, and crooks given positions of public trust (4) cemented party loyalty

Herman Melville (Literary Dissenter)

(1) served on a whale ship (2) "Moby Dick" allegory between good and evil; extremely unpopular until 20th century

The 3/5 Compromise + Slave Trade

(1) should voteless slaves of the southern states count as a person? (2) each slave would count for 3/5 of a person (3) most states wanted to shut off African slave trade (4) decided that trade would continue only until the end of 1807, when congress would put a stop to it

The Whiskey Rebellion

(1) southwestern PA in 1794 (2) Hamilton's tax was seen as a burden on pioneer folk (3) tarred and feathered revenue officers; collections stopped (4) President Washington summons the militia of several states Effects (1) Washington's government is strengthened and commanded a new respect (2) foes of the administration condemned it as a brutal display of force

The Second Great Awakening

(1) spread from the southern frontier (2) resulted in many reforms + movements (3) spread to the masses through huge "camp meetings" (4) Methodists and Baptists stressed personal conversion, democracy in church affairs, emotionalism (5) Peter Cartwright: best known of the "circuit riders" or traveling preachers (6) Charles Grandison Finney: the greatest revival preacher who led massive revivals in Rochester, NY

Sectional Balance

(1) states admitted to the union alternately as slave/free (2) north was growing wealthier and more populous; majority advantage in the HOR (3) growing group of anti-slavery in the north (4) Missouri requests admission as a slave state in 1819

Post-Revolution Economics

(1) states seized and distributed former crown/loyalists land (2) increase in manufacturing; goods imported from Britain had been cut off (3) American ships were now barred from British and British West Indies harbors (4) new commercial outlets; could now trade freely with foreign nations (5) war had spawned inflation, distaste for tax, debt, and profiteering (6) average citizen was worse off financially at the end of the war (7) British manufacturers flooded American market with cut-rate surplus goods

States Surrender Western Lands

(1) states with enormous holdings in the west could sell the land to pay off debts (2) NY + VA surrender western claims to the central gov after the AOC (3) congress pledges itself to use the area for the "common benefit" (4) carve out new states, which could be admitted to the union on equal terms

Henry Clay + The American System

(1) strong banking system to provide easy + abundant credit (2) protective tariff (3) networking of roads and canals; raw materials from the S+W to the N+E, manufactured goods in return

The Constitution

(1) strong government; 3 branches with checks and balances among them (2) safeguards against mobocracy (3) Federal judges would be appointed for life (4) senators chosen indirectly though state legislature (5) HOR chosen directly by qualified (property holding) citizens (6) creation of executive presidency (7) signed by 39 of the 55 members on September 17, 1787

The Market Revolution

(1) subsistence economy becomes a national network of industry and commerce (2) Supreme Court protected contract rights +rights of the community outweigh any executive corporate rights (3) households became less self-sufficient (4) widened gap between rich and poor (5) some social mobility; certainly more than in the Old World (6) overall improvement in standard of living

Quasi-War With France

(1) the French were infuriated by Jay's treay (2) French warships began to seize defensless American merchant vessels (3) Adams sends diplomatic commission; XYZ Affair (4) war hysteria; favored by federalists (5) 2.5 yrs of undeclared hostilities (1798-1800)

Warhawks

(1) the complex 12th congress that met in late 1811 (2) recent elections had filled with hot-heads, hungry for new war w/ Britain (3) detested the treatment of American sailors, the British Orders to Council; wipe out the renewed Indian threat to pioneer settlers (4) propose wiping out British Candadian base

Denominational Diversity (2ndGA)

(1) the revival furthered fragmentation of religious faiths (2) widened lines between classes and region (3) further split with the issue of slavery in 1844 (4) conservatives were less affected by revivalism (5) frontier areas were usually Methodists or Baptists (6) Puritan NY known as the "Burned-Over District"

Ratification of the Constitution

(1) unanimity required to amend; delegates decided that when 9 states had given approval, the Const. would become supreme law in those states (2) small states quickly accepted the Const. (3) VA, NY, NC, and RI ratify last only because they have to; could not prosper apart from the new union (4) federalists assure that first congress would add a Bill of Rights

President Washington

(1) unanimously drafted by the electoral college in 1789 (2) commanded his followers by strength of character (3) established the cabinet, gradually evolved Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton Secretary of War Henry Knox

Ralph Waldo Emerson (Transcendentalist)

(1) unitarian minister + lyceum lecturer (2) "The American Scholar" 1837, urged American writers to throw off European traditions (3) stressed self-improvement, self-reliance, optimism (4) ideals reflected those of an expanding America (5) outspoken critic of slavery; supported the union

The Monroe Doctrine

(1) warning to Europeans, directed primarily at Russia (2) declared era of colonization in the Americas had ended (3) Europe should keep out of the Western Hemisphere and not interfere w/ Spanish American republics (4) US would return the favor and not interfere in Europe (5) never actually a law, domestic nor international; more of an agreement

Embargo Act of 1807 / The Hated Embargo

(1) warring nations in Europe depended heavily on the US for raw materials and food (2) forbade all export of goods from the US, whether in American or foreign ships (3) hurt US more than Britain or France (4) Illicit trade in 1808 along the Canadian border (5) Congress repeals the embargo on March 1, 1809 (6) New England Yankees reopen old factories and build new ones

Emergence of Political Parties

(1) whigs, tories, federalists, and anti-federalists had only been factions (2) Jefferson and Madison organize opposition to Hamiltonian program in 1790s; Democratic-Republicans (3) two-party system ensures that politics never drifts too far from the wishes of the people

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

(1) word had not yet arrived that a peace treaty had been signed 2 weeks prior (2) Commander Andrew Jackson launched frontal assault January 8 1815; national hero (3) 2000 British casualties; worst defeat of the war (4) Battle restored American honor; nationalism + self-confidence (5) Royal Navy relatiates w/ blockade along coast + raiding parties; crippled American economic life

Edgar Allen Poe (Literary Dissenter)

(1) wrote "The Raven" and other short stories (2) specialized in horror; invented the modern detective novel (4) clashed with usually optimistic tone of American culture; more prized by Europeans

First Anglo-Powhatan War

(1610-1614) Lord De La Warr of the Virginia Company initiated conflict with the Indians. It ended with the union of John Rolfe and Pocahontas.

Fort Christiana

(1638) 1st permanent colony by Sweden

The Glorious Revolution

(1688 - 1689), Bloodless coup d'etat (overthrow) of Catholic monarch James II of England b/c his wife gave birth to a son and the Protestant Whig Party didn't want him to reign. They knew that if he succeeded his father, Parliament would continue to be a legislative joke→ enthroned Dutch prince William II and WASP wife Mary I (Stuart)→ mob in Boston rose up against Dominion of New England. Result: new monarchs relax control over colonial trade and predestination/salvation r cool in England.

War of Jenkin's Ear

(1729) War in which the British and Spanish fought over British rum smuggling to the Spanish colonies. Captain Jack Sparrow approves. SHIVER ME TIMBERS!

King George's war

(1744-1748) North American theater of Europe's War of Austrian Succession that once again pitted British colonists against their French counterparts in the North. The peace settlement did not involve any territorial realignment, leading to conflict between New England settlers and the British government. (Pawns?)

Seven Years War

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French & Indian war. It was the war between the French and their NA allies and the English that proved the latter to be the more dominant force in the New World both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Mexican-American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Election of 1840

(2) Martin Van Buren (Dem.) vs William Henry Harrison (Whig) (2) voters faced a choice between how to cope with economic depression whigs: expand and stimulate the economy dem.: end to elite banks and aggressive corporations (3) Harrison wins by extremely narrow popular margin; but 234 to 60 in electoral college

Gettysburg

(AL) 1863 (meade and lee), July 1-3, 1863, turning point in war, Union victory, most deadly battle

GI Bill

(Also known as GI Bill of Rights/ Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944) Sent former soilders to school to help them further their education.

Glass-Steagall Act

(Banking Act of 1933) - Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and included banking reforms, some designed to control speculation. Repealed in 1999, opening the door to scandals involving banks and stock investment companies.

Social Security Act

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

New York

(Middle Colony) It was founded by the Dutch for trade and furs (Henry Hudson, New Netherland) and became a proprietary English Colony (owned and governed by Chuck II's bro James, the Duke of York) in 1664.

Warren G. Harding's Political Platform

(R) He sensed the desires of many Americans to put the war and the stresses of 1919 behind them; he promised normalcy. He argued for a return to a strong pro business stance and conservative values. His victory in the 1920 presidential election signaled an end to the Progressive Era and began a Republican dominance until 1932.

VJ Day

"Victory over Japan day" is the celebration of the Surrender of Japan, which was initially announced on August 15, 1945

National Security Council Memorandum Number 68 (NSC-68)

"strive for victory" in cold war, pressed for offensive and a gross increase ($37 bil) in defense spending, determined US foreign policy for the next 20-30 yrs

glasnost

a policy of the Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems

Cold War

...

Inflation

An economic condition in which prices rise continuously.

Columbian Exchange

An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, Japan

Garveyites

Followers of Marcus Garvey for whom freedom meant national self-determination.

What was a key consequence of the Battle of Saratoga in October 1777?

France became an ally to the United States.

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.

Manchuria

Region of Northeast Asia North of Korea.

''Strict Constructionists''

Those who believed the federal government could only exercise powers specifically listed in the Constitution.

UNIA

Universal Negro Improvement Association

Eugene V. Debs was __________.

a Socialist candidate for president

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 __________.

abolished the Articles of Confederation and called for a second Constitutional Convention

Jane Addams __________.

advocated for the working poor

''patriotic assimilation''

bracero program

Farm technology

iron plow (invented 1700s) corn pickers, planters)

Edison

light bulb

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Volunteerism

the practice of offering your time and services to others without payment

primogeniture

the practice of passing family land to the eldest son

scientific racism

nineteenth-century theories of race that characterize a period of feverish investigation into the origins, explanations, and classifications of race

The Scopes trial of 1925 __________.

pitted creationists against evolutionists

phonograph

record player; a device that turns the writing on records into sound

Carnegie

steel

Skyscrapers were made possible by the invention of

the elevator and a steel framework

A Century of Dishonor

written by Helen Hunt Jackson in 1881 to expose the atrocities the United States committed against Native Americans in the 19th century

Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by harriet beecher stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

looking backward

written in 1888 by Edward Bellamy, tells the story of a young man who wakes in 2000

Aztecs

The Azetcs were a Native American Empire who lived in Mexico. Their capital was Tenochtitlan. They worshipped everything around them especially the sun. Cortes conquered them in 1521.

With whom did Alexander Hamilton and his supporters believe that the United States needed to cultivate a firm relationship in order to survive as a nation?

The British

With whom did Alexander Hamilton and his supports believe that the United States needed to cultivate a firm relationship in order to survive as a nation?

The British

What did British respond to the Boston tea party with?

The Coercive Acts

1936 Election

The Democrats had gained wide support through the New Deal and they re-nominated Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The Republicans realized the New Deal was too popular to oppose, so they chose as their candidate the progressive governor of Kansas, Alfred M. Landon. Roosevelt won the presidency.

Election of 1928

The Democrats nominated Governor Alfred E. Smith of New York. The Republicans nominated Herbert Hoover, the Secretary of Commerce.

Espionage Act

The Espionage Act of 1917 prohibited not only spying and interfering with the draft but also "false statements" that might impede military success.

Federal Arts Projects

The Federal Art Project gave work to many young artists who would become the twentieth century's leading painters, muralists, and sculptors. The Federal Music Project employed 15,000 musicians and government sponsored orchestras toured the country. The Federal Writers' Projects gave work to 5,000 writers and produced more than a thousand publications.

What major event first led the British government to seek ways to make the colonies bear part of the cost of the empire?

The French and Indian war

The Man Nobody Knows

The Man Nobody Knows, a 1925 best-seller by advertising executive Bruce Barton, portrayed Jesus Christ as "the greatest advertiser of his day, . . . a virile go-getting he-man of business," who "picked twelve men from the bottom ranks and forged a great organization."

Mestizos

The Mestizos were the race of people created when the Spanish intermarried with the surviving Indians in Mexico.

Rape of Nanjing (Nanking)

The Nanjing Massacre was an episode of mass murder and mass rape committed by Japanese troops against the residents of Nanjing, then the capital of the Republic of China, during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

Volstead Act

The National Prohibition Act, known informally as the Volstead Act, was enacted to carry out the intent of the Eighteenth Amendment, which established prohibition in the United States.

National Recovery Administration

The National Recovery Administration (NRA), created to work with groups of business leaders to establish industry codes that set standards for output, prices, and working conditions.

What is perhaps the greatest legacy of the New Deal?

The New Deal programs put people to work, instilling hope for the nation's future.

Pueblo Indians

The Pueblo Indians lived in the Southwestern United States. They built extensive irrigation systems to water their primary crop, which was corn. Their houses were multi-storied buildings made of adobe.

Election of 1932

The Republicans renominated Herbert Hoover. The Democrats turned to Governor Franklin Delano Roosevelt of New York who had persuaded his state legislature to run up a budget deficit to finance innovative relief and unemployment programs. Roosevelt won the election.

''public works revolution''

The Roosevelt administration spent far more money on building roads, dams, airports, bridges, and housing than any other activity in the 1930s.

What major event first led the British government to seek ways to make the colonies bear part of the cost of the empire?

The Seven Years' War

E.C. Knight Company case, 1895

The Supreme Court ruled eight to one that since the E.C. Knight Company's monopoly over the production of sugar had no direct effect on commerce, the company could not be controlled by the government. The impact of this decision was tremendous. Manufacturers assumed they were immune from antitrust legislation and a wave of consolidation followed. Little progress would be made to combat manufacturing monopolies until the trust-busting days of the Teddy Roosevelt administration.

Colorado Coal Company v. United Mine Workers

The Supreme Court ruled that a striking union could be penalized for illegal restraint of trade.

Tokyo fire-bombings (March 1945)

The U.S sent napalms out over Tokyo. 1 million people died, this weakened Japanese

National Origins Act of 1924

The act cut immigration quotas to 2 percent of each nationality, as reflected in the 1890 census.

Frontier Thesis

The argument by Frederick Jackson Turner that the frontier experience helped make American society more democratic; emphasized cheap, unsettled land and the absence of a landed aristocracy.

''American exceptionalism''

The belief that the United States has a special mission to serve as a refuge from tyranny, a symbol of freedom, and a model for the rest of the world.

bread and butter unionism

The belief that unions should focus on improving working conditions and pay for skilled workers rather than political reform

Causes of the Great Depression

The economic downturn began in 1927. For five years Americans had spent more than their wages and salaries had risen. As consumers ran out of cash and credit, spending declined and housing construction slowed. In 1928 manufacturers began to cut back and lay off workers. By the summer of 1929, the economy was clearly in recession.

100% Americanism

The end of WWI brought about this movement which celebrated all this American and attacked all ideas and people it viewed as foreign or anti American. People were afraid that immigrant ideologies would lure Americans into radically revolting against the government. It also brought about a revival of the KKK and felt that if you were not a white Anglo Saxon protestant you needed to do your best to act like one.

What impact did the automobile have on society? Other businesses?

The expansion of the auto industry stimulated the steel, petroleum, chemical, rubber, and glass industries. It indirectly also provided jobs for over 3.7 million workers. Highway construction became a billion-dollar-a-year enterprise. Car ownership broke down the isolation of rural life and spurred the growth of suburbs.

Why did John Adams recommend George Washington as commander of he continental army?

The fact that Washington was from Virginia could help unify the colonists.

Why did John Adams recommend George Washington as commander of the Continental army?

The fact that Washington was from Virginia could help unify the colonists.

Grand Council

The fifty sachems a.k.a. *paramount chiefs* of the Iroquois Nations who formed a representative gov't; was an experiment in democracy and was used as a model by Benjamin Franklin. (Not to be confused with that of the Qing dynasty, of Venice, the Ancien Regime in France, of Switzerland, of Fascism in Italy, of the Crees, or of the Mi'kmaq people of Canada.)

How did FDR respond to the Supreme Court ruling some New Deal legislation as unconstitutional?

The future of the New Deal lay in the hands of a few, elderly, conservative-minded judges. To diminish their influence, the president proposed to add a new justice for every member above the age of 70. Congress rejected the proposal.

Compact Theory

The idea advanced by Rousseau, Locke, and Jefferson, that government is created by voluntary agreement among the people involved and that revolution is justified if government breaks the compact by exceeding its authority.

black legend

The idea developed during North American colonial times that the Spanish utterly destroyed the Indians through slavery and disease while the English did not. It is a false assertion that the Spanish were more evil towards the Native Americans than the English were.

Free Trade

The idea that economic life should be directed by the ''invisible hand'' of the free market rather than by government intervention.

Republican Motherhood

The ideology that emerged as a result of independence where women played an indispensible role by training future citizens.

Angel Island

The immigration station on the west coast where Asian immigrants, mostly Chinese gained admission to the U.S. at San Francisco Bay. Between 1910 and 1940 50k Chinese immigrants entered through Angel Island. Questioning and conditions at Angel Island were much harsher than Ellis Island in New York.

Lost Cause

The phrase many white southerners applied to their Civil War defeat. They viewed the war as a noble cause but only a temporary setback in the South's ultimate vindication

New Hampshire

The population as well as the activities of fishing and trading were growing. Puritans lived in small farms on rocky land. It was absorbed by Bay Colony then separated by the king and made into royal colony.

patronage

The power of elected officials to grant government jobs and favors to their supporter; also the jobs and favors themselves

Impressment

The practice of kidnapping sailors.

Russian Revolution

The revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917.

Suffrage

The right to vote.

Atkins v. Children's Hospital

The ruling voided a minimum wage for women's workers in the District of Columbia.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

The signatories agreed to condemn recourse to war for the solution of international controversies, and renounce it as an instrument of foreign policy.

Valley Forge

The site where Washington's army camped during the frigid winter of 1777-1778.

Quarantine Speech

The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism.

Stuart Dynasty

The string of English monarchs who were absolute rulers and ignored/disobeyed Parliament; eventually led to the Whig Party forcing William of Orange and Mary Stuart to agree to the "Declaration of Rights" and make England a constitutional monarchy so that Parliament would have more weight.

the ''new Negro''

The term "New Negro," associated in politics with pan-Africanism and the militancy of the Garvey movement, in art meant the rejection of established stereotypes and a search for black values to put in their place. This quest led the writers of what came to be called the Harlem Renaissance to the roots of the black experience Africa, the rural South's folk traditions, and the life of the urban ghetto.

Election of 1868

The winner of the Election of 1868 was Ulysses S. Grant who won because of the impeachment controversy that sullied Johnson, made him look like the most powerful American leader. He supported radical reconstruction. His opponent during this election was Horatio Seymour, the democrat nominee.

Joint Stock Companies

These were developed to gather the savings from the middle class to support finance colonies. Ex. London Company and Plymouth Company.

Why did the founding fathers create the electoral college?

They did not trust ordinary voters to choose the president and Vice President directly.

The Pilgrims

They didn't want to pay taxes to support the Anglican church or be conscripted in the military, so they separated. Arrived on the Mayflower in Plymouth.

What role did Native Americans play in the Revolutionary War?

They divided in allegiance, just as white Americans did.

Modernists and Liberal Protestants

They found ways to reconcile their religious beliefs with Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and other scientific principles.

What was Alexander Hamilton's view regarding the length of term of the executive?

They should be an "elected monarch" that would serve for life

What was Franklin's view regarding Executive compensation (salary)?

They should serve with no compensation

Queen Elizabeth I

This "virgin" queen ruled England from 1558-1603 years and was one of the most successful monarchs in English History. She was the last of the Tudors and a religious moderate with Protestant beliefs and Catholic traditions: she established the Anglican Church as the legally-backed, main religion in England. She supported the arts and exploration of the New World, increased the treasury, allowed "sea dogs" to pirate Spanish ships. The Spanish Armada was defeated during her reign, which reflected well on her.

northern democrats

This faction of a party backed Stephen Douglas in the election of 1860

Smith Act

This legislation made it a federal crime to ''teach, advocate, or encourage'' the overthrow of the government.

Executive Order 8802

This order banned discrimination in defense jobs and established a Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) to monitor compliance.

1846 Oregon Treaty

This settled the joint claim by the British and the United States and extended the 49th parallel as the northern border of the U.S. all the way to the pacific

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

This tariff rose the rates on imported goods in the hopes that domestic manufacturing would prosper. This prevented foreign trade, which hampered the economy since Europe could not pay its debts if it could not trade.

Roosevelt Recession

This terms refers to the period when FDR cut government spending to balance budget; this led to a recession

10% Plan

This was Lincoln's reconstruction plan for after the Civil War. Written in 1863, it proclaimed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters in the 1860 election pledged their allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation, and then formally erect their state governments. This plan was very lenient to the South, would have meant an easy reconstruction.

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

National Recovery Act

This was the New Deal's response to the depressed levels of business activity. The National Recovery Administration established a system of self-government in more than 600 industries. Industries regulated themselves by hammering out a government approved code of prices and production quotas. The codes outlawed child labor and set minimum wages and maximum hours for adult workers. The NRA launched an extensive public relations campaign.

Farm Holiday Association

Thousands of farmers barricaded local roads and protested low prices by dumping milk, vegetables, and other food stuffs on the roadways.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Scopes trial

Trial of John Scopes, Tennessee teacher accused of violating state law prohibiting teaching of the theory of evolution; it became a nationally celebrated confrontation between religious fundamentalism and civil liberties.

Fair Deal

Truman's extension of the New Deal that increased min wage, expanded Social Security, and constructed low-income housing

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Two Japanese cities on which the U.S. dropped the atomic bombs to end World War II.

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa

Two Shawnee brothers who called for attacks on American frontier settlements.

Union Pacific and Central Pacific

Two railroad companies, one starting in Sacramento, California and the other in Omaha, Nebraska were completed in Utah in 1869 to create the first first transcontinental railroad. (p. 321)

15th Amendment (1870)

U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed

''illegal alien''

The law of 1924 established, in effect, for the first time a new category the illegal alien. With it came a new enforcement mechanism, the Border Patrol, charged with policing the land boundaries of the United States and empowered to arrest and deport persons who entered the country in violation of the new nationality quotas or other restrictions.

General John Sullivan

The leader of an expedition in 1779 against hostile Iroquois, with the aim of ''the total destruction and devastation of their settlements and the capture of as many prisoners of every age and sex as possible.''

Mound Builders

The mound builders of the Ohio River Valley and the Mississippian culture of the lower Midwest did sustain some large settlements after the incorporation of corn planting into their way of life during the first millennium AD. The Mississippian settlement at Cohokia, near present-day East St. Louis, Ill., was perhaps home to 40,000 people in about AD 1100. But mysteriously, around the year 1300, both the Mound Builder and the Mississippian cultures had fallen to decline.

Great Railway Strike

1877. First national labor walkout (strike), protesting a pay cut, paralyzed transportation, was violently put down by federal militia by the order of President Hayes

Bland-Allison Act

1878 - Authorized coinage of a limited number of silver dollars and "silver certificate" paper money. First of several government subsidies to silver producers in depression periods. Required government to buy between $2 and $4 million worth of silver. Created a partial dual coinage system referred to as "limping bimetallism." Repealed in 1900.

Terrence vs. Powderly

1883, Powderly, an American machinist was elected president of the KoL. He worked as an American Bishop, tried to persuade the pope to remove sanctions against Roman Catholics who joined unions.

Haymarket Affair

1886 incident that made unions, particularly the Knights of Labor, look violent because a bomb exploded during a protest of striking workers.

Wabash Case

1886 supreme court case that decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

Dawes Act

1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners

dawes act

1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners

Washington Naval Conference

1921 - president Harding invited delegates from Europe and Japan, and they agreed to limit production of war ships, to not attack each other's possessions, and to respect China's independence

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

1921 legislation that limited immigration to 3% of the people of their nationality living in the US in 1910

Ozawa v. US

1922 - Supreme Court - Found Japan born man that lived in the US was not able to become a citizen

Scopes Trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

Nye Committee

1934. Senate committee led by South Dakota Senator Gerald Nye to investigate why America became involved in WWI. Theory that big business had conspired to have America enter WWI so that they could make money selling war materials. Called bankers and arms producers "merchants of death."

Wagner Act

1935, also National Labor Relations Act; granted rights to unions; allowed collective bargaining

The Second Deal

1935-1938. Roosevelt and his advisors abandoned the middle ground and move to the liberal left. The Second New Deal emphasized social justice: the use of national legislation to enhance the power of working people and the security and welfare of the old, disabled, and the unemployed.

Fair Labor Standards Act

1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor

Munich Conference

1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.

Non-Aggression Pact

1939-Secret agreement between German leader Hitler and Soviet Leader Stalin not to attack one another and to divide Poland

Cash and Carry Policy

1939. Law passed by Congress which allowed a nation at war to purchase goods and arms in US as long as they paid cash and carried merchandise on their own ships. This benefited the Allies, because Britain was dominant naval power.

Japanese Embargo

1940 - Due to the Japanese aggression in South East Asia, America decides to stop trading oil and scrap metal to Asia. These are resources the Japanese desperately need. Rather than altering their aggressive behavior, the Japanese get very angry and view America as a threat to them in South East Asia. As a result, Japan secretly plans an attack on Pearl Harbor.

Korematsu v. US

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 2 each survivor

Bretton Woods Conference

1944-Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, Western Allies esablished the Internations Monetary Fund (IMF) to encourage world trade by regulation currency exchange rates.

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

Truman

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Hungarian uprising

1956 rebellion by the Hungarians against their Soviet-controlled government; their desperate appeals for aid from America went unanswered and they were brutally crushed; exposed the rigid futility of the US policy of "massive retaliation."

Philadelphia Plan

1969 Nixon plan to require construction trade unions to establish goals and timetables for the hiring of black apprenetices. It was soon exteneded to all federal contracts and required employers to meet hiring quotas.

pentagon Papers

1971 story leaked by a Pentagon official to the NY Times that documented the blunders and deceptions of Kennedy and Johnson administrations which provoked the North Vietnameses attack on Tonkin in 1964.

Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

Elanor Roosevelt

1st lady, acted as president's eyes and ears, fought for women's rights and African American justice.

King William's War

1st of a series of colonial struggles between England and France; happened on Northern New England frontiers and New York 1689-97

Executive Order 9066

2/19/42; 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion

Approximately how many free Americans remained loyal to the British during the war?

20 to 25 percent

Petersburg

9 month Siege, Union army reduced Southern supplies and numbers, soldiers lived in trenches, North victory, crater incident happened here

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Federal Reserve System

A system of twelve regional banks overseen by a central board empowered to handle the issuance of currency, aid banks in danger of failing, and influence interest rates so as to promote economic growth.

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

Checks and Balances

A systematic balance to prevent any one branch of the national government from dominating the other two.

income tax

A tax on people's earnings

Panama Canal Zone

A ten-mile wide strip of land on which was built a canal; its construction drastically reduced the time it took for commercial and naval vessels to sail from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans.

Walking Purchase

A treaty supposedly signed by William Penn and Lenni Lenape chiefs agreeing to give Penn the land west of the Delaware River as far "as a man can go in one day and a half." (bullshit)

Treaty of Paris

A treaty that won recognition of American independence, gained control of the entire region between Canada and Florida east of the Mississippi River, and the right of Americans to fish in Atlantic waters off of Canada.

Stockbridge Indians

A tribe that allied with the colonists during the War of Independence who suffered heavy losses fighting the British.

Franklin compared the debate regarding representation to...

A two headed snake

One-House Legislature

A unicameral representational body.

Civic Nationalism

A vision of a national as a community open to all those devoted to its political institutions and social values.

War of Attrition

A war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses

WWII

A war fought from 1939 to 1945 between the Axis powers — Germany, Italy, and Japan — and the Allies, including France and Britain, and later the Soviet Union and the United States.

Headright system

A way to attract immigrants; gave 50 acres of land to any plantation owner who paid their his passage and/or person who paid an indentured servant's way; predominately in Chesapeake Bay (VA & MD)

Bessemer Process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

Sacco-Vanzetti case

A well-known case in which two Italian-American anarchists were found guilty and executed for a crime in which there was very little evidence linking them to the particular crime.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

A 1794 battle in which 3,000 American troops under Anthony Wayne defeated Little Turtle's forces.

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

Gettysburg Address

A 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg

pietism

A Christian revival moment characterized by Bible study, the conversion experience, and the individual's personal relationship with God. It began as an effort to reform the German Lutheran Church in the mind-seventeenth century and became widely influential in Britain and its colonies in the eighteenth century

Jonathan Edwards

A Congregationalist preacher of the Great Awakening who spoke of the fiery depths of hell. Famous sermon: "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God." Very captivating articulation. Also Henneberry's Halloween costume this year.

Aaron Douglas

A Harlem Renaissance painter whose work celebrates African American versatility and adaptability, depicting people in a variety of settings.

Methodists

A Protestant denomination founded on the principles of John Wesley and Charles Wesley. (Especially present in poorer communities.)

Thomas Hooker

A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Hartford, Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut (1636) with strict limits on government: "Separation of Church and State."

Thaddeus Stevens

A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress.

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

American Colonization Society

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.

St. Augustine

A Spanish outpost/mission in Florida, it became the first European town (1565) in the present-day United States.

Francisco Coronado

A Spanish soldier and commander; in 1540, he led an expedition north from Mexico into Arizona; he was searching for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold, but only found Adobe pueblos.

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

Covenant of Grace

A binding agreement that Christ made with all who believed in him that promised eternal blessing so that they might not perish eternally but experience salvation.

Lemuel Haynes

A black member of the Massachusetts militia and later a celebrated minister. He urged that Americans ''extend'' their conception of freedom to include blacks.

How the Other Half Lives

A book by John Riis that told the public about the lives of the immigrants and those who live in the tenements

Presbyterians

A branch of Protestant Christianity that has theological Calvinist tradition, emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the authority of the Scriptures, and the necessity of grace through faith in Christ

Corporation

A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts

''Scottsboro boys''

A case in which nine young black men were arrested for the rape of two white women in Alabama in 1931. Despite the weakness of the evidence against the "Scottsboro boys" and the fact that one of the two accusers recanted, Alabama authorities three times put them on trial and three times won convictions. Landmark Supreme Court decisions overturned the first two verdicts and established legal principles that greatly expanded the definition of civil liberties that defendants have a constitutional right to effective legal representation, and that states cannot systematically exclude blacks from juries. But the Court allowed the third set of convictions to stand, which led to prison sentences for five of the defendants.

Birth of the Republican Party

A coalition of the Free Soil Party, the Know-Nothing Party and renegade Whigs merged in 1854 to form the Republican Party, a liberal, anti-slavery party. The party's Presidential candidate, John C. Fremont, captured one-third of the popular vote in the 1856 election.

Proprietary Colony

A colony owned and ruled by one person who was chosen by a king or queen. Most were given to the proprietors because the King owed someone money or a favor.

Royal Colony

A colony under the direct control of a monarch.

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

A commercial system surrounding the process of transporting blacks from Africa to the New World (read: sugar/tobacco plantations) and occasionally to Europe for forced labor.

America First Committee

A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker.

Wilmington Race Riot

A white mob seized the reins of government in the port city and, in so doing, destroyed the local black-owned newspaper office and terrorized the African American community

What was Thomas Paine's Common Sense?

A widely read criticism of continued British rule of the colonies.

"Citizens of Color"

A widespread term referring to free black citizens in the newly independent America.

The Key of Liberty

A writing by William Manning that declared the most important division of society as that between the ''few and the ''many.''

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolition of slavery w/o compensation for slave-owners

William Pitt

A competent British leader, known as the "Great Commoner," who managed to destroy New France from the inside out and end the Seven Year's War.

Horizontal Integration

Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level

Russel H. Conwell

Acres of Diamonds

Federal Highway Act of 1956

Act that authorized a $27 billion public works project to build 42,000 miles of modern, multilane roads across the nation; created countless jobs but speed up sub-urbanization, with disastrous consequences for cities; also led to concerns about environmental impact and energy consumption.

Jay's Treaty

A controversial 1794 agreement that failed to secure British concessions on impressment or the rights of American shipping.

writ of habeas corpus

A court order requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody.

Father Charles Coughlin

A critic of the New Deal; created the National Union for Social Justice; wanted a monetary inflation and the nationalization of the banking system.

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south. He eventually started the first Baptist church in America.

"Wall of Separation"

A division freeing politics and the exercise of the intellect from religious control.

''Virtual Representation''

A doctrine which stated that the House of Commons represented all residents of the British empire, whether or not they could vote for members.

Report on Manufactures

A document that called for the imposition of a tariff and government subsidies to encourage the development of factories that could manufacture products currently purchased from abroad.

Muller v. Oregon

A famous brief citing scientific and sociological studies to demonstrate that because they had less strength and endurance than men, long hours of labor were dangerous for women, while their unique ability to bear children gave the government a legitimate interest in their working conditions.

Thomas Nast

A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians

Roosevelt and conservation

A federal policy to conserve natural resources. Under Roosevelt's leadership, millions of acres were set aside as preserves and national parks were created.

limited liability

A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments.

George McClellan

A general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.

sub-treasury system

A goal of the Farmer's Alliance. The idea behind this was that the government would own all warehouses and silos used by farmers- with the promise that storage rates would be low. The democrats, who the Farmer's Alliance sided with, felt that it was too radical, and was also rejected by industrial workers

Teapot Dome Scandal

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

welfare state

A government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.

Balanced Government

A government whose structure reflects the division of society between the wealthy and ordinary men.

Tennesse Valley Authority

A government-owned corporation that would produce cheap hydroelectric power and encourage economic development in the flood-prone river valley. Critics assailed it as creeping socialism.

environmental Portection Agency (EPA)

A governmental organization signed into law by Richard Nixon in 1970 designed to regulate pollution, emissions, and other factors that negatively influence the natural environment. The creation of the it marked a newfound commitment by the federal government to actively combat environmental risks and was a significant triumph for the environmentalist movement.

Encomienda System

A grant of land made by Spain to a conquistador to settle in the Americas, including the right to use local Native Americans as laborers.

Bonus Army

A group of 15,000 unemployed veterans hitchhiked to Washington to demand immediate payment of their bonuses, a pension payment that was due to be paid in 1945. Federal troops burned the encampment to the ground and in a fight that followed injured hundreds of marchers.

Liberty League

A group of Republican business leaders and conservative Democrats who banded together to fight what they called the "reckless spending" and "socialist" reforms of the New Deal.

trust

A group of corporations run by a single board of directors

Loyal Nine

A group of merchants and craftsmen who had taken the lead in opposing the Stamp Act.

Copperheads

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

Fugitive Slave Act

A law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Rationing

A limited portion or allowance of food or goods; limitation of use

Nadir period of Race Relations

A low point in race relations.

cotton gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

yellow fever

A malady that struck many workers on the Panama Canal project.

Monopoly

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.

Matthew Lyon

A member of Congress from Vermont who was jailed under the Sedition Act for criticizing the Adams administration in his newspaper.

Stephen Douglas

A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.

Gold Standard

A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold

''welfare capitalism''

A more socially conscious kind of business leadership.

American standard of living

A new concept that came about from the maturation of the consumer economy; the idea that mass consumption came to occupy a central place in American society and its future.

Describe the new national culture that emerged in the United States during the 20s. Give examples.

A new emphasis on leisure, consumption, and entertainment characterized the new national culture. Automobiles, paved roads, the parcel post service, movies, radios, telephones, mass-circulation magazines, brand names, and chain stores linked Americans.

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Claude McKay

A poet who was a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance movement and wrote the poem "If We Must Die" after the Chicago riot of 1919.

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Free Soil Party

A political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery

''Wilkes and Liberty''

A popular rallying cry in both the colonies and Britain in response to the expulsion of John Wilkes from his seat in Parliament.

Redlining

A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.

Gradual Emancipation

A process established in Northern colonies that left up to them the boundaries of liberty for blacks.

Continuous Flow

A production method used to manufacture, produce or process materials without interruption.

New Deal

A program of federal activism launched by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. It represented a new form of liberalism. The New Deal activists' social welfare liberalism expanded individual rights. Critics of the New Deal charged that its program of big government and social welfare directly repudiated traditional classical liberal principles.

''scientific management''

A program that sought to streamline production and boost profits by systematically controlling costs and work practices.

Judith Sargent Murray

A prominent writer of plays, novels, and poetry, Judith Sargent Murray of Massachusetts was one of the first women to demand equal educational opportunities for women.

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

Equal Rights Amendment

A proposed amendment to eliminate all legal distinctions ''on account of sex.''

Three-Fifths Clause

A provision that three-fifths of the slave population would be counted in determining each state's representation in the House of Representatives and its electoral votes for president.

Charles Coughlin

A radio priest who was anti-Semitic and anti-New Deal. He catered away some support from FDR.

Union Pacific Railroad

A railroad that started in Omaha, and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH

birth-control movement

A reform movement espousing the idea that right to control of one's body included the ability to enjoy an active sexual life without necessarily bearing women. Emma Goldman and Margaret Sanger were the leaders of this movement.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America to be a "city on a hill," and exemplify perfect Christian living. They settled Massachusetts Bay in 1629. NOT SEPARATISTS!

Normalcy

A return to "normal" life after the war.

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Jim Crow System

A series of laws enacted in the late nineteenth century by southern states to institute segregation. These laws created "whites only" public accommodations such as schools, hotels, and restaurants.

Slaughterhouse Cases

A series of post-Civil War Supreme Court cases containing the first judicial pronouncements on the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. The Court held that these amendments had been adopted solely to protect the rights of freed blacks, and could not be extended to guarantee the civil rights of other citizens against deprivations of due process by state governments. These rulings were disapproved by later decisions.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Suffolk Resolves

A series of resolutions passed by a convention of delegates in Massachusetts that urged Americans to refuse obedience to new laws, withhold taxes, and prepare for war.

Zoot Suit Riots

A series of riots in L.A. California during WW2, soldiers stationed in the city and Mexican youths because of the zoot suits they wore.

Taylorism

A set of ideas, also referred to as "scientific management," developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor, involving simple, coordinated operations in industry.

Panic of 1873 (1873-1879)

A severe international economic depression triggered by overproduction of railroads, mines, factories and farm products. *Historical Significance:* Led to the *Railroad Strike of 1877*.

trolley car

A small train powered by overhead electric cables.

Casta system

A social hierarchy based on how European one was. Wealth, education, and physical appearance helped determine how an individual might be viewed. 1. Peninsulares (European-born and educated) 2. Creoles (Next-generation Europeans, born in New World) 3. Mestizos (White & NA) and Mulattos (White & African) 4. Native Americans and African slaves

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

Nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

King Charles I

(ruled 1625- 1649), He came to power after King James. He was a cruel opponent of the Puritans and Parliament. Eventually, the people revolted against him and led a resistance to overthrow the king.

Jacques Cartier

1534 Explored Canada looking for the NW passage (to Asia), traveled up the St. Lawrence River to Montreal.

Jesuits

1540 Founded superb schools throughout Europe, converted pagans to Catholicism, forestalled spreading of Protestantism.

King James I

1566-1625 King of England. Gave the Virginia Company of London a charter to set up a colony in 1607... Jamestown.

John Winthrop

1588-1649 First governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for autocracy (self-gov't) in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony that didn't heed English monarchs initially.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in this area. The colony established relative political freedom and a representative government. However, church and state were far from separated (the so-called elect ran the town), neighbors were all up in each other's business, and dissension would reach a tipping point in just 15 years.

Salem Witch trials

1629 outbreak of fear, hysteria, and stress in Salem, a Puritan village in Massachusetts. Rev. Samuel Parris' two daughters started having strange afflictions and it spread to all the girls in the village. Three women, including Parris' Indian slave Tituba, were accused of witchcraft. The governor created a special court to try all those suspected of dealing with the devil. Many were hung and drowned in the ordeal. Later, the governor and all jurors apologized for their involvement after realizing the ridiculousness of the hubbub.

Maryland

1632; founded in Northern half of the Chesapeak Bay Region; becomes safe place for English Catholics

Pequot War

1637 The Mass. Bay and Plymouth colonists wanted to claim CT for themselves, but it belonged to a Native American tribe called the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Governor William Berkeley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians even after they'd attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown. They burned down the city. However, the rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness

Dominion Of New England

1686- James I's combines the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Sir Edmund Andros). William & Mary didn't scrap the royal province when they came into power, but it ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove Andros out.

Leisler's Rebellion

1689- 1691. Rebellion that took place in NYC due to conflicts between landholders and merchants (social strife).

Lord Baltimore

1694- Cecil Calvert. The founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the Roman Catholics being persecuted in England.

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

Queen Anne's War

1702 to 1713 war, referred to as the "War of the Spanish Succession" in European texts. Pitted England against France and Spain. Spanish FL was attacked by the English in the beginning, Native Americans fought for both sides in the conflict. The British emerged victorious and in the end received Hudson Bay and Nova Scotia from the French.

Molasses act

1733 - British established regulations/restrictions on molasses (which is what one distills to make rum). They basically didn't want the colonists to buy French rum, which was cheaper, so they put a high tariff on it. In response, everyone smuggled it in. Historically, when something tries to get in between men and their liquor, the system is undermined by sneaky geniuses looking to make a profit and have a good time. 'MURIKA!

Albany Plan of Union

1754 Intercolonial congress summoned by the British government to foster greater colonial unity and assure Iroquois support in the escalating war against the French. Initiated by Ben Franklin (join or die, bitches).

Treaty of Paris

1763 Prussia gets Silesia, Britain gains ALL of France's North American COLONIES.

1619

1)The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt their own representative governments when possible. 2)Also, the first African slaves were brought to the New World.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

1. Created to insure bank deposits 2. Drastically decreased the number of bank failures

Currency act

1764 Stopped colonial printing of paper money & forced colonists to pay in gold and silver. This is because land banks, which loaned money to farmers who needed to purchase land and equipment, were largely responsible for inflation. Mostly in Rhode Island. (Figures.)

Indian Wars

1850 to 1890; series of conflicts between the US Army / settlers and different Native American tribes

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Crittenden Compromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

Homestead Act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

Pacific Railway Act

1862 legislation to encourage the construction of a transcontinental railroad, connecting the West to industries in the Northeast (Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR)

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

Tenure of Office Act

1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet

Military Reconstruction Act

1867; divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions

Gilded Age

1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor

Melting Pot Theory

American culture is a blend of many different cultures

Billy Sunday

American fundamentalist minister; he used colorful language and powerful sermons to drive home the message of salvation through Jesus and to oppose radical and progressive groups.

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Wampanoag and Naragansett

An Algonquian people of Rhode Island and Massachusetts who greeted the Pilgrims

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around and founded the city of New Amsterdam, which became the capital of New Netherland. The area did not attract a lot of Dutch settlers because freehold farmers there had more rights and the climate was cold. However, the fur trade did draw some.

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies. King George I & II were basically chill peppers, like "Yo, 'dem colonies be makin' dat cash money, so we don need ta do nuttin' o'er dere." Promoted American autocracy, or self-gov't in the colonies. Partially caused by Sir Robert Walpole's patronage (awarding political allies with offices), which weakened the British government.

Christopher Columbus

An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503.

Quebec Act

An act that extended the southern boundary of Quebec to the Ohio River and granted legal toleration to the Roman Catholic Church in Canada.

Roosevelt Corollary

An addendum to the Monroe Doctrine that held that the United States had the right to exercise "an international police power" in the Western Hemisphere.

Battle of Britain

An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.

perestroika

An economic policy adopted in the former Soviet Union. Intended to increase automation and labor efficiency but it led eventually to the end of central planning in the Russian economy.

Mass *Bae* Colony

An enchanted settlement of gorgeous British young adults that is only recognized by the *elect* few students who are a bit confuzzled and APUSHin' it to get an A in this course. Famous inhabitants include Alex Pettyfer and Keira Knightley. See also: Ply-Mouth-Kissing Colony.

second hundred year's war

An era of warfare beginning with the War of Leauge of Augsburg in 1689 and lasting until the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815. In that time, England fought in seven major wars; the longest ear of peace lasting only twenty-six years

The American Crisis

An essay by Thomas Paine read by George Washington to his troops shortly before crossing the Delaware River.

"waving the bloody shirt"

An expression used as a vote getting stratagem by the Republicans during the election of 1876 to offset charges of corruption by blaming the Civil War on the Democrats.

''effective freedom''

An idea put forth by John Dewey that freedom was a positive, not negative concept -- the ''power to do specific things.''

sinking of the Lusitania

An incident in 1915 wherein a British liner was sunk by a German submarine off the coast of Ireland.

Proclamation Line 1763

An order in which King George III prohibited the American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, temporarily quelling expansion in that direction.

American Protective Association

An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration

labor union

An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members

American Protective League

An organization that helped the Justice Department identify radicals and critics of the war by spying on their neighbors and carrying out ''slacker raids'' in which thousands of men were stopped on the streets of major cities and required to produce draft registration cards.

Schechter v. United States

Arose when a Brooklyn firm sold diseased chickens to local storekeepers in violation of NRA codes. The court declared that the NRA unconstitutionally extended federal authority to intrastate commerce. The Court struck down a raft of New Deal legislation in 1935: the Agricultural Adjustment Act, a Railroad Retirement Act, and the Frazier-Lemke debt relief act.

Mexican immigration

As Mexicans arrived in the United States, most became poorly paid agricultural, mine, and railroad laborers, with little prospect of upward economic mobility.

Spanish Armada

As directed by Philip II, a Spanish fleet set out in 1588 to invade England and reestablish Catholic dominance there.A raging storm in the English Channel and the smaller but tactical English navy led by Francis Drake ended that plan. This is viewed as the decline of Spain's Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power.

Huey Long

As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927 after being convicted of mail fraud.

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

Zora Neale Hurston

African American writer and folklore scholar who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance

Women in Politics

After achieving the suffrage in 1920, women expanded their political activism. They were most influential as lobbyists.

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

Renaissance

After the Middle Ages there was a rebirth of culture in Europe where art and science were developed. It was during this time of enrichment that America was discovered.

Ku Klux Klan

After the premiere in 1915 of "Birth of a Nation," a popular film glorifying the Reconstruction-era Ku Klux Klan, a group of southerners gathered on Stone Mountain, outside of Atlanta to revive the racist organization. The KKK appealed to both urban and rural folk. The largest groups were in urban area. The Klan of the 1920s targeted blacks, Jews, and Catholics.

Pools

Agreement between railroads to divide competition. Equalization was achieved by dividing traffic.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another

Gadsden Purchase

Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.

Gentlemen's Agreement

Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japanese men already living in the US to join them

AAA

Agricultural Adjustment Administration: attempted to regulate agricultural production through farm subsidies; ruled unconstitutional in 1936; disbanded after World War II

Agriculture and the Economy during the 1920s

Agriculture - which employed 1/4 of all workers - never fully recovered from the post war recession. During the war, American farmers had borrowed heavily to expand production, but as European farmers returned to their fields, the world market was glutted with goods. The coal and textile industry had similarly expanded output during the war and now faced overcapacity and falling prices.

telephone

Alexander Graham Bell

The Alien and Sedition Acts

Alien Laws (1) raised the residence requirements for citizenship from 5 yrs to 14 yrs (2) president was empowered to deport dangerous foreigners in times of peace; deport or imprison in times of hostility Sedition Act (1) attacked Freedom of speech and freedom of the press (2) anyone who impeded gov policy or falsely defamed it direct conflict with the Constitution (1) Federalist dominated supreme court; no desire to declare it unconstitutional (2) law would expire in 1801 in case the Federalists lost the next election

Eisenhower

Allied commander in WW2 in Europe; helped plan the D-Day invasion at Normandy; 34th President

D-Day

Allied invasion of France on June 6, 1944

How did Americans respond to the French Revolution?

Almost everyone supported it at first, because the French seemed to be following in Americans' footsteps.

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

Also known as "Popé's Rebellion" against Spanish colonizers. Relentless wave of soldiers, missionaries, & settlers took over lands in "Entradas." The Priests tried to force the Natives into Catholicism, forbidding dances and destroying ceremonial objects. The Pueblos revolted, destroying all Spanish forts and missions in New Mexico. It took the Spanish more than a decade to regain control.

Pontiac's Rebellion1763-1766

Also referred to as Pontiac's War & Pontiac's Conspiracy. America's western boundaries overlapped with Indian lands. Several tribes got together to stop the advance and kill colonists. It was fairly successful; they captured 7 British Forts.

Sitting Bull

American Indian chief, he lead the victory of Little Bighorn

Elijah Lovejoy

American Presbyterian minister, journalist, and news paper editor who was murdered by a mob for his abolitionist views

How did the United States affect world trade and Europe's ability to repay war debts?

American banks lent money to Germany, enabling it to pay reparations to the Allied Powers. Britain and France then used these funds to pay off their wartime loans from the United States. American politicians made it very difficult to pay off the debts, as evident by the Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922.

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Civil Disobedience

A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences.

Impeachment

A formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office

Benedict Arnold

A former commander under George Washington that defected and almost succeeded in turning over to the British the important fort at West Point on the Hudson River.

liberty party

A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848

Fort Duquesne

A fort built by the French in modern-day Pittsburgh. It was involved in a key battle in the French & Indian War (1754-1763) and was the counterpart to the English Ft. Necessity.

William Penn

A friend who founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.Oxymoronically, Quaker Billy lived a lavish lifestyle.

Prohibition

A law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages

Island Hopping

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others

Gilbert Tennent

A minister who started the "Log College" to teach people how to preach. It later became Princeton University. In a famous sermon he compared the anti-revivalist "Old Lights" to the Old Testament Pharisees.

Crispus Attucks

A mixed Indian-African white colonist who died in the Boston Massacre and was hailed as the first martyr of the American Revolution.

Great Plains

A mostly flat and grassy region of western North America

Common Sense

A pamphlet that appeared in January 1776 that attacked the Constitution of England and the principles of hereditary rule and monarchical government.

coal miner's strike of 1902

A paralyzing strike that was ended when President Roosevelt threatened a federal takeover of the mines.

''Open Immigration''

A partially accurate term referring to the restriction on citizenship from abroad to free white persons.

Populists

A party made up of farmers and laborers that wanted direct election of senators and an 8 hour working day

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Susan B. Anthony

(1) Quaker (2) aka "Suzy Bs" (3) abolitionist + lecturer for women's rights

Walt Whitman (Transcendentalist)

(1) aka "The Poet Laureate of Democracy" (2) collection of "Poem Leaves of Grass" (1855) (3) romantical, emotional, unconventional; works banned in Boston (4) initially a failure; popular after death

Miami Confederacy

(1) alliance of 8 Indian nations (2) belief that Britain was arming them; terrorized Americans invading their lands (3) American victory; Indians offer peace to Americans

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Gag Rule

1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress

Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

Mexican Cession

1848. Awarded as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. U.S. paid $15 million for 525,000 square miles.

McNary-Haugen Bills

1927-1928. Proposed a system of federal price supports for a slew of agricultural products - wheat, corn, cotton, rice, and tobacco. President Coolidge opposed the bills as "special-interest" legislation.

The New Deal

1933-1937. Government sponsored programs implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to revitalize the economy and alleviate poverty and despair caused by the Depression.

Indian Reorganization Act

1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development.

Nuremburg

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.

Francis Townsend

American physician and social reformer whose plan for a government-sponsored old-age pension was a precursor of the Social Security Act of 1935.

Francis Townsend

American physician and social reformer whose plan for a government-sponsored old-age pension was a precursor of the Social Security Act of 1935. To receive payments the elderly would have to retire from their jobs, thus opening their positions to younger workers, and agree to spend the money within a month.

Women's Joint Congressional Committee

A Washington-based coalition of ten major white women's organizations, including the newly formed League of Women Voters, lobbied actively for reform legislation. Its major accomplishment was the passage in 1921 of the Sheppard-Towner Federal Maternity and Infancy Act.

Antietam

A battle near a sluggish little creek, it proved to be the bloodiest single day battle in American History with over 26,000 lives lost in that single day.

Total War

A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort

Public Works Administration

A construction program directed by the Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes. However Icke's cautious approach to approving public works projects limited the agency's effectiveness.

Ethnic Nationalism

A definition of a nation as a community of descent based on a shared ethnic heritage, language, and culture.

reservations (Native people)

A designated area of land that Native American Tribes lived on

telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

The Genet Affair

A series of American attacks on British vessels while under the French flag organized by Edmond Genet, a French envoy.

Mark Hanna

An industrialist and Republican politician from Ohio. The campaign manager of McKinley in the 1896, in what is considered the forerunner of the modern political campaign, and subsequently became one of the most powerful members of the U.S. Senate.

red cross

An international organization dedicated to the medical care of the sick or wounded in wars and natural disasters

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

Lord Dunmore's Proclamation

An offer by the British governor and military commander in Virginia for freedom to any slave who escaped to his lines and bore arms for the king.

Olive Branch Petition

An offer to George III reaffirming Americans' loyalty to the crown and hoping for a ''permanent reconciliation.''

Montezuma

Aztec chieftan; encountered Cortes and the Spanish and saw that they rode horses; Montezuma assumed that the Soanush were gods. He welcomed them hospitably, but the explorers soon turned on the natives and ruled them for three centuries.

Isolationism

By refusing to join the League of Nations or the Court of International Justice, the United States declined to play an active role in international politics; in this regard, the nation's stance was clearly isolationist.

Loyalists

Colonists who remained loyal to Great Britain during the War of Independence.

Jeffrey Amherst

General, apptd by Pitt, who marched into Montreal to end the French & Indian war.

Second Anglo-Powhatan war

Indians' last effort to dislodge Virginians that was unsuccessful. Peace treaty of 1646 crushed any hope of creating an integrated Virginia society or coexistence with the native peoples.

Why did the United States become a one-party nation following the War of 1812?

The Hartford Convention's allegedly treasonous activities fatally damaged the Federalist Party's reputation.

Lakota Sioux

Nomadic tribe that followed Bison. Based in Great plains. Sitting Bull is a famous chief. Fight with the US in Dakotas, end up getting crushed. Massacred at Wounded Knee

American Anti-Slavery Society

Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Founded in 1910, this civil rights organization brought lawsuits against discriminatory practices and published The Crisis, a journal edited by African-American scholar W. E. B. Du Bois.

Society of American Indians

Founded in 1911, the Society of American Indians was a reform organization typical of the era. It brought together Indian intellectuals to promote discussion of the plight of Native Americans in the hope that public exposure would be the first step toward remedying injustice.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Passed by the Virginia and the Kentucky legislatures; written by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, the resolutions advanced the state-compact theory of the Constitution. Virginia's resolution called on the federal courts to protect free speech. Jefferson's draft for Kentucky stated that a state could nullify federal law, but this was deleted.

John Tyler

President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery

House Un-American Activites Committee (HUAC)

The House Committee on Un-American Activities was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda,

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Internationalist

The efforts of American diplomats to shore up the international financial suggest the United States pursued a vigorous, internationalist economic policy.

Abolition

The emancipation of slaves and the removal of slavery as a social institution.

Patriotic Assimilation

World War II created a vast melting pot, especially for European immigrants and their children. Millions of Americans moved out of urban ethnic neighborhoods and isolated rural enclaves into the army and industrial plants where they came into contact with people of very different backgrounds.

What ended the Great Depression?

World War II spending

Scrap Drives

World War II, collected tin cans, scrap metal, rubber to make into bullets, tanks, airplanes

muckrakers

Writers who exposed corruption and abuses in politics, business, meatpacking, child labor, and more, primarily in the first decade of the twentieth century; their popular books and magazine articles spurred public interest in reform.

Nisei

American-born children of Japanese immigrants; second generation Japanese Americans.

Ellis Island

An immigrant receiving station that opened in 1892, where immigrants were given a medical examination and only allowed in if they were healthy

Midway

An important battle in the Asian part of the war, the Americans sank 4 Japanese aircraft carriers

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Crusades

series of wars by Christian armies to push Muslims back and achieve more holy land

54'40 or fight

slogan of those wanting to take all of Oregon; numbers (54 40') was line of latitude where people wanted Oregon border; did not want compromise of 49th parallel, as was done by President Polk.

matriarchy

social identity and property descends through the female line

natural rights

the right to life, liberty, and property. According to the English philosopher John Locke political authority was not given by God to monarchs. Instead, it derived from social compacts that people made to preserve their natural rights

Confederacy

the southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861

3rd party system

Democrats and Republicans

17th amendment

Direct election of senators

Land Ordinances of 1784 and 1785

Directed surveying of the Northwest Territory into townships of thirty-six sections (square miles) each, the sale of the sixteenth section of which was to be used to finance public education.

Cruikshank v. US

Do the first and second amendment protections apply to the states? NO.

Declaration of Independence

Document adopted on July 4, 1776, that made the break with Britain official; drafted by a committee of the Second Continental Congress, including principal writer Thomas Jefferson.

Townsend plan

Dr. Francis Townsend, a California physician, won wide support for a plan by which the government would make a monthly payment of $200 to older Americans, with the requirement that they spend it immediately.

Dubois vs. Washington

DuBois pointed out that Washington's desired economic progress before equality wasn't possible without the right to vote which was prevented by discriminatory laws; Washington accepted segregation in return for white support of blacks' economic advancement- DuBois accused this as a path to eternal enslavement

War Production Board

During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers

assimilation phase

During group socialization, the phase in which members are fully integrated into the group and its structures.

Whiskey Ring

During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.

Fordism

Early twentieth-century term describing the economic system pioneered by Ford Motor Company based on high wages and mass consumption.

Conquistadors

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru.

Judith Sargent Murray argued that women's apparent mental inferiority to men simply reflected the fact that women had been denied __________.

Educational opportunities

Hirohito

Emperor of Japan

First Fugitive Slave Law

Enacted in 1793, a law providing for federal and state judges and local officials to facilitate the return of escaped slaves.

Selective Service Act

Enacted in 1917; required 24 million men to register with the draft.

Hawley-Smoot Act

Enacted in 1930, that established the highest protective tariff in U.S. history, worsening the Depression in America and abroad.

James Oglethorpe

English leader who founded the colony of Georgia as a place where debtors from English prisons could begin new lives. Enforced strict regulations (ex: no drinking), but was a pretty nice dude (philanthropist).

Oliver Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As Lord Protector of England (1653-1658), he ruled as a virtual dictator.

Herbert Spencer

English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903)

Quakers

Epithet for members of the Society of Friends. Their belief that God spoke directly to each individual through an "inner light" and that neither ministers nor the Bible was essential to discovering God's Word put them in conflict with both the church of England and orthodox Puritans

According to Noah Webster, what was the very soul of a republic?

Equality

Tokyo War Trials

Equivalent of Nuremberg Trials for the Japanese leaders.

detente

Era of relaxed tension between the two Communist powers China and USSR which produced several agreements in 1972.

Miranda warning

Escobedo(1964) Miranda (1966) gave rights to accused such as the right to remain silent and other protections. The Miranda case developed into the Miranda warning that arresting police officers must recite to suspects.

"Declaration of Rights"

Essentially the English Bill of Rights: a series of acts passed by the English Parliament in 1689 that limit the rights of the monarchy and ensured the power of the Parliament (and thus the people). Loosely based on Locke's natural rights.

National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)

Established by the Wagner Act. A federal agency with the authority to protect workers from employer coercion, supervise elections for union representation, and guarantee the process of collective bargaining.

Resettlement Administration

Established in 1935 to help small famrers and tenants buy land, fought for the rights of black tenant farmers until angry southerners in Congress drastically cut its appropriations.

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

Aimee Semple McPherson

Evangelist who gained notoriety as she preached the fundamentalist message nationwide over the radio.

New Deal and Women

Even as the New Deal increased women's visibility in national political's, organized feminism, already disarray during the 1920's, disappeared as a political force. The Depression inspired widespread demands for women to remove themselves from the labor market to make room for unemployed men. Because the Depression hit industrial employment harder than low-wage clerical and service jobs where women rose.

''the American way of life''

Even as unemployment remained high in Britain throughout the 1920s, and inflation and war reparations payments crippled the German economy, Hollywood films spread images of "the American way of life" across the globe.

Social welfare liberalism

Expanded individual rights. New Deal activists increased the amount and scope of national legislation; created an increasingly centralized federal administrative system; and instituted new programs, such as Social Security, that gave the government responsibility for the welfare of every American citizen.

Rise of Labor

Exploiting their dominant position in national politics, Democrats used legislation and tax dollars to cement the allegiance of blocs of voters to their party. One of their prize targets were the millions of workers with ties to the labor movement.

the Hundred Days

Extraordinarily productive first three months of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration in which a special session of Congress enacted fifteen of his New Deal proposals.

election of 1936

FDR (Democratic) reelected b/c of his New Deal programs and active style of personal leadership. Running against FDR was Alf Landon (Republic nominee)

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

FEPC

Fair Employment Practices Committee ; investigated charges of discrimination in army or work places

Red Scare

Fear among many Americans after World War I of Communists in particular and noncitizens in general, a reaction to the Russian Revolution, mail bombs, strikes, and riots.

Separation of Powers

Feature of the U.S. Constitution, sometimes called checks and balances, in which power is divided between executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the national government so that no one can dominate the other two and endanger citizens liberties.

Yalta conference

February 1945, final conference of the Big Three (Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin) Final plans for making Germany surrender.

FDIC

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

FERA

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

FHA

Federal Housing Administration

The relationship between the national government and the states is called __________.

Federalism

''100 percent Americanism''

Few features of urban life seemed more alien to rural and small-town native-born Protestants than their immigrant populations and cultures. The wartime obsession with "100 percent Americanism" continued into the 1920s, a decade of citizenship education programs in public schools, legally sanctioned visits to immigrants homes to investigate their house- hold arrangements, and vigorous efforts by employers to instill appreciation for American values.

54th Massachusetts Regiment

First African American Regimen, successfully defended Fort Wagner

Marbury v. Madison

First U.S. Supreme Court decision to declare a federal law the Judiciary Act of 1801 unconstitutional.

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Issei

First generation Japanese immigrants to North America. Noun. The Issei were unable to attain citizenship.

Act for Religious Toleration

First law in America (Maryland) to call for freedom of worship for all *Christians*. Passed in 1649 to quell disputes between Catholics and Protestants, but failed to bring peace in the long run.

Pure Food and Drug Act

First law to regulate manufacturing of food and medicines; prohibited dangerous additives and inaccurate labeling.

William Sherman

First modern general to understand the concept of total war.

Bill of Rights

First ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1791 to guarantee individual rights against infringement by the federal government.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922

Followed the Republican policy to exclude foreign-made goods. Unable to sell their goods in the United States, European nations could not easily earn the dollars they needed to pay their debts.

Mexican Repatriation

Forced migration of approximately one million Mexicans and Mexican Americans to Mexico between 1929-1937. 60% of people deported were actually children born in the United States. It emerged out of the Great Depression and was a widespread assumption that Mexican Americans were usurpers of American Jobs. Many opted to leave in light of the anti-Mexican climate, but others were coerced to leave. Many accumulated in border towns. In 2005, California passed an apology act in which it officially recognized unconstitutional tactics of coerced deportation of Mexican Americans.

Senator Huey Long

As the Democratic governor of Lousiana, he had stunning achieved popularity by lowering utility bills, increasing taxes on corporations, and building new highways, schools, bridges, and hospitals. To push through these measures, he had seized almost dictatorial control of the state government. In 1934, Senator Huey Long established a national movement. His "Share Our Wealth Society" argued that the depression did not stem from overproduction but from underconsumption. The unequal distribution of wealth prevented families from buying goods and stimulating the economy. The Society advocated a tax of 100% of all income over $1 million and inheritances over $5 million.

Middle Passage

Forced transport of African slaves to colonies. 250,000 Africans came to American Colonies during 1700s. 1/10 slave ships had revolts, which were almost entirely unsuccessful (exception: Amistad). Extremely poor conditions: overcrowding, dysentery (due to urine/fecal matter), and malnutrition.

policy of boldness

Foreign policy promoted by Secretary of State Dulles, which condemned "containment" of communism, promising to both "roll back" communism's gains and "liberate captive peoples", while also cutting military spending by building up a fleet of superbombers equipped with nuclear bombs; in practice, the policy was too aggressive for minor crises such as the failed Hungarian uprising and also proved to be staggeringly expensive.

House Un-American Activities Committee

Formed in 1938 to investigate subversives in the government and holders of radical ideas more generally; best-known investigations were of Hollywood notables and of former State Department official Alger Hiss, who was accused in 1948 of espionage and Communist Party membership. Abolished in 1975.

Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC)

Formed in 1960 by impassioned southern black students to give more focus and force to the wave of "sit-in" protests organized to compel equal treatment in restaurants, transportation, employment, housing, and voter registration; members lost patience with the tactics of Dr. King's SCLC and the NAACP.

Samuel de Champlain

Founded Quebec in 1608. It became the first permanent French settlement in North America.

Cesar Chavez

Founded the United Farm Workers, a successful union of Mexican American workers.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Four measures passed during the undeclared war with France that limited the freedoms of speech and press and restricted the liberty of noncitizens.

Bataan ''death march''

At Bataan, in the Philippines, the Japanese forced 78,000 American and Filipino troops to lay down their arms, the largest surrender in American military history. Thousands perished on the ensuing "death march" to a prisoner-of-war camp, and thousands more died of disease and starvation after they arrived.

the Popular Front

At the height of the Popular Front, a period during the mid-1930s when the Communist Party sought to ally itself with socialists and New Dealers in movements for social change, urging reform of the capitalist system rather than revolution Communists gained an unprecedented respectability.

Embargo Act

Attempt to exert economic pressure by prohibiting all exports from the United States, instead of waging war in reaction to continued British impressment of American sailors; smugglers easily circumvented the embargo, and it was repealed two years later.

Describe some of the challenges FDR's New Deal faced from the Left?

Francis Townsend spoke for the nation's elderly, most of whom had no pension plans and feared poverty in their old age. In 1933 Townsend proposed the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which would give $200 a month to citizens over the age of 60. Charles Coughlin organized the National Union for Social Justice and continued to attack the FDR administration policies, broadcasting his views over the radio. In 1934, Senator Huey Long established a national movement. His "Share Our Wealth Society" argued that the depression did not stem from overproduction but from underconsumption. The unequal distribution of wealth prevented families from buying goods and stimulating the economy. The Society advocated a tax of 100% of all income over $1 million and inheritances over $5 million.

Francisco Pizarro

Francisco Pizarro -- New World conqueror; Spanish conqueror who crushed the Inca civilization in Peru; took gold, silver and enslaved the Incas in 1532.

Four Freedoms

Freedom of Speech, Religion, Want, from Fear; used by FDR to justify a loan for Britain, if the loan was made, the protection of these freedoms would be ensured

Four Freedoms

Freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.

XYZ Affair

French foreign minister Tallyrand's three anonymous agents demanded payments to stop French plundering of American ships in 1797; refusal to pay the bribe was followed by two years of undeclared sea war with France (1798-1800).

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin

Banking Act of 1935

Authorized the president to appoint a new Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, placing control of interest rates and other money-making policies at the federal level rather than with regional banks.

Identify key African American writers of the Harlem Renaissance. What were some of the literary themes of these writers?

Authors such as Claude McKay, Jean Toomer, and Jessie Fauset explored the black experience and represented the "Negro" in fiction. Countee Cullen and Langston Hughes turned to poetry to draw to attention black accomplishment. This creative embodied the ongoing African American struggle to identify as both black and American.

J.P. Morgan

Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"

Pearl Harbor

Base in Hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which convinced America to enter the war.

Zimmerman Telegram

From the German foreign secretary to the German minister in Mexico, February 1917, instructing him to offer to recover Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona for Mexico if it would fight the United States to divert attention from Germany in the event that the United States joined the war.

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

GATT

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

Little Big Horn

General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse

rock 'n' roll

Genre of popular music that fused black rhythm and blues with white bluegrass and country styles, crossing the cultural divide that had separated black and white musical traditions.

Hamilton challenged Gouverneur Morris to make an informal gesture of greeting (by shaking hands) with which of the following attendees at the Convention?

George Washington

Cumming vs. Richmond County Board of Education

Georgia case that first applied the separate but equal doctrine to education

Dien Bien Phu, Battle of

Battle between French colonial forces in Indochina and Viet Minh guerillas; the Vietnamese nationalists were ultimately victorious and Vietnam was divided into two halves, with the North controlled by a communist regime led by Ho Chi Minh and the South governed by pro-Western Ngo Dinh Diem.

Why was Shay's rebellion significant?

Because it demonstrates to some influential Americans the need for a stronger central government

Why did France come to America's aid in the revolution?

Because it wanted to weaken its old enemy, the British

Why did citizens and government officials call for increased intervention in the economy?

Because of the economic downturns led to calls for government involvement and the creation of a stronger financial regulatory sytem.

Henry Ford/Assembly Line

Before the introduction of the assembly line, Ford workers took twelve and a half hours to put together an auto; on an assembly line they took only 93 minutes. By 1927 Ford was producing a car every 24 seconds.

minimum wage laws

Beginning in March 1937, the Court suddenly revealed a new willingness to support economic regulation by both the federal government and the states. It upheld a minimum wage law of the state of Washington similar to the New York measure it had declared unconstitutional a year earlier.

Baptists

Believed the only true way to be saved is to be "born again" through full immersion. First American congregation of this denomination was led by dissenter Robert Williams in Rhode Island.

Dust Bowl

Between 1930 and 1941, a severe drought afflicted farmers of the semi-arid mid-west states. Farmers had pushed the agricultural frontier beyond its natural limits, causing mass erosion. Huge clouds of thick dust rolled over the land, turning the day into night. This ecological disaster prompted a mass exodus.

Volstead Act

Bill passed by Congress to enforce the language of the 18th Amendment. This bill made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States.

Hitler

German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945), Nazi leader and founder; had over 6 million Jews assassinated during the Holocaust

Dresden

German city ferociously firebombed by the Allies from February 13 to 15, 1945

Duke Ellington

Born in Chicago middle class. moved to Harlem in 1923 and began playing at the cotton club. Composer, pianist and band leader. Most influential figures in jazz.

Industrialization

Britain (1) 1750: inventors perfected mass textile production (2) harnessing of steam allowed for modern factory system (3) Parliament enacted laws to forbid the export of machines Why was the US so slow? (1) citizens were more inclined to be farmers (2) labor was scarce until immigration in 1840s (3) money for capital invesetment was not plentiful (4) raw materials were undeveloped or undiscovered high consumer demand (1) could not produce goods of high enough quality at a cheap enough cost (2) European products dominated the market

Post-Revolution Foreign Relations

Britain (1) refused to send a minister to the capital or repeal Nav. Laws (2) Lord Sheffield argued that Britain would win back America's trade anyhow (3) closed their West Indies trade to the US (4) British agents were active on the northern border; trading posts on US soil for fur trade w/ Indians (5) the us had failed on their promises about debts and loyalists Spain (1) unfriendly to the US (2) closed the Mississippi River to US commerce in 1784 (3) claimed FL, which had been granted to the US by the British in 1783 (3) schemed with Indians to keep Americans east of the Appalachians France demanded repayment of loans and restricted trade w/ the West Indies North African pirates (1) ravaged American's Mediterranean commerce + enslaved Yankee sailors (2) US was too weak to fight, too poor to bribe

Churchill

British Prime Minister who opposed the policy of appeasement and led Great Britain through World War II

Robert Walpole

British Prime Minister who refrained from strict enforcement of Navigation Acts; believed relaxed trading restrictions would stimulate commerce. He was a lazy suck-up, granting positions to people who supported his campaigns, and this atrophied the muscles of the British gov't.

Fundamentalists (Revivalist Protestants)

Broad movement in Protestantism in the U.S. which tried to preserve what it considered the basic ideas of Christianity against criticism by liberal theologies. It stressed the literal truths of the Bible and creation.

Black Hills of South Dakota

Gold was discovered here

Assembly Line

Goods were produced faster and was created by Henry Ford and helped lower prices of goods.

deficit spending

Government practice of spending more than it takes in from taxes

The Carolinas

Granted to eight nobles by Charles II as a reward for helping him attain the English throne. The North was settled mainly by poor tobacco farmers and the South became farmers of rice and indigo. Initially exploiting Native Americans, they turned to English indentured servants and finally to African slave labor. This shift occurred because the labor was backbreaking, people were contracting malaria, and NAs died much faster than Africans did. By 1680, Black slaves far outnumbered indentured servants in all the colonies.

Patronage

Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

Hamilton wanted to model the new constitution after which European nation?

Great Britain

Dust Bowl

Great Plains counties where millions of tons of topsoil were blown away from parched farmland in the 1930s; massive migration of farm families followed.

"Republican motherhood" encouraged __________.

Greater educational opportunities for women

Bonus Army

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their government war bonuses in cash

Brain Trust

Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression

Committees of Safety

Groups authorized by Congress to oversee its mandates and to take action against ''enemies of American liberty,'' including businessmen who tried to profit from the sudden scarcity of goods.

Regulators

Groups of backcountry Carolina settlers who protested colonial policies.

Committees of Correspondence

Groups that communicated with those in other colonies to encourage opposition to the Sugar and Currency acts

Business Consolidation

By 1930 a handful of managers stood at the center of American economic life. During the 1920s businesses combined at a rapid rate, with the largest number of mergers occuring in rapidly growing industries. An oligoply if a few major producers dominated the market and controlled prices.

The Roosevelt Recession

By 1937 industrial output had finally returned to 1929 levels. Roosevelt slashed the federal budget. The results halted the economic recovery. Roosevelt spent his way out of the recession by boosting funding for the WPA and resuming public works projects.

bank holiday

By March 1933, banking had been suspended in a majority of the states that is, people could not gain access to money in their bank accounts. Roosevelt declared a "bank holiday," temporarily halting all bank operations.

What was the first step Roosevelt took to help ease the suffering of the Great Depression?

By passing the Emergency Banking Act in the first week of his presidency, FDR restored stability to one of the nation's prime financial institutions.

Why did colonists object to the Tea Act?

By paying it, they would be acknowledging Great Britain's right to tax the colonists.

Describe American foreign policy, both political and economic, during the 1920s.

By refusing to join the League of Nations or the Court of International Justice, the United States declined to play an active role in international politics; in this regard, the nation's stance was clearly isolationist. But the efforts of American diplomats to shore up the international financial suggest the United States pursued a vigorous, internationalist economic policy.

Election of 1852: end of the Whig party

By this time the Whig party was so weakened that the Democrats swept Franklin Pierce into office by a huge margin. Eventually the Whigs became part of the new Republican party.

Bay of Pigs invasion

CIA plot in 1961 to overthrow Fidel Castro by training Cuban exiles to invade and supporting them with American air power; the mission failed and became a public relations disaster early in JFK's presidency

Election of 1924

Calvin Coolidge, vice president to Warren G. Harding, affirmed his support for business and limited government and announced his candidacy for the presidency in 1924. The Democrats nominated John W. Davis, and the Progressives nominated Robert M. La Follette. Calvin Coolidge won the presidency.

Debs v. US

Cannot speak out against the government

Richmond

Capital of the Confederacy

war bonds

Certificates sold by the United States government to pay for the war.

Bleeding Sumner

Charles Sumner was attacked because of a speech that he made against pro slavery forces in Kansas

Roger B. Taney

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Dred Scott decision was made

Chief Powhatan/Powhaten

Chief of the eponymous tribe also known as Virginia Algonquians who traded with the English settlers at Jamestown. Father of Pocahontas and brother of Opchanacanough.

Opechancanough

Chief of tribal confederacy after brother Powhatan died, led efforts to defend Indian lands from European invasion, then led a surprise attack in which 1/3 of the settlers were killed. Overall, his uprisings were unsuccessful, and marked the last time the Powhatan challenged the eastern regions of the colony.

Child Labor

Children were viewed as laborers throughout the 19th century. Many children worked on farms, small businesses, mills and factories.

''High Crimes and Misdemeanors''

Circumstances under which the president can by impeached by the House and removed from office by the Senate.

What group tended to be Anti-Federalists during the ratification debates?

Citizens that were fearful of a strong central government

Stalingrad

City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army in 1942-1943. The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union. Today Volgograd.

CCC

Civilian Conservation Corps

Boston Massacre

Clash between British soldiers and a Boston mob, March 5, 1770, in which five colonists were killed.

The Feminine Mystique

Classic feminist protest literature, written by Betty Friedan, that helped launch the modern women's movement; an indictment of the "stifling boredom" of suburban housewifery.

Tariff Compromise

Clay proposed that the tariff would gradually be lowered, and SC (under Calhoun) withdraws from their nullification of the tariff.

New Lights

Clergymen who defended the Great Awakening for reinvigorating American religion. Reformed denominations included the Calvinist Pres-biters, Bat-pisseds, Methodisseds, and Congregationalist Pour-it-ins.

The Federalist

Collection of eighty-five essays that appeared in the New York press in 1787-1788 in support of the Constitution; written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay and published under the pseudonym Publius.

General Edward Braddock

Commanded forces sent by Great Britain to support American colonists; defeated and killed by French and Indian troops. Then, Washington had to lead a retreat from Ft. Duquesne.

Cotton Diplomacy

Confederate efforts to use the importance of southern cotton to Britain's textile industry to persuade the British to support the Confederacy in the Civil War

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

Unemployment Legislation

Congress established the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA). The FERA provided federal funds to the states for relief programs. To maintain a commitment of individual initiative, rather than reliance on government payments, the New Deal tried to put people to work. Congress appropriated $3.3 billion for the Public Works Administration.

CIO

Congress of Industrial Organizations. proposed by John L. Lewis in 1932. a federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States and Canada from 1935 to 1955.

What did the congress do about the African slave trade in the United States under the Constitution?

Congress prohibited the African slave trade twenty years after ratification of the Constitution.

American Plan

Corporations attacked unions as un-American because they forced workers to become members. These companies supported the "American Plan" of an open-nonunion shop. Some set up employee commitees to voice workers' complaints.

Cortes and the Aztecs

Cortes was a Spanish conquistador who traveled to Mesoamerica. He was welcomed by the Aztec, who thought he was their prophesied god Quetzlcoatl because he matched the description (white foreigner). He turned on them real quick and captured Moctezuma. He could've destroyed them with military power (guns & steel swords), but he was instead aided by germs (smallpox and other diseases).

Committee on Public Information

Created in 1917 by the Wilson administration to explain to Americans and the world that ''the cause that compelled America to take arms in defense of its liberties and free institutions.''

Jane Addams

Created the Hull house and other settlement houses for women, education and immigrants

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery.

Social Security Act

Created the Social Security system with provisions for a retirement pension, unemployment insurance, disability insurance, and public assistance (welfare).

Rural Electrification Agency

Created to bring electric power to homes that lacked it, 80 percent of farms were still without electricity in 1934, in part to enable more Americans to purchase household appliances.

Federal Trade Commission

Created to enforce existing antitrust laws that prohibited business combinations in restraint of trade.

Home Owners Loan Corporation

Created to refinance home mortgages threatened by foreclosure.

George Whitefield

Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights." A religious big wig. Or should I say Big whig?

Coral Sea

Crucial naval battle which stopped the Japanese march across the Pacific, first time all fighting was done by carrier based aircraft

Kitchen Debate

Debate between Khrushchev and Richard Nixon in 1959 which brought him particular notice leading up to the 1960 election.

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

What changes in American society prompted the dissent expressed by nativist activists, the Ku Klux Klan, and religious fundamentalists? How did these groups voice their outrage?

Decline in religious values, the presence of immigrants in urban cities, and race relations created conflicted. These groups voiced their outrage through mass rallies and protests, the use of mass media to disseminate their viewpoint, the use of the legislative branch to pass laws, the use of the court system to invalidate existing laws, and the use of violence in the case of the nativists and KKK to stop immigrants, blacks, and Jews from increasing power.

National Bank: Ham. vs Jeff.

Hamilton (1) loose construction: what the constitution did not forbid, it permitted (2) bank would be private institution in which the government would be a major stockholder (3) elastic clause: congress may pass any laws "necessary and proper" to carry out powers vested in gov. agencies Jefferson (1) strict construction: what the constitution did not permit, it forbade (2) the states had the power to charter banks

Teapot Dome scandal

Harding administration scandal in which Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall profited from secret leasing to private oil companies of government oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California.

Normalcy/Warren Harding

Harding ran on the notion that American people wanted a return to "normalcy." He argued for a return to a strong pro business stance and conservative cultural values. His victory signaled an end to the Progressive era.

Election of 1876/Compromise of 1877

Hayes promised to show concern for Southern interests and end Reconstruction in exchange for the Democrats accepting the fraudulent election results. He took Union troops out of the South.

How did President Hoover respond to the economic emergency?

He adopted a two-pronged strategy. Hoover asked business executives to maintain wages and production levels and to work with the government to rebuild America's confidence in the capitalist economic system. He recognized that voluntarism might not be enough, so he won cuts in federal taxes in an attempt to boost private spending and corporate investment, and he called on state and local governments to increase capital expenditures on public works.

What did President Hoover blame the severity of the American Depression on?

He blamed it on the international economic situation. During the 1920s the flow of international credit hinged on the willingness of American banks and corporations to make loans and investments in European countries, allowing them to pay reparations and war debts and to buy US goods. As the crisis deepened, US banks and companies reduced their foreign investments, disrupting the European financial system. When the Hawley-Smoot Act raised rates to all time highs, European governments retaliated by imposing their own trade restrictions. Many European countries abandoned the gold standard to protect their economies. Thus, American companies cut back production and purchases of raw material. The crash of 1929 undermined fragile economies around the globe and brought on a worldwide depression.

John Rolfe

He brought a new strain of tobacco to Jamestown, which saved the colony from fiscal failure, and married Pocahontas.

Roosevelt's Leadership

He dramatically enlarged the role of the executive branch in setting the budget and initiating legislation. For policy formulation, he relied heavily on his "Brain Trust" of professors. This array of intellectual and administrative talent attracted thousands of recruits into the expanding federal bureaucracy.

Why was Cornwallis defeated at Yorktown?

He had no land or water escape route.

What suggestion by Benjamin Franklin caused a fair amount of controversy and raised several eyebrows?

He suggested that a prayer be said to help with difficulties of the Convention

How did Franklin differ from Hamilton regarding the Executive?

He thought it too dangerous to entrust to one man

What was Alexander Hamilton's long-term goal?

He wanted to make the United States a major commercial and military power.

Hernan Cortes

He was a Spanish explorer who conquered the Native American civilization of the Aztecs in 1519 in what is now Mexico.

David Walker

He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.

William Graham Sumner

He was an advocate of Social Darwinism claiming that the rich were a result of natural selection and benefits society. He, like many others promoted the belief of Social Darwinism which justified the rich being rich, and poor being poor.

James Weaver

He was the Populist candidate for president in the election of 1892; received only 8.2% of the vote. He was from the West.

A. Phillip Randolph

He was the black leader of The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. He demanded equal opportunities in war jobs and armed forces during WWII. He helped encourage the end of segregation in the military, although that happened after the war.

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

Henry George

He wrote Progress and Poverty in 1879, which made him famous as an opponent of the evils of modern capitalism.

henry george

He wrote Progress and Poverty in 1879, which made him famous as an opponent of the evils of modern capitalism.

Why was Hoover hated during the Depression by the public?

Herbert Hoover was viewed as the "do-nothing" president. Hoover had responded to the national emergency with government action on an unprecedented scale. But the nation's needs were also unprecedented, and Hoover's programs failed to meet them.

Robert La Follette's Political Platfrom in the Election of 1924

His progressive-minded platform called for nationalization of railroads, public ownership of utilities, and the right of Congress to overrule Supreme Court decisions. His candidacy mobilized reformers and labor leaders as well as disgruntled farmers.

Holocaust

Hitler embarked on the "final solution," the mass extermination of "undesirable" peoples Slavs, gypsies, homosexuals, and, above all, Jews. By 1945, 6 million Jewish men, women, and children had died in Nazi death camps.

Final Solution

Hitler's program of systematically killing the entire Jewish people

Dumbbell Tenement

Houses that poor people lived in, located in cities Showed some atrocities of American industrial life.

Share Our Wealth Program

Huey Long's economic program that would have eliminated poverty by giving every family a minimum income; the program also called for providing an old-age pension to elderly people

Dust Bowl Migration

Huge movement of people from Plain states to California because of the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression (RC)

KKK and Politics

Hundreds of Klansmen won election to local offices and state legislatures. At the height of its power in 1925, the Klan had over 3 million members, including a strong contingent of women who pursued a political agenda.

Famers' Alliance

ICC was not enough, Alliances were organizations of farmers' clubs, most of which had sprung up during the bad times of the late 1870s. As the Farmers Alliance, this organization expanded in northeastern Texas, and after 1885 it spread rapidly throughout the cotton states. Alliance leaders stressed cooperation. Their co-ops bought fertilizer and other supplies in bulk and sold them at fair prices to members. They sought to market their crops cooperatively but could not raise the necessary capital from banks-with the result that some of them began to question the workings of the American financial and monetary system.

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Why did John Adams believe that land ownership was vital to society?

If more people owned land, it would be less likely that fixed and unequal social classes would emerge.

What did most of the text of the Declaration of Independence about?

It consisted of a list of grievances against King George III

Glass-Steagall Act

It created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which insured deposits up to $2,500.

What did the three-fifths clause in the U.S. Constitution do?

It gave the white south great we representation in congress.

What did the new state constitutions creat during the revolutionary war?

It greatly expanded the right to vote in almost every state

National Bank Act

It raised money for the Union in the American Civil War by enticing banks to buy federal bonds, and taxed state bonds out of existence. It helped the Union war effort economically.

Dawes Plan (1924)

It reduced the reparations that Germany owed to the Allies and provided substantial American bank loans to assist the Germans to keep up the payments. The success of the Dawes Plan depended on the continuous flow of American capital to Germany and the ability of the Allies to pay their debts to the United States.

Quota of 1929

It set a cap of 150,000 immigrants per year from Europe and continued to ban most migrants from Asia. The new laws continued to permit unrestricted immigration from countries in the Western hemisphere.

What was unusual about the Embargo Act of 1807?

It stopped all American vessels from sailing to foreign ports—an amazing use of federal power, especially by a president supposedly dedicated to a weak central government.

What is the Quasi war of 1798?

It was an undeclared war that completely over seas that involved the U.S and French Republic.

New Orleans

It was founded in 1718 by the Spanish and key to the French in the early 1800s. It was a trading post on the Mississippi in southeastern Louisiana.

Why did the Stamp Act create such a stir in the colonies?

It was the first direct tax parliament imposed on the colonies.

Sheppard-Towner Federal Maternity and Infancy Act

It was the first federally funded health-care legislation; the act aimed to lower high rates of infant mortality by funding medical clinics, pre-natal educational programs, and visiting nurse projects. The act was highly controversial, as Conservatives charged it as a Communist plot to socialize American medicine.

Why did the Anti-Federalist James Winthrop argue that a bill of rights was necessary in the Constitution?

It would secure the minority against the usurpation and tyranny of the majority.

Marco Polo

Italian explorer; spent many years in China or near it; his return to Europe in 1295 sparked a European interest in finding a quicker route to Asia.

Roosevelt's Democratic Coalition

Its coalition of ethnic groups, city dwellers, organized labor, blacks, and a broad cross-section of the middle class formed the nucleus of the northern Democratic party.

Virtually every founding father owned at least one slave at some point in his life. Who was a notable exception?

John Adams

Harper's Ferry

John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

Keynesian Economics

John Maynard Keynes proposed that governments use deficit spending to stimulate the economy when private spending proved insufficient. Although the solution for the Roosevelt Recession was improvised it accorded with this theory.

Virginia Company

Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England. Founded Jamestown settlement

Battle of Bull Run

July 21, 1861. Va. (outside of D.C.) People watched battle. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson: Confederate general, held his ground and stood in battle like a "stone wall." Union retreated. Confederate victory. Showed that both sides needed training and war would be long and bloody

Potsdam

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

D-Day

June 6, 1944, when an Allied amphibious assault landed on the Normandy coast and established a foothold in Europe, leading to the liberation of France from German occupation.

''clear and present danger''

Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes declared that the First Amendment did not prevent Congress from prohibiting speech that presented a "clear and present danger" of inspiring illegal actions. Free speech, he observed, "would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic."

Lecompton vs. Topeka Constitutions

Kansas constitutions from either the pro or anti slavery positions.

Florence Kelley

Key member of the National Consumers League which focused on child labor, food safety and poor working conditions

King George III

King of England from 1760 to 1820, he exercised a greater hand in the government of the American colonies than had many of his predecessors. Colonists felt loyal to him even in the 1770s but were torn between support and anger when Parliament carried out more acts & taxes in his name. The straw that broke the camel's back was when he rejected the Olive Branch Petition in 1775, which was intended to avoid full-out war with the settlers. Then, many colonists came to see him as a tyrant.

freeholds

Land owned in its entirety, without feudal dues or land-lord obligations. Freeholders had the legal right to improve, transfer, or sell their landed property

Roe v. Wade

Landmark Supreme Court decision that forbade states from barring abortion by citing a woman's constitutional right to privacy. Seen as a victory for feminism and civil liberties by some, the decision provoked a strong counter-reaction by opponents to abortion, galvanizing the Pro-Life movement.

Redeemers

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.

Share Our Wealth movement

Launched in 1934, its slogan was 'Every Man a King'; the group called for the confiscation of most of the wealth of the richest Americans in order to finance an immediate grant of $5,000 and a guaranteed job and annual income for all citizens.

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

War Powers Act

Law passed by Congress limiting the President's ability to wage war without Congressional approval. The act required the President to notify Congress within 48 hours of committing troops to a foreign conflict. An important consequence of the Vietnam War, this piece of legislation sought to reduce the President's unilateral authority in military matters.

black codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

workmen's compensation laws

Laws enacted to benefit workers, male or female, injured on the job.

Personal Liberty Laws

Laws passed by Northern states forbidding the imprisonment of escaped slaves

slave codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

nat turner

Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

Louis Armstrong

Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.

Robert Cavelier de La Salle

Led an expedition in 1682 to the mouth of the Mississippi River. He claimed the entire valley for France and called it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV.

Miami Confederacy

Led by Little Turtle, a group of Indians who partook in open warfare with Americans in the Ohio Valley during the 1790s.

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

Led by Marcus Garvey and based in Harlem. Urged African Americans to return to Africa, arguing that peoples of African descent would never be treated justly in countries dominated by whites.

Civil Rights Cases (1883)

Legalized segregation with regard to private property.

Antifederalists believe that the sovereignty of the people resided in which branch of the central government?

Legislative

intelligence quotient

Lewis Terman introduced the term "IQ" (intelligence quotient) in 1916, claiming that this single number could measure an individual's mental capacity.

22nd Amendment

Limits the president to two terms.

Election of 1864

Lincoln vs. McClellan, Lincoln wants to unite North and South, McClellan wants war to end if he's elected, citizens of North are sick of war so many vote for McClellan, Lincoln wins

Preserve the Union

Lincoln's main goal in fighting the Civil War.

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

election of 1844

Main debate over Texas. Whigs nominate Henry Clay and democrats nominate James Polk. Polk says he will annex Texas and Oregon to make both sides happy. Polk was elected

Teapot Dome Scandal

Many of Harding's political associates turned out to be dishonest and corrupt. When he suddenly died of a heart attack in 1923, evidence of widespread fraud and corruption in his administration emerged. The Teapot Dome Scandal was concerned with the secret leasing to private companies of government oil reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming and in Elk Hills, California.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers

What was the cultural conflict between city and country?

Mass media generally reflected values of the cities, and many Americans worried that the cities and the immigrants living there would soon dominate the nation and its culture. Rural America represented the traditional spirit of the nation: hardworking, self-reliant, and independent. Urban America represented changes that threatened the values above.

Shays's Rebellion

Massachusetts farmer Daniel Shays and 1,200 compatriots, seeking debt relief through issuance of paper currency and lower taxes, attempted to prevent courts from seizing property from indebted farmers.

Operation Wetback

Massive roundup of one million illegal Mexican immigrants; a response to the Mexican government's concerns that illegal immigration would undercut the bracero program.

election of 1900

Mckinley, Bryan, Roosevelt. Mainly favored McKinley's "Sound Money," but hated his imperialism. Many who favored Bryan's anti-imperialism feared his free silver. Prosperity and Protection. McKinley with 7,218,491 popular votes. 292 electoral votes.

Yalta conference

Meeting of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin at a Crimean resort to discuss the postwar world on February 4-11, 1945; Joseph Stalin claimed large areas in eastern Europe for Soviet domination.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of New England Federalists on December 15, 1814, to protest the War of 1812; proposed seven constitutional amendments (limiting embargoes and changing requirements for officeholding, declaration of war, and admission of new states), but the war ended before Congress could respond.

Pinkertons

Members of the Chicago police force headed by Alan Pinkerton, they were often used as strike breakers.

Tojo

Military leader of Japan

Economic Bill of Rights

Mindful that public-opinion polls showed a large majority of Americans favoring a guarantee of employment for those who could not find work, the president in 1944 called for an "Economic Bill of Rights." The original Bill of Rights restricted the power of government in the name of liberty. FDR proposed to expand its power in order to secure full employment, an adequate income, medical care, education, and a decent home for all Americans.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Mobilized 250,000 young men to do reforestation and conservation work.

Democratic National Committee

Molly Dewson headed the women's divison of the committee. She pushed an issue-oriented program that supported New Deal reforms.

Schechter Poultry v. U.S.

NRA is unconstitutional because it attempts to control state laws for businesses

Civil Works Administration

Name Harry Hopkins as its head, and gave it $400 million in PWA funds. Within 30 days, Hopkins had put 2.6 million men and women to work. The CWA funded the employment of 4 million Americans in public works' projects: repairing bridges, building highways, constructing public buildings, and setting up community projects.

Greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war (plural)

Jazz Age

Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz-a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

NRA

National Recovery Administration

malaise speech

National address by Jimmy Carter in July 1979 in which the President chided American materialism and urged a communal spirit in the face of economic hardships. Although Carter intended the speech to improve both public morale and his standings as a leader, it had the opposite effect and was widely perceived as a political disaster for the embattled president.

Squanto & Samoset

Native Americans who showed the Pilgrims how to grow corn, beans, and pumpkins and where to hunt and fish. "First Thanksgiving"

Nativism of the 1920s

Nativists charged that there were too many European migrants and too many who were anarchists, socialists, and radical labor organizers.

Covenant Chain

Negotiated in New York by Sir Edmund Andros in 1677, it succeeded in creating an alliance between the English and the Iroquois in order to protect New England from the French threat.

In his 1932 campaign for the presidency, Franklin D. Roosevelt promised Americans a policy change he called the __________.

New Deal

Agricultural Adjustment Act

New Deal legislation that established the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) to improve agricultural prices by limiting market sup- plies; declared unconstitutional in United States v. Butler (1936).

Speakeasies

Illegal saloons and clubs that sold alcohol. There were more than 30,000 speakeasies in New York City alone.

The Economy during the 1920s

Immediately after World War 1, the nation experienced a series of economic shocks. In 1919, Americans spent their wartime savings, causing rampant inflation. In 1922 the economy began to grow smoothly again. An abundance of new consumer products, particularly the automobile, sparked economic growth.

Who was the American Revolution fought mainly by?

Immigrants to North America motivated by opportunity

Treaty of Tordesillas

In 1494 Spain and Portugal were disputing the lands of the new world, so the Spanish went to the Pope, and he divided the land of South America for them. Spain got the vast majority, the west, and Portugal got the east.

Free Blacks

In 1776, fewer than 10,000 free blacks resided in the United States. By 1810, this number was nearly 200,000. Free black men who met taxpaying or property qualifications enjoyed the right to vote under new state constitutions.

Edward Bellamy

In 1888, he wrote Looking Backward, 2000-1887, a description of a utopian society in the year 2000.

Wounded Knee

In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived.

Brownsville affair

In 1906, when a small group of black soldiers shot off their guns in Brownsville, Texas, killing one resident, and none of their fellows would name them, Roosevelt ordered the dishonorable discharge of three black companies 156 men in all, including six winners of the Congressional Medal of Honor.

Sedition Act

In 1918, the Sedition Act made it a crime to make spoken or printed statements that intended to cast contempt, scorn, or disrepute on the form of government, or that advocated interference with the war effort

Sacco and Vanzetti

In 1920 these two men were convicted of murder and robbery. They were found guilty and died in the electric chair unfairly

Hays code

In 1922, the film industry adopted the Hays code, a sporadically enforced set of guidelines that prohibited movies from depicting nudity, long kisses, and adultery, and barred scripts that portrayed clergymen in a negative light or criminals sympathetically.

The Scopes Trial

In 1925 the Tennesse state legislature made it unlawful to teach any theory that denied the story of the Divine creation of man as taught in the Bible. The American Civil Liberties Union challenged the constitutionality of the law. In interwined in the trial of John T. Scopes who had taught the principles of evolution in his high school class and faced a prison sentence. The press dubbed the Scopes trial the "monkey trial." The jury found him guilty but it was overturned by the Tennesse Supreme Court.

Alphabet Agencies

In 1933 President Franklin D. Roosevelt launched his New Deal to deal with the Great Depression. The administrative style was to create new agencies.

Financial Reform

In 1934, Congress established the Securities and Exchange Commission to regulate the stock market. The commission had broad powers to regulate companies that issued stock and bonds to the public, set rules for margin (credit transactions), and prevent stock sales by those with inside information on corporate plans.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

In 1934, Congress established the Securities and Exchange Commission to regulate the stock market. The commission had broad powers to regulate companies that issued stock and bonds to the public, set rules for margin (credit transactions), and prevent stock sales by those with inside information on corporate plans.

The New Deal under Attack

In 1934, Republican business leaders joined with conservative Democrats in a "Libery League" that lobbied against the reckless spending and socialist reforms of the New Deal. Herbert Hoover condemned the NRA as a state-controlled or state-directed social or economic system.

Spanish Civil War

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.

Executive Order 8802

In 1941 FDR passed it which prohibited discriminatory employment practices by fed agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work. It established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy.

Korematsu v. United States

In 1944, the Supreme Court denied the appeal of Fred Korematsu, a Japanese-American citizen who had been arrested for refusing to present himself for internment.

My Lai Massacre

In 1968 American troops massacred women and children in the Vietnamese village of My Lai; this deepened American people's disgust for the Vietnam War.

''double-V''

In February 1942, the Pittsburgh Courier coined the phrase that came to symbolize black attitudes during the war the "double-V." Victory over Germany and Japan, it insisted, must be accompanied by victory over segregation at home.

Lincoln Assassination

In Ford's Theater, April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth assassinated President Abraham Lincoln, as well as trying to assassinate Ulysses S. Grant, and other politically powerful figures (with "friends").

Scottsboro Case

Nine young black men were accused of rape by two white women who had been riding a freight train. Within two weeks, a white jury convicted all nine defendants of rape; eight received the death sentence.

southern strategy

Nixon re-election campaign strategy designed to appeal to conservative whites in the historically Democratic south. The President stressed law and order issues and remained noncommittal on civil rights. This strategy typified the regional split between the two parties as white Southerners became increasingly attracted to the Republican party in the aftermath of the Civil Rights Movement.

Positive Good

In the South, George Fizhugh established the philosophy that slavery was "positive good." It was believed that slavery benefited slaves by providing them with food, shelter, and often Christian religion. Also, Fitzhugh argued that free laborers in northern factories were not treated any better than slaves.

child labor

In the early twentieth century, more than 2 million children under the age of fifteen worked for wages.

bonus marchers

In the spring of 1932, 20,000 unemployed World War I veterans descended on Washington to demand early payment of a bonus due in 1945, only to be driven away by federal soldiers led by the army's chief of staff, Douglas MacArthur.

Revenue Act of 1932

Increase taxes to balance the budget and lower interest rates, which choked both consumption and investment.

repartimiento system

Indians were legally free, but required to work a certain amount of hours each year for the Spanish. However, they received money to compensate for their work.

How did intellectuals, writers, and artists react to the postwar era? Identify these writers and their works.

Influential writers and intellectuals rendered bitter dissents toward World War 1. "The Three Soldiers" and "1919" by John Dos railed at the obscenity of the war. Ernest Hemingway's "In Our Time," "The Sun Also Rises," and "Farewell to Arms" powerfully described the dehumanizing consequences of the war. TS Eliot's poem "The Waste Land" portrays a fragmented civilization in ruins.

Writings and Post-War

Influential writers and intellectuals rendered bitter dissents. Writers offered stinging critiques of what they saw as the complacent, moralistic, and anti-intellectual tone of American life.

Stono Rebellion

Instigated by the governor of Spanish Florida, who promised to harbor refugee slaves who crossed the border. About 75 slaves rebelled in South Carolina, killing 100 whites and marching south, but the SC militia quickly suppressed rebellion. Result: plantation owners tighten discipline.

IMF

International Monetary Fund

Sugar Act

Introduced in 1764 by Prime Minister George Grenville, reducing the tax on molasses imported into North America from the French West Indies, but also establishing a new machinery to end the widespread smuggling by colonial merchants.

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin

isolationism

Isolationism "the 1930s version of Americans" long-standing desire to avoid foreign entanglements, dominated Congress. Beginning in 1935, lawmakers passed a series of Neutrality Acts that banned travel on belligerents ships and the sale of arms to countries at war.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

With regard to slavery, what did the northwest ordinance of 1787 do?

It banned slavery in the area north of the Ohio river and east of the Mississippi river

Clara Barton

Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the American Red Cross

Office of War Information

Office of War Information (OWI), created in 1942 to mobilize public opinion, illustrates how the political divisions generated by the New Deal affected efforts to promote the Four Freedoms. The liberal Democrats who dominated the OWI's writing staff sought to make the conflict a people's war for freedom.

OWI

Office of War Information, encouraged support of the war effort

Boston Tea Party

On December 16, 1773, the Sons of Liberty, dressed as Indians, dumped hundreds of chests of tea into Boston Harbor to protest the Tea Act of 1773, under which the British exported to the colonies millions of pounds of cheap but still taxed tea, thereby undercutting the price of smuggled tea and forcing payment of the tea duty.

The Emergency Banking Act

On March 5, the day after his inauguration, FDR declared a national bank holiday - a euphemism for closing all the banks - and called Congress into a special session. Four days later Congress passed the Emergency Banking Act, which permitted banks to reopen if a Treasury Department inspection showed they had sufficient cash reserves. The president assured citizens that federal scrutiny would ensure the safety of their deposits. When the banking system reopened on March 13, deposits exceeded withdrawals, restoring stability to one of the nation's prime financial institutions.

Writs of Assistance

One of the colonies main complaints against Britain, the writs allowed unlimited search warrants without cause to look for evidence of smuggling.

Public Works Administration

One section of the National Industrial Recovery Act created the Public Works Administration (PWA), with an appropriation of $3.3 billion. Directed by Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, it built roads, schools, hospitals, and other public facilities.

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the ratification of the Constitution.

house of Burgesses

Organ of government in colonial Virginia made up of an assembly of representatives elected by the colony's inhabitants

OPrganization of Petroleum Exporting Countires (OPEC)

Organization formed by Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and Venezuela in 1960 to protect their oil interests; developed a stranglehold on the Western economies over the next two decades, as America went from being an "oil power" to becoming a net oil importer.

American Civil Liberties Union

Organization founded during World War I to protest the suppression of freedom of expression in wartime; played a major role in court cases that achieved judicial recognition of Americans civil liberties.

Sons of Liberty

Organizations formed by Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and other radicals in response to the Stamp Act.

Congress of Industrial Workers (CIO)

Organized all the workers in an industry, both skilled and unskilled, into one union. It scored its first major victory in the automobile industry, with the creation of the United Automobile Workers. The CIO actively organized blacks in the steel and meatpacking industries. The CIO welcomed new groups to the labor movement.

Gabriel's Rebellion

Organized by a Richmond blacksmith, a plan to march on the state capital and demand for the abolition of slavery.

Taft-Hartley Act

Outlawed "closed" (all-union) shop, made unions liable for damages that resulted from jurisdictional disputes among themselves, and required union leaders to take a noncommunist oath

Ohio Company Of Virginia 1749

Owned by the First Families of Virginia (who made up 70% of the House of Burgesses), a joint-stock company invested in land speculation and westward expansion.

Captains of Industry

Owners and managers of large industrial enterprises who wielded extraordinary political and economic power

Works Progress Administration

Part of the Second New Deal, it provided jobs for millions of the unemployed on construction and arts projects.

Dingley Tariff

Passed in 1897, the highest protective tariff in U.S. history with an average duty of 57%. It replaced the Wilson - Gorman Tariff, and was replaced by the Payne - Aldrich Tariff in 1909. It was pushed through by big Northern industries and businesses.

What was Hamilton's financial plans?

Paying off U.S. debts/bonds from the war debt from the revolution

Reparations (War-guilt clause)

Payment from an enemy for economic injury suffered during a war

bank runs

People were running to banks to take their money out before the bank collapsed

49ers

People who rushed to California in 1849 for gold.

Metacom's War (King Philip's war)

Period of bloody conflict between Wampanoag Indians and Puritan settlers in New England (1675-1676); an example of Indian resistance to English expansion in North America.

Nadir of Race Relations

Period when racism was at its worst after the Civil War, between the end of Reconstruction to the early 20th century.

Lend-Lease Act

Permitted the United States to lend or lease arms and other supplies to the Allies, signifying increasing likelihood of American involvement in World War II.

Pizzaro and the Inca

Pizzaro read about Cortes as a young sapling, said "I wanna do that when I grow up," then sailed to Peru. He met the Inca, 1/2 of whom had already died of disease that was previously brought over, and vanquished them in a flashy display. He basically copied Cortes, kidnapping the emperor Atahualpa and killing the rest with infectious disease and vicious murder.

Bracero Program

Plan that brought laborers from Mexico to work on American farms

1st New Deal

Policies focusing on relief for the needy, economic recovery, and financial reform

maternalist reform

Policies such as mothers' pensions designed to improve the living standards of poor mothers and children.

Know-Nothing Party

Political party of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant

Rerum Novarum

Pope Leo XIII's powerful statement of 1894 that criticized the divorce of economic life from ethical considerations, endorsed the right of workers to form unions, and repudiated competitive individualism in favor of a more cooperative vision of the good society. Your Answer

Horatio Alger

Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work

Dunning interpretation

Portrayed Reconstruction as a corrupt outrage where the villainous north preyed on the South. Portrays blacks in government as ignorant and illiterate while being unfit for their offices. Reconstruction is a moral abomination.

Operation Dixie

Post war campaign aimed at unionizing southern textile and steel workers

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

What are the characteristics of progressive reformers?

Predominantly middle class, women and lived in cities

Court Packing Plan

President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges

court-packing plan

President Franklin D. Roosevelt's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of U.S. Supreme Court justices from nine to fifteen in order to save his Second New Deal programs from constitutional challenges.

New Frontier

President Kennedy's nickname for his domestic policy agenda. Buoyed by youthful optimism, the program included proposals for the Peace Corps and efforts to improve education and health care

Great Society

President Lyndon Johnson's term for his domestic agenda that was billed as a successor to the New Deal, it aimed to extend the postwar prosperity to all people in American society by promoting civil rights and fighting poverty, including programs such as the War on Poverty (expanded the Social Security system by creating Medicare and Medicaid to provide health care for the aged and poor). Johnson also signed laws protecting consumers and empowering community organizations to combat poverty at grassroots level

Louisiana Purchase

President Thomas Jefferson's 1803 purchase from France of the important port of New Orleans and 828,000 square miles west of the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains; it more than doubled the territory of the United States at a cost of only $15 million.

Truman Doctrine

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology

Wilsonianism

President Wilson's idealistic world view of opposing imperialism, war, revolution and the belief in democracy/democratic peace theory

Fourteen Points

President Woodrow Wilson's 1918 plan for peace after World War I; at the Versailles peace conference, however, he failed to incorporate all of the points into the treaty.

Rosie the Riveter

Private advertising celebrated the achievements of Rosie the Riveter, the female industrial laborer depicted as muscular and self-reliant in Norman Rockwell's famous magazine cover.

collective bargaining

Process by which a union representing a group of workers negotiates with management for a contract

Good Neighbor Policy

Proclaimed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in his first inaugural address in 1933, it sought improved diplomatic relations between the United States and its Latin American neighbors.

assembly line

Production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

The Noble Experiment

Prohibition involved the power of the state to enforce social values. Those who continued to drink after the passage of the amendment gave the decade its reputation as the Roaring Twenties. Urban ethnic groups - German, Irish, Italians - had long opposed restrictions on drinking and refused to comply. Some brewed their own beer. Organized crime took over the bootleg trade and grew wealthy from its profits. The 21st Amendment countered the 18th Amendment and ended the nation-wide prohibition.

Executive Order 9066

Promulgated in February 1942, this ordered the expulsion of all persons of Japanese descent from the West Coast.

Revenue Act of 1935

Proposed a substantial tax increase on corporate profits and higher income and estate taxes on wealthy citizens.

Bank of the United States

Proposed by the first secretary of the treasury, Alexander Hamilton, the bank opened in 1791 and operated until 1811 to issue a uniform currency, make business loans, and collect tax monies. The Second Bank of the United States was chartered in 1816 but President Andrew Jackson vetoed the recharter bill in 1832.

predestination

Protestant Christian belief that God chooses certain people for salvation before they are born. John Calvin 16th century made doctrine and became fundamental to Puritan theology

Social Security Act

Provided old age pensions for most privately employed workers and established a joint federal state system of compensation for unemployed workers. Because of southern democratic opposition in congress, farmers and domestic servants were excluded from both programs. It was funded by mandatory contributions paid by workers and their employers.

Buffalo Hunting

Provided the Plains Indians with most of their needs - Ex. food, clothing, tools, weapons, shelter.

Bartolome de Las Casas

Published an eloquent defense of indian rights, which among other things questioned european conquest. "Black Legend" theory = Spanish conquest was basically evil: just torture, disease, exploitation, and massacre. Triggered a heated debate in Spain.

Flapper

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion

Imperial Presidency

President is seen as emperor taking strong actions without consulting Congress or seeking its approval

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents

ALCU

American Civil Liberties Union

Mussolini

Italian fascist dictator (1883-1945)

What led to the formation of an organized political party opposed to the Federalists party?

Jay's Treaty

VE Day

May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered

Lone Star Republic

Nickname for Texas after it won independence from Mexico in 1836

"Suitable Education"

Recommended for women, by Benjamin Rush; the ability to teach their sons in the principles of liberty and government.

What were the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions a response to?

The Alien and Sedition Acts

The Industrial Workers of the World __________.

advocated a workers' revolution

time zones

areas sharing the same time

Lewes, Delaware

failed Dutch settlement; 1631

9th Amendment

guarded against the danger that enumerated rights were the only ones protected

James K. Polk

president in March 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union.

Wets

Argued that Prohibition undermined respect for the law and impinged on individuals' liberties

Freedom Petitions

Arguments for liberty presented to New England's courts and legislatures in the early 1770s by enslaved African-Americans.

Chattel Slavery

a system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and can be bought and old like property

Land Act of 1820

authorized buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at min. of $1.25 an acre in cash

The first thing that Roosevelt attended to as president was the __________.

banking crisis

Glidden's invention

barbed wire

The Nineteenth Amendment __________.

barred states from using sex as a qualification for voting

Mary Elizabeth Lease

became well known during the early 1890's for her actions as a speaker for the populist party. She was a tall, strong woman who made numerous and memorable speeches on behalf of the downtrodden farmer. She denounced the money-grubbing government and encouraged farmers to speak their discontent with the economic situation.

civic humanism

belief that people owe service to community and government. critical for self running government

Modernists

believed that God was a "good guy" and the universe a pretty chummy place; these were the people who believed in God but were also able to except evolution and modern science

Black Power

doctrine of militancy and separatism that rose in prominence after 1965, its activists rejected Martin Luther King's pacifism and desire for integration. Rather, they promoted pride in African heritage and an often militant position in defense of their rights

Market Revolution

economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves

Pump Priming

economic theory that favored public works projects because they put money into the hands of consumers who would buy more goods, stimulating the economy

In re Debs

Supreme Court approved use of court injunctions against strikes which gave employers a very powerful weapon to break unions; Debs later turned to the American Socialist Party in 1900

bracero program

System agreed to by Mexican and American governments in 1942 under which tens of thousands of Mexicans entered the United States to work temporarily in agricultural jobs in the Southwest; lasted until 1964 and inhibited labor organization among farm workers since braceros could be deported at any time.

sit-down strike

Tactic adopted by labor unions in the mid- and late 1930s, whereby striking workers refused to leave factories, making production impossible; proved highly effective in the organizing drive of the Congress of Industrial Organizations.

Harding

Teapot Dome Scandal

Voter Education Project

effort by SNCC and other groups to register the South's historically disenfranchised black population. The project typified a common strategy of the civil rights movement, which sought to counter racial discrimination by empowering people at grassroots levels to exercise their civic rights through voting

panic of 1919

ended the era of good feelings. largely the fault of the Second bank of the united states, since it tightened credit in order to control inflation. value of money fell, unemployment increased, bankruptcy, and imprisonment for debt. this especially hurt the WEST bc of land speculation. this made west opposed to national bank

Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress was able to __________.

establish national control over land to the west of the thirteen states

Indian Reorganization Act

"Indian New Deal." The act reversed the Dawes Act of 1887 by promoting Indian self-government through formal constitutions and democratically elected tribal councils. Government officials no longer attempted to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream society. Instead, they embraced a policy of cultural pluralism.

Spanish Armada

"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance.

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

German Expansion

-took over Czechoslavakia (1939) - signed non-aggression pact with Russia (1939) - conducted blitzkrieg in Poland (1939)

Tape vs. Hurley

-1871-1885 no public edu for chinese children in SF -1885 Sup Court orders city to admit chinese students -San Fran replies by creating separate schools for chinese -Joseph and Mary Tape outraged that there daughter was not allowed to go to same school as white children

Society of Friends

Another name for Quakers.

conscience whigs

Anti-slavery Whigs who opposed both the Texas annexation and the Mexican War on moral grounds.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Approved by Congress in January 1932. To stimulate economic activity, the RFC provided federal loans to railroads, financial institutions, banks, and insurance companies. This strategy of pump priming - infusing funds into the major corporate enterprises - was designed to increase production and create new jobs and invigorate consumer spending.

Ft. Sumter

April 12th, 1861- Confederate soldiers firing on this fort initiated the Civil War.

soft money and hard money

In the 1830s, "soft money" referred to paper currency issued by banks. "Hard money" referred to gold and silver currency—also called specie.

Harlem Renaissance

In the 1920s Harlem stood as "the symbol of liberty and the Promised Land to Negroes everywhere." Talented African Americans flocked to Harlem where they broke with older genteel traditions of black literature to reclaim a cultural identity with their African roots.

rise of the stock market

In the 1920s, as the steadily rising price of stocks made front-page news, the market attracted more investors. Many assumed that stock values would rise forever. By 1928, an estimated 1.5 million Americans owned stock, still a small minority of the country's 28 million families, but far more than in the past.

Nye committee and Neutrality Acts

Senate hearings in 1934-1935 headed by Gerald P. Nye of North Dakota revealed that international bankers and arms exporters had pressed the Wilson administration to enter that war and had profited handsomely from it. / Beginning in 1935, lawmakers passed a series of Neutrality Acts that banned travel on belligerents ships and the sale of arms to countries at war.

John Breckinridge

Senator from Kentucky and V.P. under James Buchanan. An unsuccessful candidate for President in 1860, nominated by the Southern faction of the split Democratic party, losing to Abraham Lincoln but receiving more electoral votes than the other major candidates, John Bell of the Constitutional Union Party, and Stephen A. Douglas, the Northern Democrats' nominee. Breckinridge won the South with his pro-slavery platform, but was unable to win the Border States; received almost no support in the North. Strongly for slavery and states' rights.

gold standard act

Signed by McKinley in 1900 and stated that all paper money must be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold large gold reserves in case people wanted to trade in their money. Also eliminated silver coins in circulation.

Lochner v. New York

Supreme Court case that decided against setting up an 8 hour work day for bakers

Southern Democrats

Supported Slavery, used intimidation and manipulation to hold down Populist votes

Drys

Supported the Prohibition.

How did FDR propose to pay for the Agricultural Adjustment Act?

To pay these subsidies, the act imposed a tax on the processors of these commodities, which they in turn passed on to consumers. New Deal policymakers hoped that farm prices would rise as production and supply fell, spurring consumer purchases by farmers and assisting a general economic recovery.

Bretton Woods conference

Town in New Hampshire and site of international agreement in 1944 by which the American dollar replaced the British pound as the most important international currency, and the World Bank and International Monetary Fund were created to promote rebuilding after World War II and to ensure that countries did not devalue their currencies.

International Commerce

Trade between two nations.

Oregon Trail

Trail from independence Missouri to Oregon used by many pioneers during the 1840s

Henry Frick

Was an industrialist who headed the Carnegie Steel Company and the United States Steel Corporation

The New Jersey Plan________________.

Was mainly supported by the smaller less populated states.

south Atlantic system

a new agricultural and commercial order that produced sugar, tobacco, rice and other tropical and subtropical products for an international market . Its plantation societies were ruled by European planter-merchant and worked by hundreds of thousands of enslaved Africans.

New Age

a novel blend of magic and religion, ancient and futuristic beliefs, and utilitarian and mystical ethics and philosophies

political machine

a party organization that recruits members by dispensing patronage

gold rush

a period from 1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.

United Nations (U.N.)

an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security

Senators opposing America's participation in the League of Nations __________.

argued that it would threaten to deprive the country of its freedom of action

Limited Liability

in case of legal claims or bankruptcy, an investor could risk no more than his share of the corporation's stock

Border States

in the civil war the states between the north and the south: delaware, mayland, kentucky, and missouri

The Indian New Deal __________.

included the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

Fireside Chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

What were the causes of the Great Depression?

• The economic downturn began slowly and almost imperceptibly in 1927. For five years Americans had spent at a faster pace than their wages and salaries had risen. As consumers ran out of cash and credit, spending declined and housing construction slowed. Soon inventories piled up; in 1928, manufacturers began to cut back production and lay off workers, reducing incomes and reinforcing the slowdown. By the summer of 1929, the economy was clearly in recession. Collapse of the railroad and coal industry further created weaknesses in the economy. A final structural weakness was the unequal distribution of wealth. Once the depression began, a majority of the population lacked sufficient buying power to revive the economy.

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

john brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Secession

Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation

jefferson davis

President of the Confederate States of America

John Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens

internal slave trade

The slave trade conducted from within the US, but did not include importation or exportation of slaves from or to foreign countries

necessary evil

Thomas Jefferson's position that slavery was wrong but necessary

Ostend Manifesto

A declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.

constitutional union

also known as the "do-nothings" or "Old Gentlemen's" party; 1860 election; it was a middle of the road group that feared for the Union- consisted mostly of Whigs and Know-Nothings, met in Baltimore and nominated John Bell from Tennessee as candidate for presidency-the slogan for this candidate was "The Union, the Constitution, and the Enforcement of the laws."

king cotton

cotton and cotton-growing considered, in the pre-Civil War South, as a vital commodity, the major factor not only in the economy but also in politics.

Tappan Brothers

successful merchants in NYC; used wealth to fund antislavery activities and pamphlets