Athletic Injuries
Flu generally has an incubation period of time length:
48 hours
How long does treatment of a significant hamstring strain commonly take?
6-8 weeks
How many vertebrae are in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions of the spine?
7, 12, 5
A dislocated shoulder outwardly displays which of the following?
A flattened deltoid
What is a bloodbourne pathogen?
A microorganism that can cause disease
Which of the following conditions is characterized by pain and discomfort during and immediately following exercise?
Acute onset muscle soreness
Which of the following is a prevalent cause of exercise induced death?
Anomalous origin of the coronary artery Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Marfan's syndrome
The relaxation of which type of muscle occurs as a response to a contraction of the opposing muscle?
Antagonist
What direction does the shoulder most commonly dislocate?
Anteriorly
With most elbow dislocations resulting from falling on an outstretched hand, which way will the humerus dislocate on the ulnar and radius?
Anteriorly
Abdominal rigidity and pain at McBurney's point may indicate what condition?
Appendicitis
When one is controlling external bleeding, what is the sequence of events for care?
Apply direct pressure over the wound and elevate the body part
What is the first step you should take when caring for all skin wounds, or potentially infectious bodily fluids?
Apply gloves prior to touching the wound
The court acknowledges that hazards are present in sports. This concept is called:
Assumption of risk
Which of these is NOT a symptom of shock?
Athlete's pulse rate is very slow (ARE: sluggish/drowsy, shallow and rapid respirations, ashen and clammy skin)
Which of the following fractures is characterized by a bone fragment that has been pulled away from the bone?
Avulsion fracture
Most serious cervical injuries in football result from which of the following mechanisms of injury?
Axial loading as a result of spearing
Neuromuscular control of the ankle specifically uses which type of exercise to assist in preventing ankle injuries?
Balance
Which of the following mechanisms causes a transverse fracture?
Bending
Which of the following drugs is NOT considered a stimulant?
Beta blockers
Any athlete who receives a severe blow to the abdomen or back region should be instructed to check for what sign(s)?
Blood in the urine
Getting the "wind knocked out" of you is characteristic of what condition?
Blow to solar plexus
If an athlete is unable to use the arm and complains of unilateral burning, numbness, and radiating pain after trauma; however, after a short while the signs disappear. Which of the following conditions is plausible?
Brachial plexus injury
Which of the following is correct regarding an injury to the lateral collateral ligament?
Can be managed the same as an injury to the MCL
The body's most efficient energy source is from what food group?
Carbohydrates
Which of the following components of a rehabilitation program is most commonly neglected?
Cardiorespiratory fitness
When trauma has occurred to the ear, tearing of the overlying tissue from the cartilaginous plate may result in fluid accumulation. This problem would be referred to as which of the following?
Cauliflower ear
Which of the following is part of the sports medicine team?
Certified Athletic Trainer Coach Exersice Physiologist
A heel bruise may develop into what condition?
Chronic Inflammation of the periosteum
What type of fracture results from the radius and ulna being forced backward and upward (hyperextension)?
Colles' fracture
What is the condition when tissue fluid pressure has increased because of the confines of the fascia and/or bone resulting in compression of the muscles, nerves and blood vessels?
Compartment Syndrome
What symptom is associated with stress fractures?
Complaints of pain that increases after activity
Which of the following is the single most important consideration in preventing a head injury?
Correct tackling technique
Which of the following conditions occurs 12 hours after injury and is most intense after 24 to 48 hours?
DOMS
In teens, the excessive use of anabolic steroids will cause all of the following except which side effect?
Decreased male mammary glands
Side effects from taking extra oral contraceptive pills to delay menstruation during competition include all of the following except for which side effect?
Dehydration
When assessing a potentially unconscious athlete, what is the first action that must be taken?
Determine the level of consciousness and unresponsiveness
In the absence of a certified athletic trainer a coach must be able to do all of the following except:
Diagnose injuries
Which of the following definitions best describes the field of "sports medicine"?
Different specialized areas related to performance and injury
The anterior cruciate ligament is most often injured during what phase?
During deceleration with the knee in valgus and the tibia internally rotated
The female athletic triad includes all of the following except for which condition?
Dysmenorrhea
The syndrome identified by cramps, nausea, lower abdominal pain, and headache during menstruation is called what?
Dysmenorrhea
What is a bunion formation also known as?
Exostosis
Which of the following protects the privacy of a student's educational record?
FERPA
Which of the following is the most common mechanism for an most injuries to the shoulder/upper extremity?
Fall on an outstretched arm/hand FOOSH
What can be caused from activity on hard surfaces or prolonged stress on the balls of the feet?
Fallen longitudinal arch
Manufacturers of products do not have a duty to design equipment that will not cause injury; it is the responsibility of the user to use it safely.
False
Plantar fasciitis, or heel spur syndrome, is rarely seen in distance runners but is very common in sprinters.
False
Bleeding under the toenail bed should be relieved between 24-48 hours after the injury.
False - 12-24 hours!
Once an athlete returns to the weight room with the strength and conditioning coach following an injury, the athletic trainer does not have any responsibilities for this athlete's training regimen.
False - The athlete may still require limitations in training or need to be slowly progressed into certain activities in the weight room so they are safe.
An athlete's medicial information may be released to the athletic director, the team physician, and the player's teammates.
False - The information should NEVER be released to teammates. It can only be released to athletic director, team physician and coach IF the athlete has signed a HIPAA compliant release.
Turf toe is a hyperflexion injury of the great toe.
False - hyperextension
Which of the following endpoints indicates a first-degree sprain to a ligament?
Firm with little or no instability and some pain present
When an elbow is dislocated it is important to consider the possibility of what secondary injury?
Fracture, Tearing or pinching of the nerves, Disruption of the normal blood supply
Which of the following is a reaction to a chronic injury?
Frustration
What is the component of the rehabilitation program that involves a series of progressive activities designed to prepare an individual for return to a specific sport?
Functional progression
Which of the following is the simplest way to prevent injury to the young athlete?
Give close attention to complaints of pain
Which of the following is NOT a factor when setting goals for rehabilitation?
Give the athlete a specific date to return to activity
What type of fracture is characterized by an incomplete break in a bone that has not completely ossified?
Greenstick fracture
Which of the following regulates how an athlete's health information can be shared?
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
If an athlete presents with red skin color, what are the potential conditions they may be suffering from?
Heatstroke, high blood pressure or insulin shock
What is the condition in which an athlete takes a violent blow or compression to the chest, without any accompanying rib fracture, and presents with severe pain during breathing, coughing up of blood, and signs of shock?
Hemothorax
An injury that results from a direct blow that results in an extremely painful contusion to the iliac crest causing bleeding in the transversus abdominus and oblique muscles is known as what?
Hip Pointer
Which of the following is NOT a crisis symptom for sickle cell anemia?
Hyperactivity
The primary purpose of a preseason health exam is to:
Identify whether an athlete is at risk before they participate
Which of the following is a condition common to runners and cyclists characterized by pain and irritation over the lateral femoral condyle?
Iliotibial band syndrome
When does the rehabilitation process start?
Immediately after the injury has occurred
When is the best time to give feedback to a child on performance?
Immediately after the mistake was made
The coach should take all of the following steps if he/she recognizes overtraining in an athlete except:
Increase the intensity of activities and lower the amount of work
All of these conditions occur in an anemic individual except for which of the following?
Increased oxygen carrying capacity of molecultes
Sciatica is a term used to describe which of the following?
Inflammation of the sciatic nerve
Which kind of strengthening exercises are used commonly in the early phase of rehabilitation?
Isometric exercises
The presence of hematuria in an athlete participating in a contact or collision sport could be a sign or symptom of what condition?
Kidney contusion
Which lumbar vertebra is most likely to slip as a result of spondylolisthesis?
L5
The mechanism of injury that leaves the posterior cruciate ligament at greatest risk for injury is which of the following?
Landing on the anterior aspect of the bent knee with the foot plantar flexed
An avascular necrosis of the femoral head seen in children 3 to 12 years of age is called what?
Legg-Pertes Disease
The state of being legally responsible for the harm one causes another person is:
Liability
When evaluating an unconscious athlete which of the following would you do first?
Look for the possibility of impaired breathing/circulation (signs of life)
Which of the following is a common reaction to a career ending injury?
Loss of identity
Prevention of cervical spinal injuries is best accomplished by which of the following?
Maintaining normal flexibility Increasing the strength of the neck musculature Selecting and fitting any necessary protective equipment for all athletes
A deformity caused by a rupture of the extensor tendon over the distal phalanx is called what condition?
Mallet finger
What is a stress fracture of the 2nd metatarsal?
March fracture
What is a general term applied to a variety of overuse lower leg conditions that seasonally plague many athletes?
Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome
What is a general term to describe pain in the ball of the foot?
Metatarsalgia
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of a diabetic coma?
Moist, cool, and pale skin
Which of the following conditions predisposes an athlete to injuries of the spleen?
Mononucleosis
What is a condition in which nerves are entrapped between the metatarsal heads producing swelling with distal, radiating pain?
Morton's neuroma
The ability of a muscle group to exert force rapidly is called:
Muscular power
Improper care of a thigh contusion leading to incomplete absorption of the hematoma and producing a formation similar to cartilage or bone, what is this called?
Myositis Ossificans
Which of the following complications is a result of repeated blows to the same area?
Myositis Ossificans
Failure to use ordinary or reasonable care is known as:
Negligence
What condition can occur with a Jones Fracture due to its poor blood supply?
Non-union Fracture
Which of the following fractures is caused by axial compression, bending, and torsion?
Oblique Fracture
What type of dressing is most beneficial in keeping a wound moist and providing a barrier against disease transmission?
Occlusive dressing
OSHA stands for
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
List one of the three types of negligent acts, its definition and a real world example.
One type of negligence is when a caregiver does something that a reasonably prudent person would not. A real life example of this could be a coach performing a tracheotomy on an athlete who passed out and is not breathing. This would be classified under the tort: malfeasance (act of commission) which means that an individual does something that is not legally their act to perform.
What condition is it when there is an apophysitis at the insertion of the patellar tendon on the tibial tubercle?
Osgood Schlatter's disease
Repeated stress on the pubic symphysis and adjacent bony structures by the pull of muscles in the area causes what condition?
Osteitis Pubis
The adolescent athlete who complains of sudden pain and locking of the elbow joint should be suspected of having which of the following conditions?
Osteochondritis dessicans
A painful condition involving partial or complete separation of a piece of articular cartilage or subchondral bone is which of the following?
Osteochondritis dissecans
When an athlete has suffered a clavicular fracture which of the following signs and symptoms will be apparent?
Palpation at the injury site reveals tenderness, The athlete is supporting his/her arm with the unaffected arm , The clavicle appears lower than the unaffected side
Which of the following injuries would NOT cause a joint effusion?
Patellar tendinitis
What is the main goal of performance therapy?
Performance therapy is based off of highlighting imbalances and dysfunctions and using therapeutic measures to address and correct them. Essentially it is rehabilitation for the athlete that is often movement-based.
What is the main goal of performance training?
Performance training is all about optimizing the performance of the athlete by addressing various aspects of sports performance and assigning functional training periods that involve them in order to allow the athlete to play safely and at his/her best potential.
Which of the following is a sign of insulin shock?
Physical weakness Moist and pale skin Drooping eyelids
Of the professionals listed below, who has the ultimate responsibility for the total healthcare of the student-athlete?
Physician
A common foot condition with a sudden onset of pain in the arch region that is relieved by becoming non weight-bearing and presents with extreme point tenderness at the plantar surface of the calcaneus may be indicative of what condition?
Plantar Fascia Strain
What is a treatment for turf toe?
Plantar flexion taping
What is the most common mechanism of injury to the ankle complex?
Plantar flexion/inversion
Which of the following is the mechanism of injury for an Achilles tendon rupture?
Plantarflexion
A condition in which the pleural cavity becomes filled with air that has entered through an opening in the chest is called what?
Pneumothorax
Which of the following signs and/or symptoms is the most easily discernible difference between a cervical dislocation and cervical fracture?
Position of the neck
In managing a scrotal contusion, the first responsibility is to do what?
Position the athlete on his side
Which of the following organizations allows the individual discounted health care, but only if they see a physician on the approved list?
Preferred Provider Organization
What is the danger associated with a ruptured spleen?
Profuse hemorrhaging that could result in death
In reference to types of stretching techniques, what does PNF stand for?
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation
Which of the following is the reason that impingement injuries occur?
Reduction of the space through which the supraspinatus muscle can pass
Lateral epicondylitis results from which of the following mechanisms?
Repetitive extension of the wrist
Which of the following is the key to treating tendonitis?
Resting the injured area by eliminating the irritating activity
Match the following words with their definitions. Based off of the how to approach performance therapy and training.
Restore: return the body to baseline after injury or inactivity Optimize: identify imbalances, compensations, and poor movement patterns Enhance: Improve main components of movement and human performance (mobility, strength, power, agility, endurance) Maintain: as you use your body and alter stress, maintain mobility, strength, dynamic stability, and performance
Which of the following is NOT a part of management during a seizure?
Restrain the athlete so he/she does not hurt himself/herself
An irritation located between the calcaneus and the Achilles tendon is commonly called a "pump bump." It is also known as what?
Retrocalcaneal Bursitis
If an athlete shows any sign of concussion the following should occur except:
Return to play after being asymptomatic for 20 min
Which of the following bodily fluids does not transmit HIV?
Saliva
If a straight leg raise causes pain, which of the following could be the problem?
Sciatic nerve Sacroiliac joint Lumbar spine
All of the following are examples of closed kinetic chain exercises except:
Seated knee extensions
Which of the following can occur if an athlete who sustained a previous concussion is returned to play prior to resolution of symptoms and then receives another head injury?
Second-impact syndrome
List and explain 2 of the 5 main keys to injury prevention:
Sex, Identifying risks
If an unconscious athlete has a feeble and irregular pulse, had breathing that was shallow and irregular, and was pale and cold with equal pupils, what would the athlete be exeperiencing?
Shock
Which of the following would be considered an acute injury?
Shoulder Subluxation
Which of the following stems from an upper respiratory infection?
Sinusitis
List the most important aspects of recovery from exercise activity and injury:
Sleep Proper Hydration Solid Nutrition
Sports movements that characteristically hyperextend the spine are likely to cause which of the following?
Spodylolysis
Which of the following tests checks for sacroiliac joint dysfunction?
Straight leg raise Compression Distraction
In managing an initial hamstring strain, which of the following should be avoided?
Stretching using ballistic movements
Which of the following is the most important and most commonly injured bursa of the shoulder joint?
Subacromial bursa
The empty can test is used to determine injury to what muscle?
Supraspinatus
What consideration should the pre-event meal do?
Take into consideration the digestibility of food
Eversion ankle sprains are associated with which of the following?
Tearing of the deltoid ligament
What is the most common mechanism of injury for a patellar dislocation
The foot is planted and the knee is in valgus
How do you establish negligence (hint: 4 steps)?
The four steps in establishing negligence are: 1. Establishing that a duty of care was present between the caregiver and the injured individual. (duty) 2. Proving that there was a failure of the caregiver to perform that duty. (breach) 3. The failure to perform the duty resulted in the injury to the individual. (causation) 4. Proof of resultant damages to the individual, property, or punitive. (damages)
Children are at greater risk than adults for sports and recreational injuries except which of the following?
They have quicker reaction time
What degree classification of a ligament sprain involves total tearing of tissue?
Third degree
What muscle passes behind the medial malleolus?
Tibialis Posterior
What is the medical term for Athlete's foot?
Tinea pedis
What should be a child's motivation for competition?
To enjoy the activity
Third degree inversion ankle sprains are often associated with what trauma?
Total rupture of lateral ligaments
A Jones fracture occurs at the base of the fifth metatarsal and most often occurs as sequela of a stress fracture.
True
A bunion on the first metatarsal is often associated with a depressed or flattened transverse arch and a pronated foot.
True
An athlete sprains their ankle during a soccer practice. If a trained individual fails to care for this athlete they can be held liable for such negligence.
True
Because of the amount of litigation for alleged negligence, all professionals involved in sports programs should carry liability insurance.
True
Decreasing the size of a callus can help prevent problems, but the entire callus should not be removed.
True
Fractures of the phalanges are usually the bone-crushing type, such as those that may be incurred by kicking an object or stubbing the toe.
True
If an individual modifies a piece of protective equipment and an athlete sustains an injury, that individual can be held liable.
True
The coach is directly responsible for preventing injuries through the application of conditioning programs.
True
The components of a pre-participation exam include a physical exam, a maturity assessment, and an orthopedic exam.
True
Treatment of Morton's neuroma involves placing a teardrop shaped pad between the heads of the third and fourth metatarsals.
True
If an athlete complains of burning and tingling or paresthesia in the fourth and fifth fingers, what structure may be damaged?
Ulnar nerve
In a sternoclavicular sprain, the clavicle is generally displaced in what direction?
Upward and anteriorly
When transporting an athlete with a suspected spinal or pelvic injury, what techniques should be used?
Use a spine board and move under medical direction
Which of the following splints is best suited for an injury in which the body part is angulated?
Vacuum Splint
Individuals taking blood-thinning medications should closely monitor their intake of foods containing which vitamin?
Vitamin K
Which of the following is not a sign of anterior compartment syndrome?
Weakness in the gastrocnemius
An athlete has been hit in the head, briefly lost consciousness, and was removed from the game.
When cleared by a physician
When does a herniated disk produce symptoms?
When the annulus of the disk pushes on the nerve root
Which of the following is a cause of chondromalacia?
abnormal patellar tracking
Which of the following is the number one abused drug in the United States?
alcohol
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a bronchial asthma attack?
anaphylaxis
The Lachman's Test is used to evaluate stability of which of the following?
anterior cruciate ligament
An athlete demonstrating a vague fear, a sense of apprehension and restlessness is exhibiting symptoms of which of the following?
anxiety
Which of the following is a complication of a hip dislocation?
avascular necrosis
Which of the following wounds results from the skin being torn from the body?
avulsion
Which of the following minerals is extremely important for bones and teeth, for the body to be able to create a muscle contraction, and for proper nerve conduction?
calcium
Feelings of joint locking are associated with injury to which structure?
cartilage
What condition has an MOI of a direct blow to the thorax or a fall on a ball that compresses the rib cage?
costal cartilage injury
Which of the following occurs when an athlete feels an overwhelming feeling of hopelessness or loneliness?
depression
Diabetic athletes engaging in vigorous physical activity should not eat before exercising.
false
Gamekeeper's thumb involves forceful adduction of the proximal phalanx causing a sprain of the ulnar collateral ligament.
false
Increased muscle tension through strengthening can help stabilize the joint sufficiently to compensate for the loss of stability in a third degree sprain.
false
Open kinetic chain exercises consist of those exercises in which the foot or hand is in contact with the ground or some other object.
false
Passive range of motion requires a muscle contraction.
false
Tanner's staging emphasizes athletes in grades 7-12 must be matched by age and not by maturity.
false
The SAID Principle states that all types of training at any intensity will prepare the body for a specific sport
false
The coach must have appropriate counseling skills to confront an athlete's fears, frustrations, and daily crises and to handle all serious emotional problems.
false
When treating any type of wound, it should be cleaned with hydrogen peroxide.
false
For an athlete suffering from the Female Athlete Triad, bone mineral density is the quickest to return to normal baseline.
false - Bone mineral density can take years to return to normal
Neglecting an injured athlete after an injury will make them work harder in rehabilitation.
false - It will actually make their compliance to rehabilitation and effort worse
A strain involves damage to a ligament, and a sprain involves damage to a muscle.
false - Strain involved damage to a muscle or tendon
The athlete who enters a contest while angry, frustrated, or discouraged is less prone to injury than the individual who is going all out in the competition.
false - They are actually more prone to injury if they exhibit these emotions as it distracts their focus and may have other ramifications with how the compete in their sport
When splinting a displaced fracture, you should first realign the bones then splint the area using a rapid form splint.
false - Two rules for splinting: Always splint in the position you find it in Always splint the joint above and below the fracture site
A venous hemorrhage is characterized by a rapid flow of blood escaping in rhythmic spurts.
false - this describes arterial hemorrhaging
Which of the phases involves scar formation and repair?
fibroblastic
One key to injury prevention/mitigation is to not put ____________ on dysfunction.
fitness
Which of the following is used to determine an athlete's ability to perform a specific activity?
functional tests
Forearm splints are seen most frequently in which sport?
gymnastics
Which of the following bones of the wrist is most commonly injured from contact while holding an object?
hamate
Which of the following is NOT a fungal infection?
herpes
Which of the following modalities can be used to modulate pain acutely?
ice
During which phase of the healing process do phagocytic cells clean up the area?
inflammatory
Pelvis stress fractures tend to occur during what type(s) of activity?
intensive training, competitive racing, overuse forces
Which of the following is the most common site for osteoarthritis?
knees, hips, lumbar spine
A patella usually dislocates in what direction?
lateral
Most injuries to the medial collateral ligament result from blows to what aspect of the knee?
lateral
Which of the following organs has a lower risk of injury in sports activities?
liver
Which of the phases may take several years to complete?
maturation
Which of the following ligaments protect the knee from valgus stress and external tibial rotational forces?
medial collateral
Which of the following structures have the responsibility of cushioning the knee during impact activity?
menisci
List in appropriate order the four pillars of movement therapy and training.
movement, mobility, control, load
Which of the following associations do NOT have a specific policy on drug testing?
nfhs
Which cells lay down new bone tissue?
osteoblasts
Increasing the strenuousness of exercise to a consistently higher level through maximum or near-maximum stimulation is an application of what principle?
overload
Which type of wound is tetanus associated with?
puncture
What type of injury occurs when a bone comes partially out of its normal articulation then goes right back into place?
subluxation
What is the preferred treatment by most physicians for an athlete with a hernia?
surgical repair
When it is determined appropriate to remove equipment, how many rescuers with training and experience in equipment removal should be present?
three
A first time dislocation should be considered and treated as a fracture.
true
A long-term goal of any rehabilitation program is to return the athlete to participation as quickly and as safely as possible.
true
A stress fracture resulting from repeated microtrauma commonly occurs in weight bearing bones.
true
A trigger point is a tight band of muscle occurring in the neck and upper back.
true
After wrapping a wound or injury with a bandage or roller gauze you need to check capillary refill to ensure that the distal blood flow is still intact.
true
All institutions should take responsibility to education students about bloodbourne pathogens.
true
An acromioclavicular sprain is most often induced by a direct blow to the tip of the shoulder, pushing the acromion process downward, or a fall on an outstretched hand.
true
An athlete's coping skills, past history of injury, social support, and personality traits can influence their reaction to injury.
true
An athlete's physician makes the final decision as to whether he/she can return to full competition and practice.
true
An individual suffering from disordered eating may often show signs of multiple types of eating disorders.
true
Any process that changes the mechanics of a joint can eventually lead to osteoarthritis.
true
Burnout is characterized by frequent headaches, gastrointestinal disturbances, sleeplessness, and chronic fatigue.
true
Chlamydia, if left untreated, can result in pelvic inflammatory disease which can lead to infertility.
true
Core stabilization exercises strengthen the muscles of the low back, pelvis, abdomen, and hips.
true
Fractures occur as a result of extreme stresses and strains that are placed on bones.
true
Full range of motion of an affected body part is a major criterion before the athlete returns to participation.
true
Functional progressions must be incorporated into a rehabilitation program to help the athlete achieve normal ROM, adequate strength and neuromuscular control.
true
HBV is more likely to spread than HIV because it can survive outside the body for longer periods of time.
true
Heat should be introduced after at least 72 hours post injury.
true
If an athlete is prone, not breathing, and you suspect a spinal cord injury, log roll the athlete onto the back and perform rescue breathing or CPR if deemed there is also no pulse.
true
If children are ready for participation in organized sports or activities, then they are ready for some type of strength training.
true
In treating an individual for shock, one must not give anything by mouth until a physician has determined that no surgical intervention is indicated.
true
Injury may affect an athlete as much psychologically, as it does physiologically.
true
Medical care for a common cold includes treating the individual symptomatically for malaise, headache, sneezing, and nasal discharge.
true
Most narcotics used in medicine are derived from opium or are synthetically similar
true
Non-contact sports can be just as likely to create injury through recurrent microtraumas.
true
Nutrients eaten several days before competition are much more important than what is eaten three hours prior to competition at the pre-game meal.
true
Physicians generally agree that a first-time dislocation may be associated with a fracture, and therefore should only be reduced by a physician.
true
Stress can be positive or negative and our bodies are equipped with the ability to cope with both conditions.
true
Tenosynovitis is the inflammation of the tendon sheath causing the sliding tendon to adhere to the synovial sheath.
true
The body language of the coach or support staff is important when an athlete is trying to express their apprehension about an injury.
true
The classic signs of infection are similar as those for inflammation.
true
The number one greatest risk factor for injury is previous injury.
true
The proper ratio of compressions to breaths for a sing rescuer is 30 compressions to 2 breaths.
true
The two most commonly contused muscles are the quadriceps and the biceps group.
true
There is minimal risk of on-field transmission of HIV from one player to another, although precautions should still be taken to minimize risk.
true
Which of the following is NOT a reversible effect of anabolic steroids on females?
voice deepening