Art Secion IV

In architecture an element in compression is being , an element in tension is being .

pushed pulled

A sculpture in which forms project from--but remain attached to--a background surface is called a ______.

relief

Which of the following is true of the ivory trade?

It was a global network that once moved ivory around the globe. It severely impacted the world's elephant population.

Look at this image. What do we know about this late 15th or early 16th century ivory vessel?

It was designed to hold salt. It resembles a large European drinking glass, a goblet. It was created by sculptor of the Sapi culture in present day Sierra Leon, west Africa.

Which statements describe Reconstructed Icicles, Dumfriesshire, 1995 by Andy Goldsworthy?

It was documented in photographs. It existence and disappearance was documented in photographs. It was ephemeral, lasting a few hours before being melted by the sun.

Which material is derived from the teeth of large mammals?

ivory

Look at this image. How was this Chinese jade basin carved?

In high relief

What is the description for a freestanding sculpture that can be viewed from any angle and is finished on all sides?

In the round

What culture is most closely associated with the use of corbelled architectural elements?

Indian

What is the central vaulted space of a Romanesque church called?

Nave

U. S. coins display relief.

Blank 1: low or bas

Why were jade, ivory, and lacquer prized by numerous cultures?

Their rarity

Which metals may be forged cold?

Gold

For the ancient Olmecs, what was jade?

It represented plant life and rainwater.

The key to fabric architecture is ______.

tension

What is a vast roofed space of post-and-lintel construction called?

A hypostyle hall

What is the fastest method of creating a hollow, rounded form in clay?

A potter's wheel

Look at this image. How was this Chinese bowl made?

A potters wheel

By what is the weight of a suspension bridge primarily supported?

A series of steel cables

Look at this image. Who is being depicted in this Baule sculpture?

A spirit spouse

Which characteristics best describe synthetic resin as a sculptural material?

A wide range of colored pigments in can be added to incorporate color. The appearance of more traditional sculptural material can be easily mimicked.

What is the most common sculptural material used for modeling?

Clay

True or false: Louise Bourgeois's mother wove and repaired tapestries, much like a spider weaves and repairs her web.

True

Taking a block of marble and carving a human figure out of it is considered to be what kind of sculptural process?

Subtractive

Which of the following are examples of nomadic dwellings involving fabric architecture?

Tents Yurts

The architectural element that gaps the transition from a square base to a domed roof is known as a ______.

pendentive

Look at this image. Which was an innovation of the ancient Egyptian Chair of Hetepheres?

It was portable with armrests.

About what is Robert Smithson's earthwork Spiral Jetty?

Moving away from art as a commodity object

Having the structure of a building visible, rather than obscured, is characteristic of what style of architecture?

International

Look at this image. This aquamanile, which holds water for priests to wash their hands, can trace its roots back to which region?

Iran

are relatively lightweight, amazingly strong, and built with prefabricated modules, all of which allows for quick and inexpensive construction.

geodesic domes

R. Buckminster Fuller developed the ______ ______.

geodesic dome

Look at this image. True or false: This portrait vessel was made using both modeling and a pre-prepared mold.

True

True or false: To portray a human being in sculpture is to bring it into the world itself and give it a version of life.

True

For what is jade the common name?

Two minerals, nephrite, and jadeite

In his sculpture Voltri VI, David Smith assembled which items made of steel?

Wheels Scrap metal Tools

Look at this image. How does the Spanish artist Luis de Mena portray Christ in his sculpture Ecce Homo?

With drips of red paint simulating blood As realistically as possible With the crown of thorns Pontius Pilate placed on his head

What are the principal materials used for carving?

Wood Stone

What are the two most common materials use in post-and-lintel constriction?

Wood Stone

For what reasons can we assume that only a small fraction of the wooden objects created over time still survive?

Wood is susceptible to water. Wood is susceptible to insects. Wood is an organic material. Wood is susceptible to fire.

Look at this image. A ______ results when barrel vaults are connected at right angles.

groin vault

Look at this image. European cathedrals built during the 12th and 13th centuries are famous for their glass, an example of which can be seen in this image of the rose window and lancets in France's Chartres Cathedral.

stained

construction was developed to allow for the fabrication of tall buildings not possible using balloon-frame techniques.

steel

Used in building skyscrapers, ______ construction uses a metal cage to support a decorative exterior of another material such as glass, masonry, or stone.

steel-frame

Why was Zaha Hadid sometimes called a "paper architect" early on in her career?

For a long time, the buildings she designed had not been constructed, they existed only on paper.

Which architect used digital design and fabrication to create works such as the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao?

Frank Gehry

In a Greek temple, what are the three basic elements of an entablature?

Frieze Cornice Architrave

Look at this image. How was the Chinese lacquer snuff bottle carved?

In high relief

The Pont du Gard at Nîmes, France is based on what type of structure?

Arch

What was the 19th-century movement that promoted the handmade object and held exhibitions of pottery, textiles, and woodworking?

Arts and Crafts movement

Look at this image. How does Auguste portray the individuals in The Burghers of Calais?

As individuals facing death in their own way

The use of found objects as a sculptural material is an example of what type of sculptural technique?

Assembling

In the 1960s the link between design and manufacturing using computer technology was pioneered by which industries?

Automotive, aeronautic, and electronics

Beginning in the 1960s artists began to create works of impermanent sculptures to explore what ideas?

Avoiding sales and ownerships of an object Bringing people together in a new way Bringing art closer to people's everyday lives

Why do scholars believe that the Olmec artists chose basalt as the material to carve their monumental sculptures?

Basalt is volcanic stone, which is associated with the spiritual power of the natural world.

is the name for sun dried brick used as an architectural building material.

Adobe

Look at this image. This ivory vessel from Sierra Leone combines and forms and imagery.

African European

What is one advantage of reinforced-concrete construction?

An ability to be molded into nearly any shape or form

Which culture's hypostyle halls were relatively dark with only the very top of the load-bearing walls pierced with small windows?

Ancient Egypt

What culture is most closely associated with a tradition of sculpture that considered the human body itself a worthy subject?

Ancient Greece

To shape a hollow glass vessel, an artist can dip a long metal tube into molten glass, and then do what?

Blow air into the tube to create a bubble in the glass.

Beginning in the 1960s artists began to create works of impermanent sculptures to explore what ideas?

Bringing people together in a new way Bringing art closer to people's everyday lives Avoiding sales and ownerships of an object

What metal is most frequently used in the casting process?

Bronze

What structural feature reinforces and supports the outward thrusts of arches from the outside?

Buttresses

Which sculpting method includes using a specifically shaped container into which the liquid is poured and then allowed to cool and harden?

Casting

Which works did Zaha Hadid design?

Center for Contemporary Art in Cincinnati The Riverside Museum Glasgow Phaeno Science Center in Germany

Look at this image. Janine Antoni used which materials in her sculpture Lick and Lather?

Chocolate Soap

What is CAD/CAM?

Computer-aided design and manufacturing

Look at this image. Which features of this work rely on rows of stones that extend over each other until the opening is bridged?

Corbelled domes

Look at this image. What do you see when you look at this sculpture from the ancient Middle East?

Cuneiform text Plants carved in a stylized fashion A man's body with wings and an eagle's head

What are the two main components of CAD/CAM?

Digital technology and computer-driven technology

Which order in Greek architecture features baseless capitals, fluted columns, and an entablature with alternating triglyphs and metotypes?

Doric

What did the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London do?

Established the success of cast-iron as a building material

Look at this image. Based on the ancient Egyptian convention of depicting human form, how are the pharaoh Menkaure and Khamerenebty portrayed?

Facing straight forward, with the pharaoh's arms arms stiff at his sides With idealized facial features and bodies

Look at this image. True or false: This bowl is representative of olumeye bowls in Yoruba culture more generally.

False

True or false: Concrete was invented during the late 19th century as a cheap and easily transportable material.

False

True or false: Since the Renaissance the human form has infrequently been the subject of sculptors' work.

False

Look at this image. This portrait vessel made by the Moche people of South America would have been used for what purposes?

Given as a gift to neighboring tribes Placed as an object on remembrance on grave-sites Made with the individual features of the person being sculpted

Which substance is made from silica, or sand, which can be heated, shaped, cooled, and reheated?

Glass

Look at this image. How can you tell pomegranate juice was held in this ancient Egyptian glass vessel?

Glass was a luxury item, and pomegranate juice was symbolically important.

Look at this image. Of what materials is this Japanese writing box made?

Gold Mother-of-pearl Red lacquer

Look at this image. This architectural work represents the elements of ______ architecture.

Gothic

What elements are associated with Romanesque style?

Groin vaults Barrel vaults

Who was the most prominent advocate for the Arts and Crafts movement in the United States?

Gustav Stickley

The ______ incorporates immense dome placed on top of a massive square base.

Hagia Sophia

Martin Puryear makes works that accomplishes what?

Have viewers decide on the meanings Celebrate form

Look at this image. What type of sculpture is this?

High relief Relief

Which aspects influenced the work of Martin Puryear?

His studies in Sweden and Japan His background making wood furniture His work for the Peace Corps in Africa

Which types of materials are suitable in the construction of load-bearing architecture?

Ice blocks Adobe Brick Stone

What ideas is Janine Antoni exploring in her sculpture Lick and Lather?

Ideas of beauty Ideas of desire

Where is the famous earthwork Serpent Mound located?

In southern Ohio

What historical event threatened the future of handmade craft objects?

Industrial Revolution

What are the advantages of using bronze to cast sculptures?

Is extremely durable even for thin pieces Can create smooth rounded shapes Flows freely when poured, allowing for small detailed works

What culture is best known for focusing a great deal of aesthetic attention on the production of carpets and rugs?

Islamic

For what reason did the public complain about Richard Serra's Tilted Arc for a New York City plaza?

It blocked access to the building.

Which is NOT an advantage of balloon-frame construction?

It can be built to conceivably infinite heights.

What is a relief sculpture?

It can be viewed from the front and side.

Look at this image. Produced in Greece during the 16th century B.C.E. this rhyton is a metal that can be manipulated in what way?

It can be worked at room temperature.

What does the use of the bracket set and the stepped truss system do in Eastern architecture?

It distributes the weight of the roof evenly across a series of columns.

Look at this image. What about this bracelet indicates that it was made for a wealthy individual?

It has an elaborate design. Gold is an expensive material. It contains emeralds, sapphires and pearls.

Look at this image. What aspects does this Library Table constructed in Gustav Stickley's Craftsman Workshop show?

It has simple, straightforward lines. It is an example of "democratic art."

Look at this image. What aspects does Merete Rasmussen's Twisted Red Form show?

It is a non-representational sculptural form. It is made using the coiling technique.

Which are aspects of contrapposto?

It is a pose that suggests the potential for movement in a standing figure It places the figure's weight on one foot, which create a series of adjustments to the hips and shoulders that produce a subtle S-curve. It is Italian for "counterpoise" or "counterbalance"

What does the construction of the Eiffel Tower suggest?

It is a quintessential example of skeleton architecture.

What can be inferred about modern architecture due to the advent of new technologies and materials?

It is better equipped to respond to community and environmental needs

In a skeleton-and-skin system, what is the support structure of a building?

It is contained inside more fragile outer layers and is generally not visible.

Which descriptions apply to carving?

It is more aggressive than modeling. It is more direct than casting. It is a subtractive process.

Look at this image. According to Kiki Smith, why did she choose the human form as subject for her work?

It is only form everyone has their own authentic experience with.

What is the significance of the isolation of the Taj Mahal's dome?

It is ornamental.

What do we know about the Pont du Gard at Nîmes, France?

It is solid and heavy, yet its weight-bearing capabilities appear effortless It once functioned as an aqueduct It is made up of three tiers of arcades

What were the results of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990?

It required the return of sacred objects collected in the past. It prohibited the digging up of native graves and sacred sites.

Why do much ancient art that still exists in the 21st century made of terra cotta?

It was surprisingly durable.

What is the primary drawback of post-and-lintel architecture?

Its limitation to span relatively large open spaces

For what reasons have artists and patrons adopted ivory as a material?

Ivory is a resilient material. It is a luxury material. It is a easy carve intricate designs in ivory.

Why do artists using lacquer need to exercise great patience?

Lacquer requires many layers to make a solid coat.

is a soft, uniformly-grained, material that can be carved easily and was frequently used as a sculptural material in southern in Germany during the Renaissance.

Limewood

Why did Tilman Riemenschneider carve his Virgin and Child on the Crescent Moon in limewood?

Limewood is plentiful in the region where Riemenschneider worked. Limewood is easy to carve.

The Great Friday Mosque in Djenné, in Mali, is an impressive example of what type of construction?

Load-bearing Stacking and piling

Which statements best describe Liza Lou's installation The Trailer?

Lou recreated the grim interior of a lonely hunters trailer and covered the entirety in small glass beads. It is space to be entered and experienced.

What characteristics describe Louise Bourgeois's Maman?

Maman is French for "mom." It is an example of sculpture in the round. Maman is a metaphor for the way Bourgeois's felt about her own mother.

What characteristics describe Louise Bourgeois's Maman?

Maman is a metaphor for the way Bourgeois's felt about her own mother. Maman is French for "mom." It is an example of sculpture in the round.

Which innovations made balloon-frame construction practical?

Mass-produced nails Improved milling lumber techniques

What is installation art?

Modifying space in some way and allowing the viewer to experience that space

Look at this image. What do you see when you look at this sculpture from the ancient Middle East?

Plants carved in a stylized fashion Cuneiform text A man's body with wings and an eagle's head

What is fiber?

Pliable, threadlike strand

______ allow the height of a vault to be increased dramatically without necessitating a wider base.

Pointed arches

Which architectural elements are characteristic of Gothic style?

Pointed arches Flying buttresses Large stained glass windows

Look at this image. Of what is this Chinese bowl made?

Porcelain

Our sense of community is strengthened by having access to what area?

Public spaces

Look at this image. What type of sculpture is this?

Relief

Look at this image. Which type of construction is shown?

Round arch

What set includes common community buildings?

Schools, courthouses, libraries, and hospitals

Who developed contrapposto?

Sculptors in ancient Greece

Louis Bourgeois's Maman is an example what kind of sculpture?

Sculpture in the round

Look at this image. Who has Japanese sculptor Kaikei represented in this wooden sculpture?

Shinto diety Hachiman An individual with the outward appearance of a Buddhist monk A patron and protector of warriors

Which elements characterize International style skyscrapers?

Simple geometric forms Stark linear emphasis

If in the ancient world statues were often believed to have had an ambiguous, porous relationship to life, then which of the following can be said?

Statues could become reanimated through the intense devotion of the living. Statues could offer physical protection for the bodies of the dead. Statues could stand in for the bodies of dead individuals in rituals and ceremonies.

Look at this image. What type of skeleton-and-skin construction is shown?

Steel-frame

By what is the Ionic style of Greek architecture classified?

Stepped column bases Voluted capitals

Look at this image. What type of architectural system is pictured?

Stepped truss

Which materials have commonly been used to represent the human figure in sculpture?

Terra cotta Stone Metal

What is assemblage?

The art of bringing together individual objects to form a sculpture

Look at this image. What do we know about this piece made by Pueblo potter María Martínez?

The color scheme is due to the firing process. It is made through coiling.

In Greek temple design, what area of the entablature is generally ornamented with sculptural relief?

The frieze

What made the creation of such showpieces as the Crystal Palace and the Eiffel Tower possible?

The mass production of iron and steel

Look at this image. What facts do we know about the Olumeye bowl?

The material in which the bowl was sculpted The name of the sculptor who constructed the bowl

What technological advancement of the 1980s influenced digital design and manufacturing?

The personal computer

What was Auguste Rodin memorializing in The Burghers of Calais?

The self-sacrifice of six townsmen of 14th-century Calais

Look at this image. Why is Roxy Paine's steel sculpture Conjoined particularly inventive?

The shining metal seems at odds with the animated organic form.

To what is green architecture largely a response?

The unsustainable cost of industrialization

How does the Great Friday Mosque in Djenné, Mali demonstrate the demands of load-bearing construction?

The walls gently taper as they rise.

Look at this image. What is the formal pose of Menkaure and Khamerenebty meant to convey?

Their eternal existence Their status as "junior gods" The power of the rulers

Which are characteristics of earthworks?

They enter into the natural world and participate in its changes. They were originally conceived of as a way to make art that could not be bought and sold. The element of time is central to earthworks.

In lost-wax casting, what is the purpose of the metal pins placed into the clay core?

They hold the core in place after the wax melts.

Why did some find the design of Maya Lin's Vietnam Memorial controversial?

They objected to the unconventional, abstract element of the memorial. They took its lack of familiar images and symbols of sacrifice as a criticism of the war itself. They objected to its lack of ornamentation.

For what reasons is the human form used in sculpture?

To convey power of rulers To give a being presence

Why does Liza Lou adorn the items in her installations in small glass beads?

To draw attention to items that would otherwise go unnoticed

What is one task of a designer?

To translate technological advances into aesthetically pleasing objects

Look at this image. What is the significance of the portico?

To trick visitors into thinking they were visiting a post-and-lintel temple

Which form of fiber art involves placing two sets of parallel fibers at right angles and interlacing one set with the other?

Weaving

In Greek temple design, the is the band of of lintels immediately over the columns, and directly beneath the frieze.

architrave

In a vaulted church, each rectangular division of space, consisting of one groin vault, is called a ______.

bay

Suspension techniques are most closely associated with the construction of .

bridges

During the mid-19th century the experimental use of ______ as a building material allowed for breakthroughs in the development of the skeleton-and-skin structural system.

cast-iron

The technique of melting metal to a liquid state and pouring it into a mold is called ______.

casting

When ______ has been first shaped, then dried, and finally fired, it is most permanent.

clay

The decorative ornament on the ceiling of a dome, which also serves to lessen the weight, is known as ______.

coffering

A work of art that is made for a specific place using natural materials found there is called a(n) ______.

earthwork

The skeleton of the was the aesthetic focus because it had no decorative embellishments.

eiffel tower

Sculptor Huma Bhabha uses _____ in her sculptures.

found objects

True or false: All cultures make finite distinctions made between art and craft.

false

True or false: Installation art always replicates familiar spaces such as hotel rooms or offices.

false

When a metal is shaped through hammer blows, it is called ______.

forging

Snowmen, Sandcastles and Christo and Jeanne-Claude's The Gates are all examples of _____.

impermanent sculptures

The age ushered in the harnessing of steam, leading to the creation of the steam engine, the internal combustion engine, and the turbine.

industrial

Look at this image. This Ardabil carpet from 16th-century Persia was labor-intensive because it used the ______ technique, in which segments of wool were tied to a woven ground.

knotting

Architects call the forces that act upon a building ______.

loads

The French term bas-relief means relief, which is when the figures protrude only a small degree from the background.

low

When glass is heated, it becomes , or melted.

molten

A circular opening at the top of a dome is called the ______.

oculus

A hard white translucent ceramic made of white clay is called ______.

porcelain

The liquid form of ceramic used in casting is called

slip

The process of putting clay on the spinning disk of a potter's wheel, then shaping it with the hands, is called ______.

throwing

The ______ is the essential geometric form in the construction and support of a geodesic dome.

triangle

True or false: Around 1980 many architects began using two-dimensional drawing programs to guide construction of architectural projects.

true

True or false: If we no longer know the original context in which an object was created, we can still appreciate it as a work of art.

true

True or false: Scientists in the 19th and 20th centuries dug up graves, disturbed sacred sites and human remains in pursuit of their research into indigenous cultures.

true

Referring to ceramics, textiles, metalwork, and woodwork as applied arts suggests that these objects are merely ______.

utilitarian

When deciding on the structural system for a building, ______ and ______ are the first considerations.

weight; tensile strength

Because ______ is renewable, available, and easily carved, almost all civilizations, old and new, have made objects from it.

wood