Athletic Injuries

Flu generally has an incubation period of time length:

48 hours

How long does treatment of a significant hamstring strain commonly take?

6-8 weeks

How many vertebrae are in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions of the spine?

7, 12, 5

A dislocated shoulder outwardly displays which of the following?

A flattened deltoid

What is a bloodbourne pathogen?

A microorganism that can cause disease

Which of the following conditions is characterized by pain and discomfort during and immediately following exercise?

Acute onset muscle soreness

Which of the following is a prevalent cause of exercise induced death?

Anomalous origin of the coronary artery Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Marfan's syndrome

The relaxation of which type of muscle occurs as a response to a contraction of the opposing muscle?

Antagonist

What direction does the shoulder most commonly dislocate?

Anteriorly

With most elbow dislocations resulting from falling on an outstretched hand, which way will the humerus dislocate on the ulnar and radius?

Anteriorly

Abdominal rigidity and pain at McBurney's point may indicate what condition?

Appendicitis

When one is controlling external bleeding, what is the sequence of events for care?

Apply direct pressure over the wound and elevate the body part

What is the first step you should take when caring for all skin wounds, or potentially infectious bodily fluids?

Apply gloves prior to touching the wound

The court acknowledges that hazards are present in sports. This concept is called:

Assumption of risk

Which of these is NOT a symptom of shock?

Athlete's pulse rate is very slow (ARE: sluggish/drowsy, shallow and rapid respirations, ashen and clammy skin)

Which of the following fractures is characterized by a bone fragment that has been pulled away from the bone?

Avulsion fracture

Most serious cervical injuries in football result from which of the following mechanisms of injury?

Axial loading as a result of spearing

Neuromuscular control of the ankle specifically uses which type of exercise to assist in preventing ankle injuries?

Balance

Which of the following mechanisms causes a transverse fracture?

Bending

Which of the following drugs is NOT considered a stimulant?

Beta blockers

Any athlete who receives a severe blow to the abdomen or back region should be instructed to check for what sign(s)?

Blood in the urine

Getting the "wind knocked out" of you is characteristic of what condition?

Blow to solar plexus

If an athlete is unable to use the arm and complains of unilateral burning, numbness, and radiating pain after trauma; however, after a short while the signs disappear. Which of the following conditions is plausible?

Brachial plexus injury

Which of the following is correct regarding an injury to the lateral collateral ligament?

Can be managed the same as an injury to the MCL

The body's most efficient energy source is from what food group?

Carbohydrates

Which of the following components of a rehabilitation program is most commonly neglected?

Cardiorespiratory fitness

When trauma has occurred to the ear, tearing of the overlying tissue from the cartilaginous plate may result in fluid accumulation. This problem would be referred to as which of the following?

Cauliflower ear

Which of the following is part of the sports medicine team?

Certified Athletic Trainer Coach Exersice Physiologist

A heel bruise may develop into what condition?

Chronic Inflammation of the periosteum

What type of fracture results from the radius and ulna being forced backward and upward (hyperextension)?

Colles' fracture

What is the condition when tissue fluid pressure has increased because of the confines of the fascia and/or bone resulting in compression of the muscles, nerves and blood vessels?

Compartment Syndrome

What symptom is associated with stress fractures?

Complaints of pain that increases after activity

Which of the following is the single most important consideration in preventing a head injury?

Correct tackling technique

Which of the following conditions occurs 12 hours after injury and is most intense after 24 to 48 hours?

DOMS

In teens, the excessive use of anabolic steroids will cause all of the following except which side effect?

Decreased male mammary glands

Side effects from taking extra oral contraceptive pills to delay menstruation during competition include all of the following except for which side effect?

Dehydration

When assessing a potentially unconscious athlete, what is the first action that must be taken?

Determine the level of consciousness and unresponsiveness

In the absence of a certified athletic trainer a coach must be able to do all of the following except:

Diagnose injuries

Which of the following definitions best describes the field of "sports medicine"?

Different specialized areas related to performance and injury

The anterior cruciate ligament is most often injured during what phase?

During deceleration with the knee in valgus and the tibia internally rotated

The female athletic triad includes all of the following except for which condition?

Dysmenorrhea

The syndrome identified by cramps, nausea, lower abdominal pain, and headache during menstruation is called what?

Dysmenorrhea

What is a bunion formation also known as?

Exostosis

Which of the following protects the privacy of a student's educational record?

FERPA

Which of the following is the most common mechanism for an most injuries to the shoulder/upper extremity?

Fall on an outstretched arm/hand FOOSH

What can be caused from activity on hard surfaces or prolonged stress on the balls of the feet?

Fallen longitudinal arch

Manufacturers of products do not have a duty to design equipment that will not cause injury; it is the responsibility of the user to use it safely.

False

Plantar fasciitis, or heel spur syndrome, is rarely seen in distance runners but is very common in sprinters.

False

Bleeding under the toenail bed should be relieved between 24-48 hours after the injury.

False - 12-24 hours!

Once an athlete returns to the weight room with the strength and conditioning coach following an injury, the athletic trainer does not have any responsibilities for this athlete's training regimen.

False - The athlete may still require limitations in training or need to be slowly progressed into certain activities in the weight room so they are safe.

An athlete's medicial information may be released to the athletic director, the team physician, and the player's teammates.

False - The information should NEVER be released to teammates. It can only be released to athletic director, team physician and coach IF the athlete has signed a HIPAA compliant release.

Turf toe is a hyperflexion injury of the great toe.

False - hyperextension

Which of the following endpoints indicates a first-degree sprain to a ligament?

Firm with little or no instability and some pain present

When an elbow is dislocated it is important to consider the possibility of what secondary injury?

Fracture, Tearing or pinching of the nerves, Disruption of the normal blood supply

Which of the following is a reaction to a chronic injury?

Frustration

What is the component of the rehabilitation program that involves a series of progressive activities designed to prepare an individual for return to a specific sport?

Functional progression

Which of the following is the simplest way to prevent injury to the young athlete?

Give close attention to complaints of pain

Which of the following is NOT a factor when setting goals for rehabilitation?

Give the athlete a specific date to return to activity

What type of fracture is characterized by an incomplete break in a bone that has not completely ossified?

Greenstick fracture

Which of the following regulates how an athlete's health information can be shared?

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

If an athlete presents with red skin color, what are the potential conditions they may be suffering from?

Heatstroke, high blood pressure or insulin shock

What is the condition in which an athlete takes a violent blow or compression to the chest, without any accompanying rib fracture, and presents with severe pain during breathing, coughing up of blood, and signs of shock?

Hemothorax

An injury that results from a direct blow that results in an extremely painful contusion to the iliac crest causing bleeding in the transversus abdominus and oblique muscles is known as what?

Hip Pointer

Which of the following is NOT a crisis symptom for sickle cell anemia?

Hyperactivity

The primary purpose of a preseason health exam is to:

Identify whether an athlete is at risk before they participate

Which of the following is a condition common to runners and cyclists characterized by pain and irritation over the lateral femoral condyle?

Iliotibial band syndrome

When does the rehabilitation process start?

Immediately after the injury has occurred

When is the best time to give feedback to a child on performance?

Immediately after the mistake was made

The coach should take all of the following steps if he/she recognizes overtraining in an athlete except:

Increase the intensity of activities and lower the amount of work

All of these conditions occur in an anemic individual except for which of the following?

Increased oxygen carrying capacity of molecultes

Sciatica is a term used to describe which of the following?

Inflammation of the sciatic nerve

Which kind of strengthening exercises are used commonly in the early phase of rehabilitation?

Isometric exercises

The presence of hematuria in an athlete participating in a contact or collision sport could be a sign or symptom of what condition?

Kidney contusion

Which lumbar vertebra is most likely to slip as a result of spondylolisthesis?

L5

The mechanism of injury that leaves the posterior cruciate ligament at greatest risk for injury is which of the following?

Landing on the anterior aspect of the bent knee with the foot plantar flexed

An avascular necrosis of the femoral head seen in children 3 to 12 years of age is called what?

Legg-Pertes Disease

The state of being legally responsible for the harm one causes another person is:

Liability

When evaluating an unconscious athlete which of the following would you do first?

Look for the possibility of impaired breathing/circulation (signs of life)

Which of the following is a common reaction to a career ending injury?

Loss of identity

Prevention of cervical spinal injuries is best accomplished by which of the following?

Maintaining normal flexibility Increasing the strength of the neck musculature Selecting and fitting any necessary protective equipment for all athletes

A deformity caused by a rupture of the extensor tendon over the distal phalanx is called what condition?

Mallet finger

What is a stress fracture of the 2nd metatarsal?

March fracture

What is a general term applied to a variety of overuse lower leg conditions that seasonally plague many athletes?

Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome

What is a general term to describe pain in the ball of the foot?

Metatarsalgia

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of a diabetic coma?

Moist, cool, and pale skin

Which of the following conditions predisposes an athlete to injuries of the spleen?

Mononucleosis

What is a condition in which nerves are entrapped between the metatarsal heads producing swelling with distal, radiating pain?

Morton's neuroma

The ability of a muscle group to exert force rapidly is called:

Muscular power

Improper care of a thigh contusion leading to incomplete absorption of the hematoma and producing a formation similar to cartilage or bone, what is this called?

Myositis Ossificans

Which of the following complications is a result of repeated blows to the same area?

Myositis Ossificans

Failure to use ordinary or reasonable care is known as:

Negligence

What condition can occur with a Jones Fracture due to its poor blood supply?

Non-union Fracture

Which of the following fractures is caused by axial compression, bending, and torsion?

Oblique Fracture

What type of dressing is most beneficial in keeping a wound moist and providing a barrier against disease transmission?

Occlusive dressing

OSHA stands for

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

List one of the three types of negligent acts, its definition and a real world example.

One type of negligence is when a caregiver does something that a reasonably prudent person would not. A real life example of this could be a coach performing a tracheotomy on an athlete who passed out and is not breathing. This would be classified under the tort: malfeasance (act of commission) which means that an individual does something that is not legally their act to perform.

What condition is it when there is an apophysitis at the insertion of the patellar tendon on the tibial tubercle?

Osgood Schlatter's disease

Repeated stress on the pubic symphysis and adjacent bony structures by the pull of muscles in the area causes what condition?

Osteitis Pubis

The adolescent athlete who complains of sudden pain and locking of the elbow joint should be suspected of having which of the following conditions?

Osteochondritis dessicans

A painful condition involving partial or complete separation of a piece of articular cartilage or subchondral bone is which of the following?

Osteochondritis dissecans

When an athlete has suffered a clavicular fracture which of the following signs and symptoms will be apparent?

Palpation at the injury site reveals tenderness, The athlete is supporting his/her arm with the unaffected arm , The clavicle appears lower than the unaffected side

Which of the following injuries would NOT cause a joint effusion?

Patellar tendinitis

What is the main goal of performance therapy?

Performance therapy is based off of highlighting imbalances and dysfunctions and using therapeutic measures to address and correct them. Essentially it is rehabilitation for the athlete that is often movement-based.

What is the main goal of performance training?

Performance training is all about optimizing the performance of the athlete by addressing various aspects of sports performance and assigning functional training periods that involve them in order to allow the athlete to play safely and at his/her best potential.

Which of the following is a sign of insulin shock?

Physical weakness Moist and pale skin Drooping eyelids

Of the professionals listed below, who has the ultimate responsibility for the total healthcare of the student-athlete?

Physician

A common foot condition with a sudden onset of pain in the arch region that is relieved by becoming non weight-bearing and presents with extreme point tenderness at the plantar surface of the calcaneus may be indicative of what condition?

Plantar Fascia Strain

What is a treatment for turf toe?

Plantar flexion taping

What is the most common mechanism of injury to the ankle complex?

Plantar flexion/inversion

Which of the following is the mechanism of injury for an Achilles tendon rupture?

Plantarflexion

A condition in which the pleural cavity becomes filled with air that has entered through an opening in the chest is called what?

Pneumothorax

Which of the following signs and/or symptoms is the most easily discernible difference between a cervical dislocation and cervical fracture?

Position of the neck

In managing a scrotal contusion, the first responsibility is to do what?

Position the athlete on his side

Which of the following organizations allows the individual discounted health care, but only if they see a physician on the approved list?

Preferred Provider Organization

What is the danger associated with a ruptured spleen?

Profuse hemorrhaging that could result in death

In reference to types of stretching techniques, what does PNF stand for?

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation

Which of the following is the reason that impingement injuries occur?

Reduction of the space through which the supraspinatus muscle can pass

Lateral epicondylitis results from which of the following mechanisms?

Repetitive extension of the wrist

Which of the following is the key to treating tendonitis?

Resting the injured area by eliminating the irritating activity

Match the following words with their definitions. Based off of the how to approach performance therapy and training.

Restore: return the body to baseline after injury or inactivity Optimize: identify imbalances, compensations, and poor movement patterns Enhance: Improve main components of movement and human performance (mobility, strength, power, agility, endurance) Maintain: as you use your body and alter stress, maintain mobility, strength, dynamic stability, and performance

Which of the following is NOT a part of management during a seizure?

Restrain the athlete so he/she does not hurt himself/herself

An irritation located between the calcaneus and the Achilles tendon is commonly called a "pump bump." It is also known as what?

Retrocalcaneal Bursitis

If an athlete shows any sign of concussion the following should occur except:

Return to play after being asymptomatic for 20 min

Which of the following bodily fluids does not transmit HIV?

Saliva

If a straight leg raise causes pain, which of the following could be the problem?

Sciatic nerve Sacroiliac joint Lumbar spine

All of the following are examples of closed kinetic chain exercises except:

Seated knee extensions

Which of the following can occur if an athlete who sustained a previous concussion is returned to play prior to resolution of symptoms and then receives another head injury?

Second-impact syndrome

List and explain 2 of the 5 main keys to injury prevention:

Sex, Identifying risks

If an unconscious athlete has a feeble and irregular pulse, had breathing that was shallow and irregular, and was pale and cold with equal pupils, what would the athlete be exeperiencing?

Shock

Which of the following would be considered an acute injury?

Shoulder Subluxation

Which of the following stems from an upper respiratory infection?

Sinusitis

List the most important aspects of recovery from exercise activity and injury:

Sleep Proper Hydration Solid Nutrition

Sports movements that characteristically hyperextend the spine are likely to cause which of the following?

Spodylolysis

Which of the following tests checks for sacroiliac joint dysfunction?

Straight leg raise Compression Distraction

In managing an initial hamstring strain, which of the following should be avoided?

Stretching using ballistic movements

Which of the following is the most important and most commonly injured bursa of the shoulder joint?

Subacromial bursa

The empty can test is used to determine injury to what muscle?

Supraspinatus

What consideration should the pre-event meal do?

Take into consideration the digestibility of food

Eversion ankle sprains are associated with which of the following?

Tearing of the deltoid ligament

What is the most common mechanism of injury for a patellar dislocation

The foot is planted and the knee is in valgus

How do you establish negligence (hint: 4 steps)?

The four steps in establishing negligence are: 1. Establishing that a duty of care was present between the caregiver and the injured individual. (duty) 2. Proving that there was a failure of the caregiver to perform that duty. (breach) 3. The failure to perform the duty resulted in the injury to the individual. (causation) 4. Proof of resultant damages to the individual, property, or punitive. (damages)

Children are at greater risk than adults for sports and recreational injuries except which of the following?

They have quicker reaction time

What degree classification of a ligament sprain involves total tearing of tissue?

Third degree

What muscle passes behind the medial malleolus?

Tibialis Posterior

What is the medical term for Athlete's foot?

Tinea pedis

What should be a child's motivation for competition?

To enjoy the activity

Third degree inversion ankle sprains are often associated with what trauma?

Total rupture of lateral ligaments

A Jones fracture occurs at the base of the fifth metatarsal and most often occurs as sequela of a stress fracture.

True

A bunion on the first metatarsal is often associated with a depressed or flattened transverse arch and a pronated foot.

True

An athlete sprains their ankle during a soccer practice. If a trained individual fails to care for this athlete they can be held liable for such negligence.

True

Because of the amount of litigation for alleged negligence, all professionals involved in sports programs should carry liability insurance.

True

Decreasing the size of a callus can help prevent problems, but the entire callus should not be removed.

True

Fractures of the phalanges are usually the bone-crushing type, such as those that may be incurred by kicking an object or stubbing the toe.

True

If an individual modifies a piece of protective equipment and an athlete sustains an injury, that individual can be held liable.

True

The coach is directly responsible for preventing injuries through the application of conditioning programs.

True

The components of a pre-participation exam include a physical exam, a maturity assessment, and an orthopedic exam.

True

Treatment of Morton's neuroma involves placing a teardrop shaped pad between the heads of the third and fourth metatarsals.

True

If an athlete complains of burning and tingling or paresthesia in the fourth and fifth fingers, what structure may be damaged?

Ulnar nerve

In a sternoclavicular sprain, the clavicle is generally displaced in what direction?

Upward and anteriorly

When transporting an athlete with a suspected spinal or pelvic injury, what techniques should be used?

Use a spine board and move under medical direction

Which of the following splints is best suited for an injury in which the body part is angulated?

Vacuum Splint

Individuals taking blood-thinning medications should closely monitor their intake of foods containing which vitamin?

Vitamin K

Which of the following is not a sign of anterior compartment syndrome?

Weakness in the gastrocnemius

An athlete has been hit in the head, briefly lost consciousness, and was removed from the game.

When cleared by a physician

When does a herniated disk produce symptoms?

When the annulus of the disk pushes on the nerve root

Which of the following is a cause of chondromalacia?

abnormal patellar tracking

Which of the following is the number one abused drug in the United States?

alcohol

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a bronchial asthma attack?

anaphylaxis

The Lachman's Test is used to evaluate stability of which of the following?

anterior cruciate ligament

An athlete demonstrating a vague fear, a sense of apprehension and restlessness is exhibiting symptoms of which of the following?

anxiety

Which of the following is a complication of a hip dislocation?

avascular necrosis

Which of the following wounds results from the skin being torn from the body?

avulsion

Which of the following minerals is extremely important for bones and teeth, for the body to be able to create a muscle contraction, and for proper nerve conduction?

calcium

Feelings of joint locking are associated with injury to which structure?

cartilage

What condition has an MOI of a direct blow to the thorax or a fall on a ball that compresses the rib cage?

costal cartilage injury

Which of the following occurs when an athlete feels an overwhelming feeling of hopelessness or loneliness?

depression

Diabetic athletes engaging in vigorous physical activity should not eat before exercising.

false

Gamekeeper's thumb involves forceful adduction of the proximal phalanx causing a sprain of the ulnar collateral ligament.

false

Increased muscle tension through strengthening can help stabilize the joint sufficiently to compensate for the loss of stability in a third degree sprain.

false

Open kinetic chain exercises consist of those exercises in which the foot or hand is in contact with the ground or some other object.

false

Passive range of motion requires a muscle contraction.

false

Tanner's staging emphasizes athletes in grades 7-12 must be matched by age and not by maturity.

false

The SAID Principle states that all types of training at any intensity will prepare the body for a specific sport

false

The coach must have appropriate counseling skills to confront an athlete's fears, frustrations, and daily crises and to handle all serious emotional problems.

false

When treating any type of wound, it should be cleaned with hydrogen peroxide.

false

For an athlete suffering from the Female Athlete Triad, bone mineral density is the quickest to return to normal baseline.

false - Bone mineral density can take years to return to normal

Neglecting an injured athlete after an injury will make them work harder in rehabilitation.

false - It will actually make their compliance to rehabilitation and effort worse

A strain involves damage to a ligament, and a sprain involves damage to a muscle.

false - Strain involved damage to a muscle or tendon

The athlete who enters a contest while angry, frustrated, or discouraged is less prone to injury than the individual who is going all out in the competition.

false - They are actually more prone to injury if they exhibit these emotions as it distracts their focus and may have other ramifications with how the compete in their sport

When splinting a displaced fracture, you should first realign the bones then splint the area using a rapid form splint.

false - Two rules for splinting: Always splint in the position you find it in Always splint the joint above and below the fracture site

A venous hemorrhage is characterized by a rapid flow of blood escaping in rhythmic spurts.

false - this describes arterial hemorrhaging

Which of the phases involves scar formation and repair?

fibroblastic

One key to injury prevention/mitigation is to not put ____________ on dysfunction.

fitness

Which of the following is used to determine an athlete's ability to perform a specific activity?

functional tests

Forearm splints are seen most frequently in which sport?

gymnastics

Which of the following bones of the wrist is most commonly injured from contact while holding an object?

hamate

Which of the following is NOT a fungal infection?

herpes

Which of the following modalities can be used to modulate pain acutely?

ice

During which phase of the healing process do phagocytic cells clean up the area?

inflammatory

Pelvis stress fractures tend to occur during what type(s) of activity?

intensive training, competitive racing, overuse forces

Which of the following is the most common site for osteoarthritis?

knees, hips, lumbar spine

A patella usually dislocates in what direction?

lateral

Most injuries to the medial collateral ligament result from blows to what aspect of the knee?

lateral

Which of the following organs has a lower risk of injury in sports activities?

liver

Which of the phases may take several years to complete?

maturation

Which of the following ligaments protect the knee from valgus stress and external tibial rotational forces?

medial collateral

Which of the following structures have the responsibility of cushioning the knee during impact activity?

menisci

List in appropriate order the four pillars of movement therapy and training.

movement, mobility, control, load

Which of the following associations do NOT have a specific policy on drug testing?

nfhs

Which cells lay down new bone tissue?

osteoblasts

Increasing the strenuousness of exercise to a consistently higher level through maximum or near-maximum stimulation is an application of what principle?

overload

Which type of wound is tetanus associated with?

puncture

What type of injury occurs when a bone comes partially out of its normal articulation then goes right back into place?

subluxation

What is the preferred treatment by most physicians for an athlete with a hernia?

surgical repair

When it is determined appropriate to remove equipment, how many rescuers with training and experience in equipment removal should be present?

three

A first time dislocation should be considered and treated as a fracture.

true

A long-term goal of any rehabilitation program is to return the athlete to participation as quickly and as safely as possible.

true

A stress fracture resulting from repeated microtrauma commonly occurs in weight bearing bones.

true

A trigger point is a tight band of muscle occurring in the neck and upper back.

true

After wrapping a wound or injury with a bandage or roller gauze you need to check capillary refill to ensure that the distal blood flow is still intact.

true

All institutions should take responsibility to education students about bloodbourne pathogens.

true

An acromioclavicular sprain is most often induced by a direct blow to the tip of the shoulder, pushing the acromion process downward, or a fall on an outstretched hand.

true

An athlete's coping skills, past history of injury, social support, and personality traits can influence their reaction to injury.

true

An athlete's physician makes the final decision as to whether he/she can return to full competition and practice.

true

An individual suffering from disordered eating may often show signs of multiple types of eating disorders.

true

Any process that changes the mechanics of a joint can eventually lead to osteoarthritis.

true

Burnout is characterized by frequent headaches, gastrointestinal disturbances, sleeplessness, and chronic fatigue.

true

Chlamydia, if left untreated, can result in pelvic inflammatory disease which can lead to infertility.

true

Core stabilization exercises strengthen the muscles of the low back, pelvis, abdomen, and hips.

true

Fractures occur as a result of extreme stresses and strains that are placed on bones.

true

Full range of motion of an affected body part is a major criterion before the athlete returns to participation.

true

Functional progressions must be incorporated into a rehabilitation program to help the athlete achieve normal ROM, adequate strength and neuromuscular control.

true

HBV is more likely to spread than HIV because it can survive outside the body for longer periods of time.

true

Heat should be introduced after at least 72 hours post injury.

true

If an athlete is prone, not breathing, and you suspect a spinal cord injury, log roll the athlete onto the back and perform rescue breathing or CPR if deemed there is also no pulse.

true

If children are ready for participation in organized sports or activities, then they are ready for some type of strength training.

true

In treating an individual for shock, one must not give anything by mouth until a physician has determined that no surgical intervention is indicated.

true

Injury may affect an athlete as much psychologically, as it does physiologically.

true

Medical care for a common cold includes treating the individual symptomatically for malaise, headache, sneezing, and nasal discharge.

true

Most narcotics used in medicine are derived from opium or are synthetically similar

true

Non-contact sports can be just as likely to create injury through recurrent microtraumas.

true

Nutrients eaten several days before competition are much more important than what is eaten three hours prior to competition at the pre-game meal.

true

Physicians generally agree that a first-time dislocation may be associated with a fracture, and therefore should only be reduced by a physician.

true

Stress can be positive or negative and our bodies are equipped with the ability to cope with both conditions.

true

Tenosynovitis is the inflammation of the tendon sheath causing the sliding tendon to adhere to the synovial sheath.

true

The body language of the coach or support staff is important when an athlete is trying to express their apprehension about an injury.

true

The classic signs of infection are similar as those for inflammation.

true

The number one greatest risk factor for injury is previous injury.

true

The proper ratio of compressions to breaths for a sing rescuer is 30 compressions to 2 breaths.

true

The two most commonly contused muscles are the quadriceps and the biceps group.

true

There is minimal risk of on-field transmission of HIV from one player to another, although precautions should still be taken to minimize risk.

true

Which of the following is NOT a reversible effect of anabolic steroids on females?

voice deepening