Architectural History Unit 2

- Buddhism because official state religion of Japan 7th century AD - many architects came from Korea or China - south orientation - wood is the primary building material - Post and lintel building systems employing elaborately bracketed construction - Typically set within a courtyard defined by a covered perimeter courtyard, entered through a gateway - Laid out on a main axis, oriented north and south - Principal buildings are Main Hall, kondo, a pagoda, and lecture hall, kodo - limestone or marble base with everything else wood

Buddhist Japanese Temple Architecture

- transmigration of the soul - birth, life, death, rebirth... - Indus Valley, India - Buddhism started 3000 BC (migrated from Mesopotamia) - Siddhartha Gautama founded Buddhism (born wealthy but gave it up and to seek an end to worldly suffering achieved Karma (enlightenment)) - 563-483 BC - 300

Buddhist and Hindu Architecture of India and Cambodi

- there are *28 verticle rows of coffers, but not symmetrical above piers* (would work nicely if 32) - probably used 28 *because cycle of the moon* - 28 makes feel light - columns on front are too far apart and *cornice does line up because couldn't get 60' columns* (wouldn't have been perfect pycnostyle if they could)

pantheon anomolies

Hellenistic

After ca. 400BC After Romans took over Greek empire Introduction of Ionic Order and Corinthian Order

- Orchestra - circular stage around which seats are centered - Cavea - seating area - Peridos (perida - plural) - side entrances to orchestra - Missing one that I around the orchestra - Proscaenium - opening to stage where performance happens - Scaenefrons - stage back part (3 entrances)

- Orchestra - Cavea - Peridos - Proscaenium - Scaenefrons

Hellenistic Architecture

- Influence of Periclean classicism across Mediterranean region - Corinthian order - Building types:

- bural mound (stupa) - rock-cut temple (Chaitya Hall) - Buddhist temple complex - Hindu temple complex

Architecture types

- founded 500 BC - Siddhartha Gautama (founder) - came from wealthy fam but gave up everything to travel seeking causes of suffering - achieved enlightenment sitting under bodhi tree - goal of Buddhism is rebirth (karma) - comes through right thought and action - aim to overcome worldly suffering - temples and shrines intended to hold a multitude of worshippers

Buddhism

- earliest known civilization in India came from Indus Valley 3000BC (settlers from Mesopotamia) - major streets N/S and minor E/W - principal religions Buddhism and Hinduism (transmigration of the soul - endless cycle of birth, life, suffering, rebirth)

Buddhist Architecture in India

- relies on axial arrangements, formal cues, and sequencing to establish dominance - principle buildings usually face south - important buildings are elevated on a podium and distinguished by size, central location, elaborate ornamentation, and symbolic color schemes - important buildings typically have timber bracketing and hipped roofs, with wide, flaring eaves, crowned by ridge with curving hooked ends - feeling of delicacy and lightness to roof structures through use of curves - chinese version of optical refinements

Chinese Architecture

- follows principles articulated in book *Kao Gong Ji called The Artificer's Record*, published in 5th century AD which is *based on teachings of Confucius with respect to hierarchy* - city should be *oriented to cardinal directions with main axis NS* - should be *square in plan* (4,000 ft side length-ish) and have gridded streets - palace and government center should be located at city's northern edge, on axis - *walls and moat* should surround the city to provide protection from enemies - the palace should have a courtyard in front, flanked on sides by places of worship, ancestral temple to east, and an altar to the earth on west - market areas were on both east and west sides of city

City Planning in China

- sits among temple and stoa and statues - ring of doric columns outer perimeter (26) - ring of Corinthian columns inside around cella (first full room of Corinthian columns)- suggests Corinthian began in interior

Epidaurus Tholos Other Notes

- 600-500BC Etruscans controlled large segments of Italy at convergence of 3 different cultures -

Etruria

Temples: - Frontal approach to the temple (unlike Greek) - Podium with stairs only on the front - Deep pronaos and cella with three parallel rooms - Wide overhanging eaves decorated with terra cotta revetments - Terra cotta statues of deities on the ridgeline - Enclosed viewing space, "templum", in front, with altar *Temple According to Vitruvius:* - *550-400 BC* - first category he recognized - *Tuscan-Doric Temple - proportion of plan 6:5 (longer than wide) divided in middle with deep pronaos and 3 rooms in cella at back* - height of column = *7 lower diameters, height of column 1/3 of width of temple* - *areostyle - wide spacing over 3 times diameter of column* (thought to be clumsy) - tuscan doric order - smooth column with more or less greek doric capital with bell-shaped base no complete etruscan temples

Etruscan Architecture

- aligned with cardinal axes usually main entrance at east - include symbols of holy mountain, sacred cave, and cosmic axis - plan geometry based on subdivided square "mandala" - links to divine proportions and harmony - garbagriha (womb chamber) at center - houses symbol of deity - monument to gods, place for worship and object for worship - aspects of cosmos and sacred geometries involved - typical plan consists of square sanctuary under a tall shikhara roof, preceded by one or more columnar halls - contain symbols of holy mountain, Mount Meru, the sacred cave, and the cosmic axis - garbhagriha - inner sanctum (womb chamber) where god's image is kept (only priests can enter) - contains phallic symbol representing Shiva

Hindu temple complexes

- displaced Buddhism as main religion in India 5th century AD - form of Hinduism emerged in Inida during 1st millennium BC (before Buddhism) - belief in a series of lifetimes - multiple deities: shiva - great lord, procreative energy, the great destroyer (most seen) - Shiva - god of destruction - Vishnu - god of salvation through personal service and devotion - Brahma - god of the universe - temples oriented east or west depending on deities - Hindu temples are simultaneously dwellings of the god, places for worship, and objects of worship in themselves

Hinduism and gods

Washington DC Mason's Temple Indiana Indiana War Memorial

Influence of Halikarnassos

Tennessee State Capitol - cupola in Nashville William Strickland

Influence of Lysicrates

- Traditional houses, minka, consist of living space divided into two areas: earth-floor section around a central hearth for cooking, and living section with raised wooden flooring - Sleeping rooms and guest rooms partitioned by lightweight screens - Wood construction, with high pitched roofs of thatch or wooden shingles - Based on a modular design in plan, proportions determined by tatami mats (3 x 6 feet) - Flexible plans, easily adapted to multiple functions - influence Frank Lloyd Wright

Japanese Houses

Bath Structures: - experimentation with the classical system - creation of interior space - brick and concrete vaulted construction - high-tech inventions like hydraulic and thermal technology Principle Rooms: - palaestra - exercise space - sudatoria - sauna - tempidarium - warm bath - caldarium - hot bath - frigidarium - cold bath - natatio - swimming pool

Roman Baths

- Opus Incertum - rough random placement of rough cone-shaped bricks embedded in concrete - Opus Reticulatum - diamond-shaped bricks - Opus Testaceum - long, flat rectangular bricks some have intermediate leveling courses

Roman Concrete

- combine 2 traditions - etruscan and hellenistic - Etruscan because deep pronaos and ... - Hellenistic because.. - introduction to ionic and corinthian temples

Roman Republic Temple Architecture

Republic: mostly Ionic Empire: mostly Corinthian

columns based on time period

small inner sanctuary containing statue of the deity

garbhagriha

entrance gate

gopuram

32BC

last year of Roman Republic

Hindu temple plan

mandala

columnar sancturay

mandapa

- same purpose as hidu stupa - vertical tower of wood with multipal stages of roofs and bracket sets - symbol of Mount Meru in axis mudi - connection between heaven and earth - finnial or chattra - inspired by parasol finals atop the ancient Indian stupas

pagoda

tall, sculpted roof structure

shikhara

- vihara - small monasteries that surrounded stupas - verdika - outer fence (stone) - torana- gateways (2 piers supporting 3 decorated lintels - life of Buddha without actual images of buddha, elephants, yakshi figure, riderless horse - representing Siddharthar leaving his house) - harmika - box structure on top with chattra - inside harmika represents bodhi tree - reloque - marks the site of the burial of some of the ashes of

stupa terms - verdika - torana - harmika - chattra - reloque

thhe temple whcih embodies the inner sanctum

vimana