APUSH FINAL
Sussex pledge
1916, an unarmed French steamer was attacked by Germany and several American passengers were injured. B/c of Wilson's protests, germany pledged not to sink passenger vessels w/o warning and agreed to safeguard noncombatants. Nevertheless, torpedo attacks began again in January 1917
National War Labor Board
April 1918, Amer Federation of Labor President Samuel Gompers sat on this board, created by President Wilson to mediate labor disputes so that strikes could be avoided; also urged industry to implement changes that would benefit labor (eg an 8hr workday adn the right of unions to organize and bargain collectively)
Central Broadcasting System
CBS
Model T
Ford car, meant for working class, plants the idea that we have to have it
Georges Clemenceau
French president during WWI
David Lloyd George
GB prime minister during WWI
unrestricted submarine warfare
Germany launched this in Jan 1917, desperate to break stalemate and end war of attrition, hoped to cripple British economy, helped precipitate Amer entry into the conflict
Georgia O'Keefe
Harlem Renaissance famous woman painter
Zora Neale Hurston
Harlem Renaissance writer, Their Eyes Were Watching God, wrote in AA dialect
Vittorio Orlando
Italian prime minister during WWI
War Industries Board
July 1917, under financier Bernard Baruch, this agency organized the nation's economy; regulated all war industry activities, developed new industries and sources of supply, controlled prices, and distributed and sold all war materials
National Broadcasting Corporation
NBC
Alvin york
Pacifist and church elder, registered for military draft as conscientious objector. During basic training, went home to struggle w/ conscience,and ultimately decided it was God's will that he fight. In 1918, he single-handedly killed 25 German soldiers and forced German commander to order the rest of the battallion to surrender.
Clarence Darrow
Scopes Trial, from ACLU, defends Scopes
Liberty bonds
WWI partly financed thru sale of these to the public
buying on credit
became a new phenomenon during this time, made things more accessbile to lower classes but also had potential to create much debt
jazz
becomes an American music genre during the Harlem Renaissance
American Civil Liberties Union
created at turn of 20th century, involved in lots of major court cases
modernists
did not discount evolution, but said big bang theory alone was not sufficient
Jack Dempsey
famous Irish boxer in the 1920s
1920
first time majority of US population lived in urban areas, more workers in factories than on farms
talkies
movies with sound
Louis Armstrong
trumpet player, Harlem Renaissance, jazz, What a Wonderful World
secretary, phone operators, teachers, social workers
which were considered 'pink-collar' jobs?
Wilson
who was president during WWI?
second wave of immigration
why was boxing so important?
Selective Service Act
1917, legislation required all males b/t 21 and 30 to register for military service; a 488K member army, 470K for the Natioanl Guard, and the conscription of 500K men were authorized; women served in the Army and Navy Nurse Corps and in the auxiliary forces of the regular navy
League of Nations
January 25, 1919, at the Paris Peace Conference, Allies voted to accept the creation of this; assembly of nations would oversee world affairs and prevent future wars; decisions would be implemented by a 9-member Executive Council consisting of 5 permanent members: GB, Fr, It, Jap, and the US; established in 1920, although US Senate rejected the treaty of which it was a part; although the US did not formally join, it did take part in many of its activieies, replaced by UN in 1946
Overman Act
May 1918, gave Wilson almost dictatorial powers until months after the war's end-- pwrs included authority to reorganize executive agencies or create new ones
Sedition Act
May 1918, more repressive than preceding act, established punishment for interfering w/ the sale of Liberty Bonds, for writing or speaking against the gov, the US Constit, the armed forces, or the flag and for impending recruitment officers
William Jennings Bryan
Scopes trial, prosecutes
Triple Alliance/Central Powers
alliance during WWI composed of Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary, formed one of the two opposing camps in Western Europe on the eve of WWI
American neutrality WWI
although President Wilson urged America to be "impartial in throught as well as deed" and issued a proclamation of neutrality on August 4, 1914, he was an admirer of GB's traditions, culture, and political system; he and other Americans imbued a moral quality to the Allied posititon, and British reports of German atrocities added to Amer support of the Allied cause; b/c war orders from Fr and GB were so economically lucrative for the US, Wilson realized by 1915 that this country could no longer remain neutral-- believed America must become the arsenal of the Allies
Herbert Hoover
an engineer and business executive who later became a US president, was the administrator of the Food Administration, the most effective war agency in WWI, it supervised the feeding of the nation, its armies, and the Allies; raised price of wheat to increase production, along w/ encouraging voluntary conservation; at his suggestion, ppl planted "victory gardens"
Election of 1916
as the Democratic incumbent, Woodrow Wilson, ran on the slogan: "He kept us out of war."; Promising to continue Progressive policies and to maintain peace, he won reelection although by a small margin. His Republican opponent, Charles Evans Hughes, was an associate justice of the SC (1910-1916) and later became chief justice (1930-1941) during the GD
social work
became a real profession during this period-- trying to address some of the things they need to fix in the city, considered 'pink collar'
Charles Lindbergh
becomes a celebrity b/c he is the first to fly across the Atlantic Ocean in a plane in his plane the Spirit of Saint Louis, first to make a trans-atlantic flight, his infant is kidnapped, then he gets involved in politics and goes crazy, reflects a lot of the tensions we see in the 1920s
flapper
bobbed hair, short dresses, more skin, dancing, no chaperones on dates, no formality of courtship, suggests promiscuity
productivity, use of oil and electricity, favorable government policy, WWI
causes of business prosperity in the 1920s
lost generation
comes back from WWI, disillusioned, have seen death in industrial proportion, have seen what industrialization does to war, most of these men are miserable, many commit suicide, but they produce a true Renaissance of American literature that overlaps with the Harlem Renaissance, many fled to Paris
Civilian Advisory Commission
connected to the Council of National Defense created in 1916 in WWI, set up local defense councils in every state, county, and school district
vamp
connotes out late at night, being a little manipulative, expectation that the woman will go home with the man but the man will pay for everything, closer to call girls of escorts or smoetimes even prostitutes, would go out with the intention of taking advantage of men b/c they were women, almost expected to go home w/ men
Committee on Public Information (CPI)
created by Congress in April 1917, committee had its chairman journalist George Creed; mobilized public support of the war by explaining, thru the use of pamphlets, posters, motion pictures, news stories, advertisements in magazines, pictures, and speakers, the reasons for American participation
council of national defense
created by Congress in WWI era, coordinated industry and the nation's resources for the support of national security; consisted of 6 cabinet members and an advisory board of 7 experts from labor and industry; connected to it was the Civilian Advisory commission
Henry Ford
creator of business practice ideas and one of the leaders of automobiles and industrial expansion
wet and dries
different counties or even states where you can or cannot buy alcohol
Zimmermann note
dispatch as sent in January 1917, by Alfred ___, German Foreign Secretary, to the German representative in Mexico; urged Mexico to support Germany if the US declared war on Germany; in return, Mexico would receive TX, AZ, and NM; the coded note was intercepted by the British, decoded, and published in the US; along w/ Germany's announcement on Feb. 1, 1917, that it would sink all ships, enemy and neutral alike, the note sparked US entry into the war on April 6, 1917
Warren G. Harding
elected in 1920, promised a return to 'normalcy', says too much has happened too fast, talking more about traditions, wanted to stop people from progressing much further, died in office suddenly, afterwards they found out his was one of the most corrupt administrations in history, Teapot Dome Scandal, many scandals emerged after his death, replaced by Calvin Coolidge
Herbert Hoover
elected in 1928, ran against Al Smith but crushed him, a year and a half after election, stock market completely crashes and takes economy down with it.....
detroit
emerges as 'motor city', Ford car plants mostly in Michigan, centered around here
Harlem Renaissance
explosion of art and music specifically by black artists and writers, centered in NY, timing has a lot to do with it-- second generation of AA's born after the Civil War, and Great Migration- so many have moved from S to N and established new enclaves in Chicago and NY
Langston Hughes
famous Harlem Renaissance poet
Red Scare
fear of communists and such 1919-1920, reaction to Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and strengthening labor unions as a result of unchecked capitalism and innovation in the US
Birth of a Nation
film by D.W. Griffith, early movie, glorifies KKK, openly promotes racism and violence towards not just AA's but also Irish, Italians, Jewish, Catholics, etc.
18th amendment
forbade making, selling, or consumption of alcohol-- organized crime meets this need, is repealed in 1932
traditionalists
go after flapper and vamps, mothers and grandmothers mostly, women before had a very formulaic idea of life, now all of a sudden women are showing neck, shoulders, knees, cutting hair short, embracing in some ways masculinity
Palmer Raids
government crack-down on red Scare, A. Mitchell ____ worked for federal gov, went out and arrested almost 5K ppl, held them w/o cause, in some cases w/o due process, house was bombed during process
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, assassinated by Serbian nationalist while visiting Sarajevo, a provincial capital in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which Slavic nationalists wanted to annex and make part of Serbia (assassination caused outbreak of WWI)
Paris Peace Conference
held beginning in December 1918, participants included David Lloyd George, prime minister of GB, Georges Clemenceau, president of France, Vittorio Orlando, prime minister of Italy; and Woodrow Wilson, president of the US; formulated the general terms of the treaties ending WWI
fordism
higher wages, assembly line, increased productivity, no unions
image vs. utility
idea of advertising-- what you want to project (what the thing you have says about you) vs the use of the thing
Scopes Trial
modernists vs fundamentalists, teaching of evolution at public school in Dayton, TN, ACLU coerced teacher to do this to test the law, teacher loses on a technicality
Al Capone
most famous bootlegger during Prohibition
Sacco and Vanzetti
most notable scapegoats for communism during the Red Scare and Palmer Raids, two Italian immigrants accused of murder, continually claimed innocence, were put through spotty trial, not great evidence, they were suspected communist and labor organizers, they were executed by the electric chair, fed gov saying they would not tolerate communism
social intolerance, demise of progressivism
negative results of WWI
appliances, automobiles, advertising, buying on credit, chain stores
new consumerism things
radio
new mass medium in the 1920s, brings entertainment, news, and advertising to your home, had a lot of shows, first real mass medium (closest thing before was newspapers), all made possible b/c of electricity, become really important for FDR during Great Depression
airplanes, tanks, long-range artillery, submarines, poison gas
new war technology in WWI
movie palaces
old name for theatres, became wildly popular as a form of entertainment
Rudolph Valentino
one of first celebrities, died early in his 30s, women fawned over him, movie star
dodge
one of the first companies to start coming out with luxury cars, looks great, symbol of status
Alice Paul
one of the women who led the suffrage movement, willing to be arrested, and was many times, did hunger strike and was force fed
industrial boom
positive result of WWI
Fourteen Points
presented by Wilson in an address to Congress on Jan 8, 1918 as the basis for peace terms at the close of WWI, espoused a belief in the right of all peoples to self-determination, as evinced by recommendations for boundary adjustments along with the creation of new nations; included also: freedom of the seas, open covenants, adjustment of colonial claims w/ respect for native populations, free trade, reductions in armaments, and impartial mediation of colonial claims; proposed a League of Nations, an association of nations that would aid in implementing the new principles and in resolving future controversies
Margaret Sanger
proponent of birth control, but overwhelmingly in the immigrant community, opened Brownsville Clinic in NY, invented birth control, point was more almost about eugenics and social class, trying to get immigrant women to not have as many children-- they already had so many kids that they didn't have enough schools, parents couldn't care for them, originally to help immigrant women have fewer chiildren, what will become the pill
eugenics
pseudoscience, trying to scientificially justify the pure race, almost on a scale, top was white Protestants, scientific studies included Asians, Native Americans, Latinos, AA's, and more
Calvin Coolidge
replaced WGH when he died in office, 'the business of America is business', silent Cal, wants the government totally out of business, people get greedy, practically asking for a massive economic crisis, re-elected in 1924
Teapot Dome Scandal
scandal of Harding administration, one of his cabinet members accepted nearly 500K from private businessmen to whom he leased government oil reserves in Wyoming
pink-collar jobs
secretary, phone operator, teacher, social worker, new professions that emerge b/c of industrial revolution and the fact that yo unow have mass forms of entertainment and communication that you didn't have before
four-minute men
sent to whip up enthusiasm for the war by rallying audiences in theaters, propaganda for WWI
Treaty of Versailles
signed in June 1919, peace treaty that ended WWI, deprived Germany of territory and forced it to pay reparations, created Wilson's League of Nations, but US could not join
Lusitania
sunk on May 7, 1915 by torpedo from German submarine, British passenger liner, British passenger liner, sunk by German U-boat. When Wilson learned that 128 Americans had died, he demanded that Germany respect the rights of neutral nations, which included the American right to travel on nonmilitary vessels of warring nations
Jews, AA's, and Catholics
targets of new Klan
Triple Entente/Allies
this alliance, consisting of France, Great Britain, and Russia, was created in WWI to create a "balance of power" in Western Europe against the nations of the other alliance
baseball and boxing
two big sports in 1920s
NBC and CBS
two main radio networks
American Expeditionary Force
under General John J. Pershing, it arrived in Europe at the end of 1917; assisted the Alllies in halting the German advance at Chateau-Thierry, at Rheims, and later in the Argonne Forest; fought for 8 months until armistice of November 11, 1918
Lusitania, unrestricted German submarine warfare, Zimmerman note
what led to US intervention in WWI?
assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip
what triggered WWI?
indoor plumbing, central heating, electricity
what were improvements in standard of living in the 1920s?
june 28, 1914
when did WWI begin?
April 6, 1917
when did the US enter WWI?
1927
when did the first movie with sound come out?
1932
when is prohibition repealed?
1928
when was Herbert Hoover elected?
1916
when was the council of national defense created?
1915
when was the lusitania sunk?
1916
when was the sussex pledge?
NE and cities
where is the standard of living improving?
German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, Romanov
which 4 empires did WWI destroy?
