History: Unit 6

Feudalism: Serfs lived in crowded ___________________.

cottages

Feudalism: The lord provided the ____________ (peasants) with ____________________, ___________________, and ______________________.

serfs, housing, farmland, protection

The Crusades: In return for fighting in the Crusade, the pope promised forgiveness of ___________.

sins

Feudalism: They took captives to sell as _______________.

slaves

Late Middle ages: Shortage of ____________ (Rise in price of Labor).

workers

Medieval Christianity: In the late 1000s and early 1100s, a wave of _______________________ enthusiasm led to a rise in monasteries and monastic _______________________.

religious, orders

The Growth of European Kingdoms: By the late ninth century, King ___________ the Great united various kingdoms in England and established rule by _____________ kings.

Alfred, Anglo-Saxon

Feudalism: From about 800 to 1000, invasions destroyed the ________________________ Empire.

Carolingian

The Crusades: The Crusades were fought by knights who were motivated by the promise of _________________ fervor, _________________, and the possibility of ______________ and a title.

religious, adventure, wealth

Culture of the Middle Ages: The University of _____________ was the first university in northern Europe.

Paris

Culture of the Middle Ages: In the 12th Century, literature was being written in the __________________.

vernacular

Peasants, Trade, & Cities: Cities were enclosed in ________ and had ___________, _____________ living conditions. _________ outnumbered ______________.

walls, crowded, unsanitary, men, women

Peasants, Trade, & Cities: An improvement in ______________ made crop harvests more successful.

climate

Late Middle ages: End to _______________.

serfdom

Late Middle ages: English King ________________, Duke of Gascony, pledges loyalty to ____________.

Edward III, France

Culture of the Middle Ages: "________________" by Geoffery Chaucer.

The Canterbury Tales

Feudalism: _______________ a member of the heavily armored calvary.

Knight

Late Middle ages: The Hundred Years' War proved to be a turning point in the nature of _______________.

warfare

Feudalism: In return, serfs (peasants)tended the lord's ________, cared for his ___________________, and maintained the _________.

land, animals, estate

Peasants, Trade, & Cities: The Population of Europe nearly doubled between 1000 and 1300 (_____ million to ______ million).

38, 74

The Crusades: In the First Crusade, European Christians captured __________________ in 1098. In June 1099, they reached __________________ and killed many of its inhabitants.

Antioch, Jerusalem

Feudalism: They were expert seafarers, attacking settlements on the ______________ and __________________________ coasts. They attacked as far inland as _______________________.

Atlantic, Mediterranean, Switzerland

Late Middle ages: ____________ merchants brought the plague with them from ____________, on the Black Sea, to the island of __________ in 1347.

Italian, Kaffa, Sicily

Feudalism: The nobles were ______________, ______________, ________________, _________________, and even _________________ who had large landed estates.

kings, dukes, counts, barons, bishops

Late Middle ages: The path of the Black Death followed the ____________ routes.

trade

Feudalism: The __________________, a nomadic people, attacked from the _________, from what is now Hungary.

Magyars, east

Feudalism: The manor was largely a _____________________________ community.

self-sufficient

Feudalism: Peasant families owed the village priest a ____________, or church tax.

tithe

Medieval Christianity: In Europe, pilgrims often traveled to Rome or Santiago de Compostela, which housed the _______________________ of several of the apostles.

tomb

Peasants, Trade, & Cities: More than 100 cities in the area of the ____________ Sea and _____________ Sea banded together for mutual __________________ and _______________ opportunity (Hanseatic League).

Baltic, North, protection, economic,

Feudalism: Peasants had a __________

harsh life

The Growth of European Kingdoms: In 843, the ____________________ Empire was divided into three sections. One section formed the kingdom of ______________. In 987, ______________________ became king of France, establishing the Capetian dynasty.

Carolingian, France, Hugh Capret,

The Growth of European Kingdoms: On October 14, 1066, at the Battle of _______________, King ____________ of England was defeated by William of Normandy. The combining of the Normans with the Anglo-Saxons merged Anglo-Saxon and French into a new _____________ language.

Hastings, Harold, English

Medieval Christianity: The abbess ______________________ was an important contributor to a type of music known as _____________________ chant.

Hildegard of Bingen, Gregorian

Feudalism: The _______________ was the lord's estate.

Manor

Peasants, Trade, & Cities: An economy based on ___________ and ____________ coins, rather than ____________, emerged, as did _____________________ capitalism— investment in trade and goods for _____________.

gold, silver, barter, commercial, profit

Feudalism: A system of ___________________ and landholding emerged in Europe roughly around 850-950 A.D.

governing

Feudalism: They were excellent ___________________.

horsemen

Peasants, Trade, & Cities: As cities became centers of _____________________, craftspeople organized themselves into _____________ - associations that __________ artisans, controlled the __________ of manufactured goods, and set __________. Guilds played a key role in the ______________ life of medieval cities.

manufacturing, guilds, trained, quality, price, economic

Feudalism: Peasants also paid a tax on ___________________.

marriage

Peasants, Trade, & Cities: ____________ and _____________ settled in old Roman cities and founded new towns and cities near _________, for protection, and along _________ routes.

merchants, farmers, castles, trade

Feudalism: Feudalism was based on _____________ and _______________________. In exchange for ___________________ protection and other services, a ____________, or landowner, granted land (___________) to a _________.

rights, obligations, military, lord, fief, vassal

Medieval Christianity: In the Middle Ages, the Church played a large role in everyday life; the _____________________ guided people from birth to death, and included baptism, the Eucharist, and marriage.

sacraments

Late Middle ages: __________ Declined.

Trade

The Growth of European Kingdoms: Who did King Philip II Augustus fight against helping to expand the French monarchy? What territories did he add to the kingdom of France?

-He fought against the English -Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Aquitaine.

The Growth of European Kingdoms: How did King Henry II increase the power of the English monarchy?

-He increased the number of criminal cases tried in the king's court -devised means for taking property cases from local courts and moving them to the royal courts. -By increasing the power of the royal courts, he also increased the power of the English Monarchy.

Late Middle ages: European population of _____ million, possibly more than __________________ died of the plague from 1347-1351.

75, one-third

The Crusades: The early Crusades started when the Byzantine emperor, _______________________, enlisted the help of European powers to reclaim the Holy Land from the ___________________.

Alexius I Comnenus, Seljuk Turks

The Crusades: The last two Crusades ended in France's defeat by __________________. He later died of the _________________.

Baybars, plague

The Crusades: The monastic leader ___________________ inspired leaders such as __________________ of France and Emperor _________________ of Germany to enter into a failed Second Crusade.

Bernard of Clairvaux, King Louis VII, Conrad III

Culture of the Middle Ages: The first European university was in _____________, Italy.

Bologna

Late Middle ages: ______________ Plague was the most common form of the Black Death.

Bubonic

The Growth of European Kingdoms: King Henry II also tried to impose royal control over the ____________ by claiming the right to punish __________________ in royal courts.

Church, clergymen

Medieval Christianity: The ______________________ order of monks was one of the first to take their religion to people outside the monastery.

Cistercian

The Growth of European Kingdoms: What brought an end to the first Russian state in 1169? In the 13th century, who conquered Russia?

Civil wars and new invasions The Mongols conquered Russia.

The Growth of European Kingdoms: The southern Slavic people included the ____________, the ____________, and the __________________. Most of these people embraced Eastern __________________.

Croats, Serbs, Bulgarians, Orthodoxy

The Growth of European Kingdoms: During the reign of King __________________, the representative government that emerged in England was called __________________. Nobles and church lords formed the House of ____________; knights and townspeople formed the House of ________________.

Edward I, Parliment, Lords, Commons

Late Middle ages: King ______________ declared war on King _______________. The war lasted until 1453.

Edward III, Philip VI

Late Middle ages: In the 13th Century, ___________ still retained one small possession in France - ____________ of ________________.

England, Duchy, Gascony

Medieval Christianity: _______________________ monks preached simplicity, took vows of poverty, and aided the poor, while _______________________ also lived in poverty and battled ___________________.

Franciscan, heretics, heresy

The Growth of European Kingdoms: ________________- attempted to rule both German and Italian lands. He considered Italy the center of a "___________ Empire," and therefore it was named the Holy Roman Empire?

German kings, Holy

The Growth of European Kingdoms: In the tenth century, the eastern Frankish kingdom came to be known as ___________.

Germany

The Growth of European Kingdoms: The struggle between popes and emperors had major consequences for the Holy Roman Empire. ___________ and ____________ never created a national monarchy in the Middle Ages.

Germany, Italy

The Crusades: In 1193, Pope ___________________ initiated the Fourth Crusade. In 1204, the Western Crusaders sacked _____________________ and destroyed the power of the __________________ Empire. The empire struggled to survive for another 190 years, until it was finally conquered by the _____________________ in 1453.

Innocent III, Constantinople, Byzantine, Ottoman

Medieval Christianity: In the 1200s, Pope ______________________ used tools such as the _____________________ to bring the Church to the height of its political power.

Innocent III, indirect

Medieval Christianity: The Church's ___________________ sometimes used _____________________ to extract confessions of heresy and used executions to punish it.

Inquisition, torture

The Crusades: The Crusades began the first widespread attacks on __________, who suffered periodic _______________, or defamatory statements, attacks, and expulsions.

Jews, libels

Late Middle ages: ______________________, a 17 year old French peasant girl, led the French to victory at the Siege of _____________, turning point in the war.

Joan of Arc, Orleans

Culture of the Middle Ages: __________ was the universal language of medieval civilization.

Latin

The Growth of European Kingdoms: During the thirteenth century, _________________ was known for bringing justice to his people by hearing their complaints in person.

Louis IX

Medieval Christianity: Medieval Christians dedicated churches to _______________________ and venerated _____________________, objects connected with saints.

Mary, men and women

Feudalism: The ________________ struck from the south.

Muslims

Feudalism: In 911, Vikings formed a region of France that came to be known as __________________.

Normandy

The Growth of European Kingdoms: The eastern Slavic people of Moravia converted to ____________________ Christianity.

Orthodox

The Growth of European Kingdoms: In 962, __________ was crowned emperor of the Romans.

Otto

Late Middle ages: In 1337, King _____________ of France seized the territory.

Philip IV

The Growth of European Kingdoms: In 1302, _________________ held a meeting of the Estates-General, the first French parliament. The members consisted of three _______________, or orders; The First Estate, the _________________, the Second Estate, the _______________, and the Third Estate, the _____________________ and __________________.

Philip IV, estates, clergy, nobles, townspeoples and peasants

The Growth of European Kingdoms: The western Slavic people formed the ____________ and ________________ kingdoms.

Polish, Bohemian

The Growth of European Kingdoms: The Poles, Czechs in Bohemia, and Hungarians all accepted Western Christianity and became part of the ______________________________ and its _________ culture.

Roman Catholic Church, Latin

The Crusades: In 1187, Jerusalem fell to ____________________, the leader of the Muslims. This prompted the Third Crusade led at its end by ___________________, the Lionhearted, who negotiated a settlement that gave ________________ pilgrims free access to Jerusalem.

Saladin, King Richard, Christian

Peasants, Trade, & Cities: _____________________ innovations—such as the heavy-wheeled plow (_______________)—made population growth possible.

Technological, carruca

The Growth of European Kingdoms: Why did the Pope and the cities of northern Italy oppose Frederick I's attempt to conquer Italy?

The Pope feared that he wanted to include Rome and the Papal States as part of his empire.

Feudalism: The __________ came from Scandanavia (Denmark, Norway, and Sweden). The Vikings, also called the _________________ or ___________________, were a Germanic people.

Vikings, Northmen, Norsemen

Peasants, Trade, & Cities: Trade developed gradually in medieval Europe, with ____________ and other ____________ cities trading in the ____________ and towns in ____________ becoming hubs of commerce in northern Europe.

Venice, Italian, Mediterranean, Flanders

The Growth of European Kingdoms: ______________________, archbishop of Canterbury, claimed that only the _________________________ courts could try the clergy. King Henry II ordered four ____________ to murder the archbishop.

Thomas a Becket, Roman Catholic Church, knights

Culture of the Middle Ages: The _______________ of today, with faculty, students, and degrees, was a product of the ______________.

University, HIgh Middle Ages

The Crusades: Pope _______________ framed the Crusades as a quest to free Jerusalem and the Holy Land from _________________, or unbelievers.

Urban II, infidels

The Growth of European Kingdoms: The eastern Slavic peoples settled in the Ukraine and Russia and were encountered by Swedish ______________. These native people were dominated by the Vikings and were called, "__________________."

Vikings, the Rus

The Crusades: At the end of the "___________________________", two ships sank in a storm. The children on the other five ships were sold into _______________ in North Africa.

children's crusade, slavery

Feudalism: In the Middle Ages, the ideal of civilized behavior, called ___________________, developed among the nobility. It was a code of _________________ that ____________________ were supposed to uphold.

chivalry, ethics, knights

Peasants, Trade, & Cities: Peasants lived in simple thatched _________________ and performed a variety of tasks, determined by the seasons of the year, as they raised food for themselves and their lords.

cottages

Peasants, Trade, & Cities: To ensure their ____________ they needed to engage in __________, ____________ purchased _________ from the lord who controlled their territories. Eventually, cities developed their own governments.

freedom, trade, townspeople, rights

The Crusades: The Crusades helped cause the end of _________________ and the emergence of nation-states.

fuedalism

Medieval Christianity: The _____________________ Controversy, which was initiated by a decree from Pope Gregory VII in 1075, ended in an 1122 compromise called the ________________________.

investiture, Concordat of Worms

Culture of the Middle Ages: Vernacular was the __________ of everyday speech in a particular _____________, such as Spanish, ____________, English, or _____________.

language, region, French, German

Late Middle ages: French were successful because of the use of the ______________ and the ______________.

longbow, cannon

Feudalism: Vassal was a man who served a ____________ in a _________________ capacity.

lord, military

Peasants, Trade, & Cities: A manor was an estate owned by a __________ and farmed by ______________, most of whom were __________. The serfs owed __________ and ____________ and lived under the lord's feudal authority.

lord, peasants, serfs, rent, labor

The Growth of European Kingdoms: Many English ___________ resented the growing power of the King. In 1215, at Runnymede, King _____________ was forced to sign the "Great Charter", or ____________________, which limited the monarch's power.

nobles, John, Magna Carta

Peasants, Trade, & Cities: Relative _____________________ meant an increase in stability.

peacufulness

Late Middle ages: _____________ foot soldiers, not knights, won the chief battles of the war.

peasant,

Late Middle ages: Decline in _________ lowered demand for food (Lower _________ prices).

people, food

Medieval Christianity: Christians also made ________________________ to shrines, the greatest of which, they believed was the Holy City of _______________________.

pilgrimages, Jerusalem

Culture of the Middle Ages: Romanesque Architecture Massive ___________ Thick _________ Rounded _____________ Intersecting _____________ Large ________ Little space for ___________

pillars, walls, arches, barrel vaults, towers, windows

The Crusades: The Crusades benefited some Italian ______________ cities, increasing trade with the Eastern world.

port

Late Middle ages: It spread by ________ infested with __________ carrying a deadly bacterium.

rats, fleas

Feudalism: The Vikings attacked quickly because their ships could sail in ___________ water of European rivers.

shallow

Culture of the Middle Ages: Gothic Architecture Pointed ___________ Intricate ______________ Ribbed _______________ ____________ arches Flying ____________ Thin _________ _____________________ windows

spires, sculptures, vaults, pointed, Buttresses, walls, stained glass

Feudalism: Peasants paid a ___________ on all grain ground in the lord's mill.

tax

Medieval Christianity: Medieval popes controlled the ___________________ in Italy, and bishops were often ____________________ to nobles.

territories, vassals

Peasants, Trade, & Cities: A change from ___________________ to _____________________ crop rotation allowed people to grow more crops as fewer fields were left _______ during each new growing season.

two-field, three-field, fallow