ATR4610 - Exam 2 Review - Chapters 12-15

For a historical researcher, one of the important goals when determining what the evidence "is evidence of" is knowing what information they cannot obtain from a source. True OR False

True

CHAPTER 14

Research Synthesis (Meta-Analysis)

The framework that contains a historical scholar's beliefs and assumptions about the world and the past as well as the scholar's own views is called a(n) __________________. A) hypothesis B) ideology C) paradigm D) premise

C) paradigm

A method of philosophy that is designed to liberate people from the claims of traditional claims of the other branches falls under the heading of deconstructionism and is called ______________. A) aesthetics B) empiricism C) poetry D) rationalism

C) poetry

A fundamental goal of philosophy is to examine reality primarily through ________________________. A) descriptive procedures B) experimental procedures C) reflective procedures D) observational procedures

C) reflective procedures

In calculating ES for a treatment effect between a pretest and a post-test, the text recommends the use of which standard deviation? A) the pretest standard deviation B) the post-test standard deviation C) the pooled standard deviation

A) the pretest standard deviation

Scaled responses to questionnaire items such as strongly agree, agree, no opinion, and so on are referred to as ________ scale items. A) Gulick B) Likert-type C) semantic differential D) Binet

B) Likert-type

The greatest weakness of ______ methodology is the effect internal biases have on how participants see the world. A) deductive B) descriptive C) inductive D) rationalistic

B) descriptive

Which of the three branches of philosophy focuses on knowledge? A) axiology B) epistemology C) metaphysics

B) epistemology

The first step in conducting a questionnaire survey is to A) select the sample B) list specific objectives to be achieved C) construct the questionnaire items D) write the cover letter

B) list specific objectives to be achieved

It is common to encounter extreme or unusual scores in a distribution that could have a misleading effect on the results. These extreme scores are termed A) residuals B) outliers C) curve busters D) deviants

B) outliers

Understanding that most historical sources such as records and newspaper stories are not complete accounts of an event represents which of the following "rules" that needs to be applied in internal criticism? A) rule of context B) rule of omission C) rule of perspective

B) rule of omission

In a meta-analysis, the ES for the experimental versus control groups was 0.68, which represents a percentile equivalent of 75. This means that ________________________________________________________. A) the control group's average performance was 68 out of 100 compared with 75 out of 100 for the experimental group B) the average score of the experimental group was better than 75% of the control group's scores C) the probability is 75% that the use of the experimental treatment will improve the average student's score from the 50th to the 68th percentile D) the control group's mean was only 75% as high as that of the experimental group

B) the average score of the experimental group was better than 75% of the control group's scores

The fact that a meta-analysis quantifies findings from many studies is a frequently mentioned advantage. Another strong advantage of the meta-analysis over the normal review paper is A) the use of the computer in the literature search B) the description of the coding of study characteristics and criteria for excluding studies C) the inclusion of theses and dissertations as well as journals D) the use of the "scorecard" count of the number of studies that share common findings (such as those that found statistically significant differences)

B) the description of the coding of study characteristics and criteria for excluding studies

In a meta-analysis, the researcher found that the mean for the experimental group in a study was 14 and the mean for the control group was 10. The standard deviation of the control group was 5. From these data, what is the ES? A) 5.0 B) 4.0 C) 0.80 D) 0.50 E) 0.20

C) 0.80 ES = (Me - Mc)/(Sc) ES = (14 - 10) /(5) = 0.80

Consider the following questionnaire item (which uses a yes/no format): "Do you use objective test items or essay items?" What rule regarding item construction does it violate? A) Avoid using negative items. B) Do not lead the respondent to answer in a certain way. C) Do not use items that have two or more separate ideas in the same item. D) Short questions are easier to understand

C) Do not use items that have two or more separate ideas in the same item.

Reasoning that moves from a limited number of specific observations to general conclusions is termed ______ reasoning A) inductive B) speculative C) deductive D) descriptive

A) inductive

A researcher tests the knowledge about nutrition of 10,000 school children from the southwestern United States, and the scores are transformed into percentiles by grade level. This type of research is a ________ survey study. A) normative B) developmental C) correlational D) longitudinal E) multiple-case

A) normative

Which of the following represent(s) a primary source regarding a fight at a ball game? A) notes taken by a spectator at the game B) a commentary by an editor about fighting in such games C) a response from a fan who read a newspaper account of the incident D) both a and b E) a, b, and c

A) notes taken by a spectator at the game

Which of the following are most difficult to analyze in a questionnaire study? A) open-ended items B) yes/no items C) Likert-type items D) semantic differential items

A) open-ended items

A scholar's set of assumptions about the world, definitions of theory and data, and possible questions that can be pursued. A) paradigm B) prototype C) archetype D) model

A) paradigm

When a national poll reports that its survey has a margin of error of 3%, it is referring to error due to A) sampling B) respondents not understanding questions C) misinterpreting the results D) recording the response

A) sampling

Know the differences between, and examples of, primary and secondary sources.

Primary Source: (223) Secondary Sources: (220)

Be familiar with the methods used by researchers when survey return rates are low.

pg.282

Be familiar with the nomenclature used by historical researchers to describe the facts and meanings surrounding the evidence.

()

Be familiar with the examples of direct literature.

(220)

Know the goals of reviewing secondary literature.

(220)

Understand the importance of beginning with a good research question.

(221)

Know the differences between narrative and analytic history.

(222)

Be familiar with the different types of historical criticism.

(223)

Understand the consensus, and/or lack thereof, towards the use of master narratives in historical research.

(pg. 222)

CHAPTER 12

Historical Research in Physical Activity

CHAPTER 13

Philosophical Research in Physical Activity

Be familiar with the advice of French historian Henri-Irénée Marrou.

()

Which of the three branches of philosophy focuses on the value of things? A) axiology B) epistemology C) metaphysics

A) axiology

Be able to describe a meta-analysis.

A technique of literature review that contains a definitive methodology and quantifies the results of various studies to a standard metric that allows the use of statistical techniques as a means of analysis. Steps of Meta-Analysis: 1. Identify a problem 2. Perform a literature search by specified means. 3. Review identified studies to determine inclusion or exclusion. 4. Carefully read and evaluate to identify and code important study characteristics. 5. Calculate effect size. 6. Apply appropriate statistical techniques. 7.Report all these steps and the outcomes in a review paper.

The inclusion criteria in a meta-analysis are very much like A) delimitations B) limitations C) basic assumptions D) research hypotheses

A) delimitations

Choose the correct sequence for developing a questionnaire. A) determining objectives, delimiting the sample, writing items, pilot testing B) pilot testing, determining objectives, writing cover letter, writing items C) delimiting the sample, pilot testing, determining objectives, writing items D) delimiting the sample, determining objectives, writing items, pilot testing

A) determining objectives, delimiting the sample, writing items, pilot testing

A major difference in the purpose of a meta-analysis and a review of literature for a research paper is that the meta-analysis uses the literature A) for empirical and theoretical conclusions B) to document a need for a particular study C) to determine what methods to use to conduct the meta-analysis D) to formulate the research hypothesis for the meta-analysis

A) for empirical and theoretical conclusions

The practice of taking a small random sample of nonrespondents to a survey is primarily intended to A) try to raise the percentage of returns to at least 50% B) identify outliers C) determine whether the nonrespondents are a different population from the respondents D) ensure anonymity of responses

C) determine whether the nonrespondents are a different population from the respondents

In a meta-analysis, the results of various studies on a topic are quantified using a standard measure (ES) that is called A) error squared B) estimate of significance C) effect size D) efficiency standard

C) effect size

Which of the three branches of philosophy focuses on the nature of things? A) axiology B) epistemology C) metaphysics

C) metaphysics

To help ensure an acceptable return rate in a questionnaire study, the researcher should A) make liberal use of open-ended questions B) use follow-up letters or e-mails C) use follow-up phone calls D) b and c only E) a, b, and c

D) B and C only: use follow-up letters or e-mails use follow-up phone calls

A survey technique that asks a jury of experts to respond to a series of questionnaires in order to reach a consensus about important issues is the A) normative survey method B) obtrusive survey method C) roundtable survey method D) Delphi survey method

D) Delphi survey method

In a meta-analysis of 100 studies that compared boys' and girls' knowledge of AIDS, an average ES of 0.50 was found. This number represents A) a correlation of 0.50 B) a mean square (variance) of 0.50 C) a t ratio of 0.50 D) a difference of 0.50 standard deviation units

D) a difference of 0.50 standard deviation units

In historical research, the conditions (e.g., facts, meanings) in which evidence existed. A) background B) framework C) milieu D) context

D) context

Reasoning that describes lived experiences and relies on descriptions of observations is termed ______reasoning. A) inductive B) speculative C) deductive D) descriptive

D) descriptive

The historical research process that attempts to establish whether a document is authentic is called A) context specificity B) analytical verification C) internal criticism D) external criticism

D) external criticism

The type of criticism that seeks to determine the accuracy (or credibility) of a primary source is A) inferential criticism B) construct criticism C)external criticism D) internal criticism

D) internal criticism

The most frequent and severe criticism of meta-analysis is that _____________. A) the number of studies involved is generally too small B) the sources used in the literature search are not identified C) meta-analysis does not allow the use of dissertations and theses D) the studies represent wide differences in methodologies, designs, and measurements

D) the studies represent wide differences in methodologies, designs, and measurements

Historical research is designed to answer a systematic layout of questions. However, they are structurally dissimilar to scientific research designs. True OR False

False

In the context of historical research, secondary sources are the original accounts. True OR False

False

Speculation is an activity commonly used to show reasoning errors, faulty claims, and misplaced beliefs. True OR False

False

Be familiar with the concepts of speculation and critical reasoning

Speculation - investigates subjects, such as values, that are significant to humans but cannot be forcefully defended. It can be thought of as an extension of descriptive philosophy. Critical reasoning - An activity intended to show reasoning errors, faulty, claims, and misplaced beliefs. It is a philosophical method that deconstructs or debunks philosophic analyses of many types.

Be familiar with the different survey methods.

Survey Methods * Questionnaire: Type of paper and pencil or electronic survey used in descriptive research in which information is obtained by asking participants to respond to questions rather than by observing their behavior. * Personal Interview: Survey technique similar to the questionnaire except that participants are questioned and respond orally. * Delphi method: A survey technique that uses a series of questionnaires in such a way that the respondents (usually experts) reach a consensus about the subject. * Normative Survey: involves establishing norms for abilities, performances, beliefs, and attitudes.

Understand why survey cover letters are useful.

Survey cover letters are useful since they are used to explain the purpose and importance of the survey. It's essentially what initially attracts respondents.

CHAPTER 15

Surveys

Be familiar with the relationship between survey return rates and credibility.

Surveys with a small return rate have less credibility because respondents are most likely those who are interested in the topic. (pg. 283)

Be familiar with the different types of paradigms in historical research.

The modernization paradigm: "increases in productivity" It is a theory that has a predictive component, maintains that "progressive increase in per capita productivity set in motion" a whole series of changes common to a range of human institutions and activity. The human agency paradigm: elevates people to the status of makers of their history rather than viewing them in more reactive ways (to conditions) as modernization theory does. Postmodernism/Poststructuralism: etc... (pg. 218-219)