APUSH FINAL

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Sussex pledge

1916, an unarmed French steamer was attacked by Germany and several American passengers were injured. B/c of Wilson's protests, germany pledged not to sink passenger vessels w/o warning and agreed to safeguard noncombatants. Nevertheless, torpedo attacks began again in January 1917

National War Labor Board

April 1918, Amer Federation of Labor President Samuel Gompers sat on this board, created by President Wilson to mediate labor disputes so that strikes could be avoided; also urged industry to implement changes that would benefit labor (eg an 8hr workday adn the right of unions to organize and bargain collectively)

Central Broadcasting System

CBS

Model T

Ford car, meant for working class, plants the idea that we have to have it

Georges Clemenceau

French president during WWI

David Lloyd George

GB prime minister during WWI

unrestricted submarine warfare

Germany launched this in Jan 1917, desperate to break stalemate and end war of attrition, hoped to cripple British economy, helped precipitate Amer entry into the conflict

Georgia O'Keefe

Harlem Renaissance famous woman painter

Zora Neale Hurston

Harlem Renaissance writer, Their Eyes Were Watching God, wrote in AA dialect

Vittorio Orlando

Italian prime minister during WWI

War Industries Board

July 1917, under financier Bernard Baruch, this agency organized the nation's economy; regulated all war industry activities, developed new industries and sources of supply, controlled prices, and distributed and sold all war materials

National Broadcasting Corporation

NBC

Alvin york

Pacifist and church elder, registered for military draft as conscientious objector. During basic training, went home to struggle w/ conscience,and ultimately decided it was God's will that he fight. In 1918, he single-handedly killed 25 German soldiers and forced German commander to order the rest of the battallion to surrender.

Clarence Darrow

Scopes Trial, from ACLU, defends Scopes

Liberty bonds

WWI partly financed thru sale of these to the public

buying on credit

became a new phenomenon during this time, made things more accessbile to lower classes but also had potential to create much debt

jazz

becomes an American music genre during the Harlem Renaissance

American Civil Liberties Union

created at turn of 20th century, involved in lots of major court cases

modernists

did not discount evolution, but said big bang theory alone was not sufficient

Jack Dempsey

famous Irish boxer in the 1920s

1920

first time majority of US population lived in urban areas, more workers in factories than on farms

talkies

movies with sound

Louis Armstrong

trumpet player, Harlem Renaissance, jazz, What a Wonderful World

secretary, phone operators, teachers, social workers

which were considered 'pink-collar' jobs?

Wilson

who was president during WWI?

second wave of immigration

why was boxing so important?

Selective Service Act

1917, legislation required all males b/t 21 and 30 to register for military service; a 488K member army, 470K for the Natioanl Guard, and the conscription of 500K men were authorized; women served in the Army and Navy Nurse Corps and in the auxiliary forces of the regular navy

League of Nations

January 25, 1919, at the Paris Peace Conference, Allies voted to accept the creation of this; assembly of nations would oversee world affairs and prevent future wars; decisions would be implemented by a 9-member Executive Council consisting of 5 permanent members: GB, Fr, It, Jap, and the US; established in 1920, although US Senate rejected the treaty of which it was a part; although the US did not formally join, it did take part in many of its activieies, replaced by UN in 1946

Overman Act

May 1918, gave Wilson almost dictatorial powers until months after the war's end-- pwrs included authority to reorganize executive agencies or create new ones

Sedition Act

May 1918, more repressive than preceding act, established punishment for interfering w/ the sale of Liberty Bonds, for writing or speaking against the gov, the US Constit, the armed forces, or the flag and for impending recruitment officers

William Jennings Bryan

Scopes trial, prosecutes

Triple Alliance/Central Powers

alliance during WWI composed of Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary, formed one of the two opposing camps in Western Europe on the eve of WWI

American neutrality WWI

although President Wilson urged America to be "impartial in throught as well as deed" and issued a proclamation of neutrality on August 4, 1914, he was an admirer of GB's traditions, culture, and political system; he and other Americans imbued a moral quality to the Allied posititon, and British reports of German atrocities added to Amer support of the Allied cause; b/c war orders from Fr and GB were so economically lucrative for the US, Wilson realized by 1915 that this country could no longer remain neutral-- believed America must become the arsenal of the Allies

Herbert Hoover

an engineer and business executive who later became a US president, was the administrator of the Food Administration, the most effective war agency in WWI, it supervised the feeding of the nation, its armies, and the Allies; raised price of wheat to increase production, along w/ encouraging voluntary conservation; at his suggestion, ppl planted "victory gardens"

Election of 1916

as the Democratic incumbent, Woodrow Wilson, ran on the slogan: "He kept us out of war."; Promising to continue Progressive policies and to maintain peace, he won reelection although by a small margin. His Republican opponent, Charles Evans Hughes, was an associate justice of the SC (1910-1916) and later became chief justice (1930-1941) during the GD

social work

became a real profession during this period-- trying to address some of the things they need to fix in the city, considered 'pink collar'

Charles Lindbergh

becomes a celebrity b/c he is the first to fly across the Atlantic Ocean in a plane in his plane the Spirit of Saint Louis, first to make a trans-atlantic flight, his infant is kidnapped, then he gets involved in politics and goes crazy, reflects a lot of the tensions we see in the 1920s

flapper

bobbed hair, short dresses, more skin, dancing, no chaperones on dates, no formality of courtship, suggests promiscuity

productivity, use of oil and electricity, favorable government policy, WWI

causes of business prosperity in the 1920s

lost generation

comes back from WWI, disillusioned, have seen death in industrial proportion, have seen what industrialization does to war, most of these men are miserable, many commit suicide, but they produce a true Renaissance of American literature that overlaps with the Harlem Renaissance, many fled to Paris

Civilian Advisory Commission

connected to the Council of National Defense created in 1916 in WWI, set up local defense councils in every state, county, and school district

vamp

connotes out late at night, being a little manipulative, expectation that the woman will go home with the man but the man will pay for everything, closer to call girls of escorts or smoetimes even prostitutes, would go out with the intention of taking advantage of men b/c they were women, almost expected to go home w/ men

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

created by Congress in April 1917, committee had its chairman journalist George Creed; mobilized public support of the war by explaining, thru the use of pamphlets, posters, motion pictures, news stories, advertisements in magazines, pictures, and speakers, the reasons for American participation

council of national defense

created by Congress in WWI era, coordinated industry and the nation's resources for the support of national security; consisted of 6 cabinet members and an advisory board of 7 experts from labor and industry; connected to it was the Civilian Advisory commission

Henry Ford

creator of business practice ideas and one of the leaders of automobiles and industrial expansion

wet and dries

different counties or even states where you can or cannot buy alcohol

Zimmermann note

dispatch as sent in January 1917, by Alfred ___, German Foreign Secretary, to the German representative in Mexico; urged Mexico to support Germany if the US declared war on Germany; in return, Mexico would receive TX, AZ, and NM; the coded note was intercepted by the British, decoded, and published in the US; along w/ Germany's announcement on Feb. 1, 1917, that it would sink all ships, enemy and neutral alike, the note sparked US entry into the war on April 6, 1917

Warren G. Harding

elected in 1920, promised a return to 'normalcy', says too much has happened too fast, talking more about traditions, wanted to stop people from progressing much further, died in office suddenly, afterwards they found out his was one of the most corrupt administrations in history, Teapot Dome Scandal, many scandals emerged after his death, replaced by Calvin Coolidge

Herbert Hoover

elected in 1928, ran against Al Smith but crushed him, a year and a half after election, stock market completely crashes and takes economy down with it.....

detroit

emerges as 'motor city', Ford car plants mostly in Michigan, centered around here

Harlem Renaissance

explosion of art and music specifically by black artists and writers, centered in NY, timing has a lot to do with it-- second generation of AA's born after the Civil War, and Great Migration- so many have moved from S to N and established new enclaves in Chicago and NY

Langston Hughes

famous Harlem Renaissance poet

Red Scare

fear of communists and such 1919-1920, reaction to Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and strengthening labor unions as a result of unchecked capitalism and innovation in the US

Birth of a Nation

film by D.W. Griffith, early movie, glorifies KKK, openly promotes racism and violence towards not just AA's but also Irish, Italians, Jewish, Catholics, etc.

18th amendment

forbade making, selling, or consumption of alcohol-- organized crime meets this need, is repealed in 1932

traditionalists

go after flapper and vamps, mothers and grandmothers mostly, women before had a very formulaic idea of life, now all of a sudden women are showing neck, shoulders, knees, cutting hair short, embracing in some ways masculinity

Palmer Raids

government crack-down on red Scare, A. Mitchell ____ worked for federal gov, went out and arrested almost 5K ppl, held them w/o cause, in some cases w/o due process, house was bombed during process

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, assassinated by Serbian nationalist while visiting Sarajevo, a provincial capital in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which Slavic nationalists wanted to annex and make part of Serbia (assassination caused outbreak of WWI)

Paris Peace Conference

held beginning in December 1918, participants included David Lloyd George, prime minister of GB, Georges Clemenceau, president of France, Vittorio Orlando, prime minister of Italy; and Woodrow Wilson, president of the US; formulated the general terms of the treaties ending WWI

fordism

higher wages, assembly line, increased productivity, no unions

image vs. utility

idea of advertising-- what you want to project (what the thing you have says about you) vs the use of the thing

Scopes Trial

modernists vs fundamentalists, teaching of evolution at public school in Dayton, TN, ACLU coerced teacher to do this to test the law, teacher loses on a technicality

Al Capone

most famous bootlegger during Prohibition

Sacco and Vanzetti

most notable scapegoats for communism during the Red Scare and Palmer Raids, two Italian immigrants accused of murder, continually claimed innocence, were put through spotty trial, not great evidence, they were suspected communist and labor organizers, they were executed by the electric chair, fed gov saying they would not tolerate communism

social intolerance, demise of progressivism

negative results of WWI

appliances, automobiles, advertising, buying on credit, chain stores

new consumerism things

radio

new mass medium in the 1920s, brings entertainment, news, and advertising to your home, had a lot of shows, first real mass medium (closest thing before was newspapers), all made possible b/c of electricity, become really important for FDR during Great Depression

airplanes, tanks, long-range artillery, submarines, poison gas

new war technology in WWI

movie palaces

old name for theatres, became wildly popular as a form of entertainment

Rudolph Valentino

one of first celebrities, died early in his 30s, women fawned over him, movie star

dodge

one of the first companies to start coming out with luxury cars, looks great, symbol of status

Alice Paul

one of the women who led the suffrage movement, willing to be arrested, and was many times, did hunger strike and was force fed

industrial boom

positive result of WWI

Fourteen Points

presented by Wilson in an address to Congress on Jan 8, 1918 as the basis for peace terms at the close of WWI, espoused a belief in the right of all peoples to self-determination, as evinced by recommendations for boundary adjustments along with the creation of new nations; included also: freedom of the seas, open covenants, adjustment of colonial claims w/ respect for native populations, free trade, reductions in armaments, and impartial mediation of colonial claims; proposed a League of Nations, an association of nations that would aid in implementing the new principles and in resolving future controversies

Margaret Sanger

proponent of birth control, but overwhelmingly in the immigrant community, opened Brownsville Clinic in NY, invented birth control, point was more almost about eugenics and social class, trying to get immigrant women to not have as many children-- they already had so many kids that they didn't have enough schools, parents couldn't care for them, originally to help immigrant women have fewer chiildren, what will become the pill

eugenics

pseudoscience, trying to scientificially justify the pure race, almost on a scale, top was white Protestants, scientific studies included Asians, Native Americans, Latinos, AA's, and more

Calvin Coolidge

replaced WGH when he died in office, 'the business of America is business', silent Cal, wants the government totally out of business, people get greedy, practically asking for a massive economic crisis, re-elected in 1924

Teapot Dome Scandal

scandal of Harding administration, one of his cabinet members accepted nearly 500K from private businessmen to whom he leased government oil reserves in Wyoming

pink-collar jobs

secretary, phone operator, teacher, social worker, new professions that emerge b/c of industrial revolution and the fact that yo unow have mass forms of entertainment and communication that you didn't have before

four-minute men

sent to whip up enthusiasm for the war by rallying audiences in theaters, propaganda for WWI

Treaty of Versailles

signed in June 1919, peace treaty that ended WWI, deprived Germany of territory and forced it to pay reparations, created Wilson's League of Nations, but US could not join

Lusitania

sunk on May 7, 1915 by torpedo from German submarine, British passenger liner, British passenger liner, sunk by German U-boat. When Wilson learned that 128 Americans had died, he demanded that Germany respect the rights of neutral nations, which included the American right to travel on nonmilitary vessels of warring nations

Jews, AA's, and Catholics

targets of new Klan

Triple Entente/Allies

this alliance, consisting of France, Great Britain, and Russia, was created in WWI to create a "balance of power" in Western Europe against the nations of the other alliance

baseball and boxing

two big sports in 1920s

NBC and CBS

two main radio networks

American Expeditionary Force

under General John J. Pershing, it arrived in Europe at the end of 1917; assisted the Alllies in halting the German advance at Chateau-Thierry, at Rheims, and later in the Argonne Forest; fought for 8 months until armistice of November 11, 1918

Lusitania, unrestricted German submarine warfare, Zimmerman note

what led to US intervention in WWI?

assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip

what triggered WWI?

indoor plumbing, central heating, electricity

what were improvements in standard of living in the 1920s?

june 28, 1914

when did WWI begin?

April 6, 1917

when did the US enter WWI?

1927

when did the first movie with sound come out?

1932

when is prohibition repealed?

1928

when was Herbert Hoover elected?

1916

when was the council of national defense created?

1915

when was the lusitania sunk?

1916

when was the sussex pledge?

NE and cities

where is the standard of living improving?

German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, Romanov

which 4 empires did WWI destroy?


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